thinking thinking symbols: object or an act that stands for something else. symbols: object or an...

ThinkingThinking

Symbols:Symbols: Object or an act that Object or an act that stands for something else.stands for something else.

Symbols allow us to understand Symbols allow us to understand things that are not actually things that are not actually present present

Well known symbolsWell known symbols

b. b. Concept:Concept: Mental Mental groupings of similar groupings of similar objects, events, and objects, events, and people.people.

Example: Chair conceptExample: Chair concept

11. . Prototypes:Prototypes: a mental image a mental image or best example that or best example that incorporates all the features incorporates all the features we associate with a category.we associate with a category.

Ex. Thinking of a mid-sized Ex. Thinking of a mid-sized sedan when someone sedan when someone mentions a car.mentions a car.

c. c. Problem Solving:Problem Solving: How we figure How we figure things outthings out

1. Deductive vs. Inductive 1. Deductive vs. Inductive reasoningreasoning

Deductive:Deductive: reasoning from reasoning from general to specificgeneral to specific

DeductiveDeductive

If all wasp have wings, this wasp If all wasp have wings, this wasp must have wings!must have wings!

Inductive:Inductive: reasoning from specific reasoning from specific to generalto general

Example: TurtleExample: Turtle

InductiveInductive

If this turtle has a shell, all turtles If this turtle has a shell, all turtles must have shells!must have shells!

2. 2. Algorithm:Algorithm: a step-by-step a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a procedure that guarantees a solutionsolution

audio clipaudio clip 3. 3. Heuristics: Heuristics: shortcut to problem shortcut to problem

solving. (usually faster than solving. (usually faster than algorithms but more error prone) algorithms but more error prone)

4. Obstacles4. Obstacles 1. 1. Mental set:Mental set: solving a solving a

problem based on what has problem based on what has worked in the past.worked in the past.

Unscramble this word: aeldlumUnscramble this word: aeldlum Find the pattern: 854176320Find the pattern: 854176320 2. 2. Functional fixedness:Functional fixedness:

tendency to think of only the tendency to think of only the familiar functions for objects, familiar functions for objects, without imagining alternative without imagining alternative uses.uses.

Example: screwdriver & dimeExample: screwdriver & dime

3. 3. Framing:Framing: how we how we present an issue or present an issue or informationinformation

Example: hamburger-Example: hamburger-25% fat, 75% lean/1 in 25% fat, 75% lean/1 in 20, 10 in 20020, 10 in 200

II. Language Terms II. Language Terms a. a. Phonemes:Phonemes: basic sounds basic sounds Example: bat; we utter b, a, and t. Example: bat; we utter b, a, and t. Chat; ch, a, t (3 phonemes)Chat; ch, a, t (3 phonemes) There are 40 phonemes in the English There are 40 phonemes in the English

languagelanguage There are 869 phonemes in human speechThere are 869 phonemes in human speech * Consonant phonemes carry more * Consonant phonemes carry more

information than do vowel phonemes*information than do vowel phonemes* The treth ef thes stetement shed be The treth ef thes stetement shed be

evedent frem thes bref demenstretienevedent frem thes bref demenstretien

b. b. Morphemes:Morphemes: smallest unit of smallest unit of language that carries meaninglanguage that carries meaning

* suffix, plural, root words* suffix, plural, root words Example: Prepare: Example: Prepare: PrePre parepare (2 (2

morphemes)morphemes)

HOW MANY WORDS DO HOW MANY WORDS DO YOU THINK HUMANS YOU THINK HUMANS KNOW?KNOW? Most native speakers use Most native speakers use

more than 3,000 words more than 3,000 words regularly, irrespective of their regularly, irrespective of their level of education, and they level of education, and they have a "passive vocabulary" have a "passive vocabulary" of 15-20,000of 15-20,000

ON AVERAGE HOW ON AVERAGE HOW MANY WORDS DO YOU MANY WORDS DO YOU THINK WE SPEAK PER THINK WE SPEAK PER DAY?DAY?

16,00016,000

IS IT POSSIBLE TO IS IT POSSIBLE TO RECEIVE A BRAIN RECEIVE A BRAIN

INJURY THAT GIVES INJURY THAT GIVES YOU A FOREIGN YOU A FOREIGN ACCENT FROM A ACCENT FROM A

LANGUAGE YOU HAVE LANGUAGE YOU HAVE NEVER SPOKEN?NEVER SPOKEN?

YesYes FOREIGN ACCENT SYNDROMEFOREIGN ACCENT SYNDROME

c. c. Grammar/ Syntax:Grammar/ Syntax: system of rules to system of rules to help us communicate with othershelp us communicate with others

Example: order of adjectives, nouns, Example: order of adjectives, nouns, etc in a sentence and items like etc in a sentence and items like comma, semi-colon, etc.comma, semi-colon, etc.

d. d. Semantics:Semantics: set of rules we use to set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences. words, and sentences.

Example: adding ed to laugh means it Example: adding ed to laugh means it happened in the pasthappened in the past

e. e. Overregularization:Overregularization: applying rules of applying rules of grammar incorrectly (not knowing grammar incorrectly (not knowing exceptions to rules)exceptions to rules)

Example: saying ranned instead of run, Example: saying ranned instead of run, holded rather than heldholded rather than held

f. f. Overextension:Overextension: use word to mean use word to mean anything similaranything similar

Example: Kid saying a dog is a goat Example: Kid saying a dog is a goat because they know dog means 4 legs & because they know dog means 4 legs & furryfurry

III. III. TheoriesTheories

b. b. Noam Chomsky: Noam Chomsky: humans are born humans are born wired for languagewired for language

2. 2. Critical period:Critical period: period when period when learning language is most learning language is most efficient efficient

3. 3. Telegraphic speech:Telegraphic speech: By 2nd By 2nd birthday, children can make two-birthday, children can make two-word sentencesword sentences

Example: Want juiceExample: Want juice