thomas jefferson the “revolution” of 1800 & jeffersonian democracy
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Thomas JeffersonThomas JeffersonThe “Revolution” of 1800 & The “Revolution” of 1800 &
Jeffersonian DemocracyJeffersonian Democracy
Election of 1800 Hamilton split with Adams
over the WarHamilton attacks Adams in a pamphlet
Jefferson's character attackedRumored to have children with his slave
Election Results:Electoral deadlock
Jefferson = 73Jefferson = 73Burr = 73Burr = 73Adams = 65Adams = 65Pinckney = 64Pinckney = 64
(16 states in the Union)(16 states in the Union)
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia Democratic-Republican
73 52.9%
Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican
73 52.9%
John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1%
Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4%
John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7%
Total Number of Electors13
8
Total Electoral Votes Cast27
6
Number of Votes for a Majority
70
1800 Election Results
Tie vote decided in the HouseMost Federalists favored Burr over Jefferson
Hamilton sided with Jefferson as the lesser of two evils
Burr never forgets
1 vote for each State 1 vote for each State
Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5%
Aaron Burr New York
Democratic-Republican 4 25.0%
Blank ------- 2 12.5%
1800 Election Results in the House
Jefferson Wins Burr is VP Jefferson does not trust him
“Revolution of 1800”Peaceful transfer of power seen as revolutionary
12th Amendment (1804) Electors must specify that they are voting for one presidential candidate & one vice-presidential candidate
End of FederalistsJohn Adams was the last
Federalist presidentdisbanded by 1816
Federalists led the country through tough times & established a strong economy
Jefferson inaugurated as the 3rd President March 4, 1801 in the new capital of Washington, D.C.walked to the Capitol
Jefferson: Common Man
Inaugural Address:“Friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none”
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”
Jefferson as President“consistently inconsistent”Refused to speak directly
to Congress his addresses sent to Congress by a clerk
precedent unbroken until Wilson in 1913
Does not take a radical new coursePragmatism over idealismRefused to replace Federalists appointees & give the jobs to Democratic-Republicans
Kept Hamilton’s financial programIncreased size of the Bank of US
Increased the tariffRepealed excise taxes (whiskey)
Reversed some Federalist policies:Jefferson pardoned those sentenced under the Sedition act
New naturalization law of 1802 returned citizenship requirement to 5 years
Judiciary TroublesJudiciary Act of 1801
Increased the number of judges
Lame-duck President Adams appointed loyal Federalists judges at the last minute
One was John Marshall as Chief JusticeWould be chief justice through 5 presidents
Single-handedly entrenched Federalist principles long after the demise of the Federalists
Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801One appointed judge sued Secretary of State James Madison to force him to deliver his commission
Marbury v. Madison, 1803Marshall ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
“Judicial review”Supreme Court’s right to rule a law unconstitutional
Contrasted with VA / KY Resolutions
Samuel Chase ImpeachmentRepublicans in the House brought impeachment charges against Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase
Senate failed to find him guilty – lack of evidence
Strengthened the principle of separation of powers
Jefferson the WarriorJefferson feared a
standing army Invitation to dictatorshipDecreased army to 2500Decreased navy as well
Only aided the North
US Ships attacked by Barbary Coast pirates
Pasha of Tripoli1801: Declared war on USJefferson sent the Navy & Marine Corps to the “shores of Tripoli” in 1801
Later decided to spend the navy budget on “mosquito fleet” Small boats to defend the coast
Proved useless in the War of 1812
Louisiana Purchase1800: Napoleon acquired
Louisiana from Spain1802: Spain withdrew the
right of American deposit in New Orleans
James Monroe sent to buy New Orleans & Florida for $10 million
Toussaint L’Overture led Haitian Rebellion against French
Prompted Napoleon to sell
Jefferson reluctantly agreed to buy Louisiana for $15 millionBelieved in strict construction - Constitution made no provision for acquiring new territory
Federalist Northeast argued as strict constructionists against the acquisitionit would increase the number of agrarian states
Significance:Doubled size of USMississippi RiverWestward expansionEnded European expansionBoosted US nationalism
Lewis & Clark Expedition1804-1806St. Louis to the mouth of Columbia River on the Pacific Ocean
Aided by the wife of their French interpreter, a Shoshone named Sacajawea
Zebulon Pike1805: explored the northern Mississippi River
1806: went west into Colorado & New Mexico
Aaron Burr & IntrigueAaron Burr lost the race
for Governor of NY & the VP in 1804
Sided with a group of NE Federalist extremists (Essex Junto) wanted NY & NE to secede from the union
Plot thwarted by HamiltonPrompted Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel
Burr killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804killed the one remaining hope of the Federalist Party
1806: Burr tried for treason Plotted to remove the Louisiana territory from the U.S.
Acquitted by John Marshall when 2 witnesses could not be found
Decreased the likelihood of finding anyone guilty of treason in the future
Burr’s failure to muster supporters indicated the level of national unity was growing in the west
Jefferson’s 2nd Term1804: Jefferson reelected
in a landslideRepublicans had
thoroughly usurped the Federalist agenda further weakening the Federalist Party
Napoleonic WarsBritish & French fighting threatened to drag the pacifist Jefferson into war
Battle of Trafalgar (1805): British Admiral Lord Nelson defeated the French fleet
Gave Britain command of the seas
Battle of Austerlitz (1805)Napoleon victory Gave France command over the European continent
Battle of AusterlitzBattle of Austerlitz
Orders in Council (1806): British close continental ports controlled by the French
Berlin & Milan Decrees Napoleon ordered the seizure of all ships entering British ports
British ImpressmentAmerican sailors forced into the Royal Navy
1807: Chesapeake IncidentBritish attack an American navy frigate
Americans call for blood
Jefferson did not want war Army & navy weak
Embargo Act of 1807Jefferson got Congress to impose an embargo
Denied US ships the right to trade with Britain & France
Both the North & the South suffered
Many in Northeast called for secession & nullification
Embargo caused a depressionMany backed Federalist candidates
Non-Intercourse Act (1809) passed to replace the Embargo Act
Reopened trade with everyone but France & Britain
Embargo’s ImpactsNot long enough to have a major impact
Cost the US a navyHelped the Federalist Party (briefly)
Sparked the Industrial Revolution in America
Eventually British textile manufacturers will feel enough pain from non-intercourse they will complain to Parliament
Jefferson’s LegacyExpansionist tendenciesAvoided European warCreated a democratic non-
aristocratic governmentTotal defeat of FederalistsTwo-term precedent
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