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FOCUS
B.M INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SONEPAT
SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT
Vol: 1 Issue:1
A techno Magazine
EDITORIAL BOARD
Yogesh Jain Abhinav Juneja
Deputy. Director HOD CSE/IT
Vishal Jain Dr. Manoj Kumar
HOD ECE/EEE Applied Science
Sameer Mehta Sonika Popli
HOD ME Asst. Prof.,CSE
Preface
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of our annual technical
magazine FOCUS on Science, technology. Engineering & Management. This new magazine is
envisioned and founded to represent the growing needs of scientific and technical advancements.
Its mission is to update the students and staff on the recent technological developments around
us. The Magazine is intended as a forum for students and staff to share technical articles from
various domains. This inaugural volume is devoted to our students. In this spirit, the volume
contains general articles in the field of science, engineering & management along with a
summary of the latest summary of the projects implemented by our students.
Each article provides an example of a concrete technical application or a case study of the
presented methodology to amplify the impact of the contribution. We are very thankful to
everybody who supported the idea of creating a new technical magazine – FOCUS on Science,
Technology, Engineering & Management. We are certain that this very first issue will be
followed by many others, reporting new developments in technical arena. This issue would not
have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like
to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
management of the Institute in boosting our morals for this new endeavor. Throughout
preparation of this volume the Editors were supported by various departments of the Institute. It
is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for the readers
March, 2017
Vishal Jain
Editor-In-Chief
B.M. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SONEPAT
Rajiv Jain Chairman
MESSAGE
I am happy to note that B.M. Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sonepat is
bringing out its First technical magazine FOCUS.
The magazine provides a platform for the students and staff to publish the articles
on latest developments in the field of Engineering & Management.
My hearty greetings to the editorial board of FOCUS, for working on this
important area of academic interest. My best wishes for the successful publication
of the magazine.
Rajiv Jain
Bahalgarh Road, Behind Fazilpur Power Sub Station, Sonepat-131001 (HARYANA)
Tel: 0130-2236911-14, Website: www.bmiet.net E-mail director@bmiet.net
B.M INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SONEPAT
Rakesh Kuchhal FOUNDER-CEO
MESSAGE
I am immensely happy to learn that the Institute is coming out with its First
technical magazine FOCUS.
I sincerely hope that FOCUS is going to deliberate upon several new articles which
will be of importance to the nation and will enhance the quality of academic and
professional learning. I am sure that the Institute will keep on contributing more
effectively in order to promote this new initiative.
I convey my best wishes to the editorial board for the successful publication of this
magazine.
.
Rakesh Kuchhal
Bahalgarh Road, Behind Fazilpur Power Sub Station, Sonepat-131001 (HARYANA)
Tel: 0130-2236911-14, Website: www.bmiet.net E-mail director@bmiet.net
B.M. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SONEPAT
Dr. Harish Mittal PRINCIPAL
MESSAGE
I am glad to note that B.M Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sonepat is
publishing its First technical magazine FOCUS. The magazine will bring staff and
students on one platform to discuss new challenges and trends in field of
engineering, science and management. I am sure that the magazine will enrich
academic wisdom of the students to enable exploration of new technical domains. I
hope that the readers will benefit from the contents of this effort. I wish the
magazine a grand success.
Dr. Harish Mittal
Bahalgarh Road, Behind Fazilpur Power Sub Station, Sonepat-131001 (HARYANA)
Tel: 0130-2236911-14, Website: www.bmiet.net E-mail director@bmiet.net
6
INDEX
S.No. Topic Page No.
1 Crypto Currency : A Global Financial Transaction Tool 1
2 Fuelling Electronics Manufacturing In India 2-4
3 Hydrogen Vehicles 5-6
4 Use Of Some Waste Materials In Construction 7-8
5 Evolution Of Mobile Communication 9-11
6 Mathematics As A Language 12-13
7 Importance Of Chemistry In Everyday Life 14-16
8 Speech Theory 17-19
9 Big Data 20-21
10 Our Next Move: Internet Of Vehicles 22-24
11 Conversion Of Alternators Of Nonviable Old Power Plants To Synchronous Compensators
25-27
12 Emerging Trends In Technology 2017 28-29
13 Job Satisfaction- " The Most Valuable Intangible Assets "
30-31
14 Eye Based Human Computer Interaction 32-33
15 Li-Fi Technology 34-35
16 Project Abstracts 36-38
7
Crypto Currency: A Global Financial Transaction Tool
Abhinav Juneja
Vice Principal & HOD, CSE Deptt.
With the advent in technology and the global markets reaching the new competitive era, the need
for a globally acceptable currency was apparent for making the whole world connected. Need of
the hour was a global acceptable standard for making the transactions at the click of a mouse.
This requirement gave birth to coining of a new currency called Crypto Currency. We may
simply define Crypto currencies as merely lines of computer code which hold monetary value.
