think visibility 2009 - accessibility and disability - a history of innovation, artur ortega, yahoo!

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Accessibility and DisabilityA History of Innovation

Artur Ortega

September 2009

Think Visibility

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The Office of Today

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Keyboard

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Keyboard

- Pellegrino Turri di Castelnuovo,

Countess Carolina Vantoni

- Precursor to the typewriter

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Keyboard

- 1960

- Picture based keyboards

- Today: McDonald’s

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Printer

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Printer

- Pellegrino Turri di

Castelnuovo

- Printer

- Ink: Tracing paper coated

with coal dust

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Scanner

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Scanner & OCR

- 1975

- Ray Kurzweil

- Reading Machine

- Flatbed scanner and OCR

technology

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Telephone

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Telephone

- Alexander Graham Bell

- Hearing devices

- U.S. patent on

telephone

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Telephone

- 1990

- ADA

- Accessible phones

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Telephone

- 1998

- Loopset

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Radio

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Radio

- Transistor

- Graham Bell and Laboratory

- Hearing Aids

- Sony: Transistor radio

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Radio

- Spectrogram

- Graham Bell Laboratory

- Making speech visible

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CPU

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Binary Code

- 1821

- Louis Braille six dot code

- Binary code, character set

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Punchcards

- 1876

- Herman Hollerith

- Punched cards

- Tabulating machine

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PDA

  - 1987

-Deane Blazie

-Braille 'n Speak

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Microphone

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Microphone

- 1917

- E.C. Wente of Bell

Laboratories

- Condenser microphone

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Speech Recognition

- 1952

- Davis, Biddulph and Balashek of

Bell Laboratories

- Ten digits: 97 percent accuracy

- Today: Dragon NaturallySpeaking

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Headphones

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Talking books

- 1932

- American Foundation for

the blind

- Durable long playing

record

- Today: Audio books

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Voice Indexing

A Guide for Handicapped Visitors”

-Today: Apple iPod shuffle

-1980

-Talking book “Access to National Parks:

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Speech synthesiser

- 1936

- H.W. Dudley of Bell Laboratories

- Artificial talking machine

- “Voice coder“: "Voder“

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Applications

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Subtitling

-1960

-Pilgrim Imaging

-Captioned Films for the Deaf Program

-Today: BBC subtitles 100%

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Teletype machine

- 1964

- Marsters and Weitchrecht

- Teletype machine attached to

the telephone system

- Today: Internet chat and Instant Messaging

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Email

"I have spent, as you can imagine, a fair

chunk of my time trying to persuade people with hearing impairments to make use of electronic mail because I found it so powerful myself.“

-1972

-Vint Cerf

-protocols for the ARPANET

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The Office of the Future

Accessibility and Disability

The Future of Innovation

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“The origins of such technological staples as public address systems, text messaging and even the

Internet itself can be traced to innovative accommodations to people with disabilities. This

phenomenon is the basis for a growing awareness among engineers, architects and product

developers of the significance of universal design in our physical and electronic environments.”

- Deborah Kendrick, Cincinnati Inquirer

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Artur Ortega

Accessibility Evangelist Yahoo! Europe Ltd125 Shaftesbury Avenue

London WC2H 8AD United Kingdom

ortega@yahoo-inc.com