theresa bell, writing centre coordinator, rru introduction to apa style © royal roads university,...
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Theresa Bell, Writing Centre Coordinator, RRU
Introduction to APA style
© Royal Roads University, 2013
Spacing and indentation• Double-space body text, including block quotations and
references• Indent first line of a new paragraph by one tab space• Indent entire block quotation (quotation of 40+ words)
by one tab space from left margin
Margins
• 2.5cms/1” on all sides
Page number • Must appear in the top right corner of every page except
for the title page
Formatting
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Quotations of 39 words or fewer should continue on the same line as the rest of the text, and quotation marks should appear at the beginning and end of the quoted text. The in-text citation should appear after the closing quotation mark, but before the period. For example, “I quoted this text” (Author, year, p. 4).
Inline quotations
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Quotations of 40+ words should be formatted as block quotations. Begin the quotation on a separate line, indent the entire quotation 1 tab space, do not use quotation marks, and the in-text citation follows after the closing punctuation. For example:
Please pretend this is a quotation of 40+ words, and note that the first line is not indented. (Author, year, p. 4)
Block quotations
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1. Appear in round brackets after the quoted or paraphrased text
2. Include the author’s last name, the date of publication/copyright, and the location referenceFor example: (Johnson, 2010, p. 4) or (Royal Roads University, 2010, para. 5)
In-text citations
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Provide the author's name and date of publication in the text, so only the page reference is required after the quotation.
Example:
According to the American Psychological Association (APA)(2010), “references in APA publications are cited in text with an author-date citation system” (p. 174).
In-text citations
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Make no mention of the author's name or the date of publication in the text, so all citation information is included in the citation.
Example:
Remember that, “references in APA publications are cited in text with an author-date citation system and are listed alphabetically in the text” (American Psychological Association (APA), 2010, p. 174).
In-Text Citation FormatIn-text citations
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A. (James, 2010, 4)B. (Royal Roads University, 2010, p. 4)C. (James, 2010, page 4)D. (RRU, p. 4)
Choose the Correct CitationChoose the correct citation:
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Personal communications may be private letters, memo, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or message from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), personal interviews, telephone conversations…. Because they do not provide recoverable data…cite personal communications in text only. (APA, 2010, p. 179)
Personal CommunicationPersonal communication
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To cite the resource, "give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible" (p. 179).
• C. Hare (personal communication, March 31, 2010) stated that, “learning APA style doesn’t have to be painful.”
• In conclusion, “learning APA style doesn’t have to be painful”(C. Hare, personal communication, March 31, 2010).
Personal CommunicationPersonal communication
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Use the format for ‘personal communication to cite:
A. Materials posted on a password-protected course website
B. Internal corporate documents that will not be released to the public
C. Interviews that don’t have published transcriptsD. All of the above
Quiz: Using ‘personal communication’Quiz: Using personal communication
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• “Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English” (p. 178).
• Cite the text where you found the information: “Souper (as cited in Green, 1999) noted that…”.
• In the reference list, list the author of the secondary text that you read. Using the example above, Green’s text would appear in the references.
Secondary source citations
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• “References cited in text must appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in text” (p. 174).
• List references alphabetically by the first author’s last name
• References should have a 1.27 cm/0.5 inch hanging indent on the second and subsequent lines
• Double-space the references
The Reference ListReferences
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1. Periodical “Items published on a regular basis such as journals, magazines, newspapers, and newsletters”(p. 198).
2. NonperiodicalItems published separately: books, reports, brochures, manuals, and AV media.
Basic FormsBasic forms
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Author, A., & Author, B. (Date). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, xx(x), xxx-xxx. doi: xxxxxxxxxx
Italicize the title of the periodical and use title case
Provide page range without “p.”.
Initials only for authors’ first names
Hanging indent 0.5”
Italicize volume number (not issue number, nor the brackets around it).
Use sentence case for article title
Use ampersand, not “and”
Use the DOI as locator information.
Date format: Year, Month day
Electronic periodical article
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Godfrey, D. (2005). Adapting historical citations to
APA style. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic
Media, 49(4), 544-547. doi:
10.1207/s15506878jobem4904_15
In-text citation: (Godfrey, 2005, p. 546)
Electronic Article With DOIElectronic journal article with DOI
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Gemmell, R. (2008). Encouraging student voice in
academic writing. English Journal, 98(2), 64-68.
Retrieved from the Academic Search Premier
database.
In-text citation: (Gemmell, 2008, p. 65)
Article From Electronic DatabaseElectronic journal article without DOI
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Name specific database where resource was retrieved (e. g., not EBSCOhost, ProQuest)
Author, A. C. (Date). Title of work. Location: Publisher Name.
Author, A. (Date). Title of work. doi: xxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. (Date). Title of work. Retrieved from Ebrary ebooks database.
In-text citation: (Lastname, year, p. 4) or (Lastname, year, para. 4). • See http://
blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/06/how-do-you-cite-an-e-book.html for more information on citing ebooks.
Nonperiodical: BookItalicize title of book and use sentence case.
Note city and state abbreviation unless city is outside US. Use city and country for non-American cities.
Non-periodical: book vs. e-book
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American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA
style®. Retrieved from http://apastyle.org/
First in-text citation: (American Psychological Association (APA), n.d., Learning APA section, para. 2)
Subsequent in-text citation: (APA, n.d., Learning APA section, para. 4)
WebsiteWebsite content with no publication date
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No closing punctuation after URL and no hyperlink
Retrieval date unnecessary if working with the final version of resource.
Madigan, R, Linton, P. & Johnson, S.(June, 1996). APA Style: Quo Vadis?. American Psychologist, 51 (2), pp. 64-68. Retrieved October 2, 2012, from EBSCOhost.
What’s wrong with this reference?
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Madigan, R, Linton, P. & Johnson, S.(June, 1996). APA Style: Quo Vadis?. American psychologist, 51 (2), pp. 64-68. Retrieved October 2, 2012, from EBSCOhost.
What’s wrong with this reference
Single-spaced; no hanging indent Journal title is in sentence case and isn’t italicized
Missing period after “R” Unnecessary space between journal and issue numbers
Missing comma after “P.” Issue number isn’t italicized
Missing space after “S.” “pp.” isn’t necessary
Date is backwards; month isn’t necessary
Retrieval date not required for materials in their final form
Article title is in title case and italicized “EBSCOhost”: Missing name of the specific database where the resource was retrieved
Madigan, R., Linton, P., & Johnson, S. (1996). APA
style: Quo vadis?. American Psychologist, 51(2),
64-68. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES.
Corrected reference
APA6 section of Writing Centre website
• APA (6th edition)help guide
• Formatting overview
• “APA Exposed” tutorial
Citing Canadian statutes, cases, and legislation
• Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, 7th ed. (print
copy on reserve in Library)
Citing Statistics Canada materials
APA ResourcesCitation resources
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• http://library.royalroads.ca/writing-centre
• Ask a question: http://writeanswers.royalroads.ca
• (250) 391-2600, ext. 4353/1-800-788-8028
Contact the Writing Centre
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