These lines of code are created by electricity and high-performance computers. The word
‘Crypto’ evolved from Cryptography which is an encryption technique to encode data. This
crypto currency is also addressed as Digital Currency. It is a form of Digital Public Money which
is minted using a complex procedure of mathematical computations that is assisted and
surveillanced through a highly sophisticated network of thousands of computer nodes addressed
as Miners. There is no physical existence and holding of this currency through any means.
This currency though being recognized in existence from the investors and promoters still lacks a
regulation or control from most of the nations. The Government has no control over the creation
of crypto currency and even its trading. Generally most of the Crypto currencies begin with a
market cap in focus, predicting that the production of the particular crypto currency will decline
with time thus projecting the currency to be more valuable in future. There are many currencies
of such profile in the market available for investors including Bit Coin, ethereum, lite coin, Dash,
Monero, ZCash etc.
8
FUELLING ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING IN INDIA
Vishal Jain
Associate Prof. & Head ECE/EEE
The Government is driving forward reforms in Electronics manufacturing sector through
major initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and by creating favorable policies to enable an investor
friendly environment. The Electronic System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) sector is among
the top five sectors in India attracting highest FDI.
As the demand for high-end products rises in the domestic market, the Indian ESDM sector is
projected to grow at a CAGR of 24% from USD 70 billion in 2014 to USD 400 billion by 2020.
With a target of ‘Net Zero Imports’ by 2020, the Government has embarked on several
initiatives to promote manufacturing in the country. In FY 2014-15, approximately 1.9 lakh
crore of electronics products were manufactured indigenously.
The consumer electronics and appliances sector is predicted to grow at a CAGR of 13.4% to
touch USD 20.6 Billion by 2020
9
TELECOM MARKET LOOKOUT
The Great Indian opportunity..!!
India is at the second-largest position in Telecommunication Market and has the third highest
number of internet users in the world.
In Between FY 07-16* India’s telephone subscriber base expanded at a Compound Annual
Growth Rate (CAGR) of 19.5 per cent to 1,022.61 million and tele- density to 80.98.
The Indian Telecommunication Services
market will likely to grow by 10.3 %
year-on-year to reach US$103.9 billion by
2020
10
MAJOR CONTRIBUTING VERTICALS
11
Hydrogen Vehicles
Sameer Mehta
HOD Mechanical Engineering
Hydrogen as a fuel
Hydrogen - an ecologically-friendly fuel which uses electrochemical cells or combusts in internal
engines to power vehicles and electric devices. It is also used in the propulsion of spacecraft and can
potentially be mass produced and commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft. In a flame of
pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O)
and heat. It does not produce other chemical by-products, except for a small amount of nitrogen
oxides. Hence a key feature of hydrogen as a fuel is that it is relatively non-polluting (since water is
not a pollutant). Pure hydrogen does not occur naturally; it takes energy to manufacture it. Once
manufactured, it is an energy carrier (i.e. a store for energy first generated by other means). The
energy is eventually delivered as heat when the hydrogen is burned. The heat in a hydrogen flame is
a radiant emission from the newly formed water molecules. The water molecules are in an excited
state on initial formation and then transition to a ground state, the transition unleashing thermal
radiation. When burning in air, the temperature is roughly 2000°C. Hydrogen fuel can provide
motive power for cars, boats and airplanes, portable fuel cell applications or stationary fuel cell
applications, which can power an electric motor.
Hydrogen Powered Cars and Trucks
Honda has introduced the FCX, a car utilizing a fuel cell instead of an ICE. This gives an overall
efficiency of 45%. A fuel cell turns hydrogen into electricity which drives the wheels through
electric motors. The hydrogen is stored in carbon fiber tanks at 333 bars. This gives the FCX a range
of 150 miles. The fuel cells provide only the average power. Super capacitors provide extra power
during acceleration and hill climbing. The tanks, the fuel cell, the super capacitors, etc. take up 4
times more space compared to a conventional design. There is not much room left for passengers and
cargo. The FCX costs 3 million dollars, but Honda leases them for $500 per month to the state of
California.
Modern18 wheel semi-trucks are a formidable piece of engineering. The durable diesel engines can
develop 500 horsepower continuously, and they achieve 35% efficiency. They can haul 80,000
pound loads at high speeds over mountains. Carbon fiber and aluminum are used to reduce weight.
Designing a hydrogen powered replacement would be a very difficult project. Trucks need a lot of
power all the time while cars need a lot of power only during short bursts of acceleration. Most of
the time cars need only a low power engine. The Honda FCX exploits that fact.
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Production of Hydrogen
Hydrogen production is the industrial method for generating hydrogen. Currently the dominant
technology for direct production is steam reforming from hydrocarbons. Hydrogen is also produced
as a byproduct of other processes and managed with hydrogen pinch. Many other methods are
known including electrolysis and thermolysis. The discovery and development of less expensive
methods of production of bulk hydrogen is relevant to the establishment of a hydrogen economy.
Here are a few methods:
Steam reforming
Partial oxidation
Plasma reforming
Electrolysis and thermolysis
Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Hydrogen fuel cells are electrochemical engines that come in several different varieties with the most
common being the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells, also called Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane fuel cells. PEM fuel cells use oxygen from the air and pressurized hydrogen to create
electricity, heat and water (steam) as byproducts. The sketch below from the Department of Energy
shows the different parts of a PEM fuel cell used to power hydrogen cars.
Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM-FC)
13
Use of Some Waste Materials in Construction
Paramjeet Malik
HOD Civil Engg. Deptt.
The waste materials that are commonly known are blast furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume(from Power Plants)
recycled aggregates (from Demolition sites), solid waste, plastic waste (Domestic waste) and rubber waste
(commercial waste). Partial replacement of Portland cement with waste materials like blast furnace slag, fly ash,
silica fume (from Power plants), recycled aggregates (from Demolition sites), solid waste, plastic waste
(Domestic waste) and rubber waste (commercial waste) will be a great help in reducing environmental pollution
and also in reduction in manufacturing of cement and other material that required for the construction activities.
One of the major challenges of our present society is the protection of environment.
Any construction activity requires several materials such as glass, clay, wood, stone, brick, steel,
concrete, mud and so on. However, the cement concrete remains the main construction material used in
construction industries. For its suitability and adaptability with respect to the changing environment, the concrete
must be such that it can conserve resources, protect the environment, economize and lead to proper utilization of
energy. The utilization of recycled aggregate is particularly very promising as 75 per cent of concrete is made of
aggregates. The enormous quantities of demolished concrete are available at various construction sites, which are
now posing a serious problem of disposal in urban areas. This can easily be recycled as aggregate and used in
concrete.
As the problem of disposing these waste materials became a big environmental problem, the proper
utilization of these materials again in construction activities will be a great relief to the society. Some of the
important elements in this respect are the reduction of the consumption of energy and natural raw materials,
systematic consumption and use of waste materials to a great extent, Research & Development activities have
been taken up even in India for proving its feasibility, economic viability and cost effectiveness for the use of
waste materials in all the construction activities.
DIFFERENT WASTE MATERIALS
There is a growing awareness even in India about extensive damage being caused to the environment
due to accumulation of waste materials from industrial plants, power houses, colliery pits and demolition
sites. Use of waste products is not only a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems it
significantly improves the microstructure, and consequently the properties of concrete. Because of the above
factors, there is a need and increasing demand for better understanding the behavior of waste material
properties as well as better control of the microstructure developing in the construction material, to increase
the durability. Following are some of the properties of waste materials that can be commonly used in
construction activities.
Plastic waste
The rapid Urbanization and Industrialization in India has resulted in large deposition of Plastic waste.
Plastic waste, consisting of carry cups, bags, etc. can be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated stone
can be used for road construction as cement and asphalt concrete. This is eco-friendly process. By using plastic
waste as modifier, the quality of sand and cement by their weight can be reduced, thereby reducing the total cost
of construction.
Fly ash
Fly Ash is a mineral by-product of coal combustion in thermal power plants. It is generally finer than
cement and consists of mostly of spherical glassy compounds of complex composition. It is a waste material
and dumped on the land adjoining thermal power plants and townships. Although fly ash is commonly used as
a mineral admixture in Portland cement for rigid pavements, it has had a very limited use in flexible
pavement. protection of our country ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon
alloy production and consists of spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm. The main
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field of application is as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete. It will be used in high strength or
high performance concrete to improve the properties
Recycled aggregates
Recycled aggregates are the aggregates obtained from construction and demolition waste (CDW), from
residential, commercial, industrial structures or from pavements. These aggregates can be re-used in all the
construction activities with some % of volume of construction, in order to have the same mechanical properties
of hardened concrete, without disposing these waste materials in to the environment. It has been felt that
recycling would be the most promising waste management process for the disposal of materials. This will also
help in less dependence of aggregates required in making rigid or flexible pavements over a long period. Due to
issues related to sustainability and limited natural resources, it is clear that the use of recycled, like crushed
concrete and asphalt, will be very useful in cost of saving also.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)
The blast furnace slag is the by-product obtained during the process of manufacturing of steel that
mainly consists of about 35% calcium oxide. The unit weight of blast furnace slag is less than that of stone
aggregate, which in turn having lower unit weight of concrete when it is used in concrete. It can be utilized as a
coarse aggregate in concrete, though strength in concrete increases slowly compared with traditional
concrete.BFS can be used directly at the end of the production process, without further processing that is an
integral part of this production process.
Silica fume
Silica fume is a byproduct of producing silicon metal or ferrosilicon alloys. One of the most beneficial
uses for silica fume is in concrete .The individual particles are extremely small, approximately 1/100th the size of
an average cement particle. Because of its fine particles, large surface area, and the high SiO2 content, silica fume
is a very reactive pozzolana when used in concrete. It will be used in high strength or high performance concrete
to improve the properties
Rubber Waste Discarded vehicle tires constitute an important part of waste material, which had historically been
disposed of into landfills. The production of waste by the tire industry has been a growing problem, indicating
the need for its reuse in the construction field. Rubber can also be used for concrete pavements for light
traffic. Over the years, research is going on for the use of recycled tire rubber in PCC mixture as a possible
alternative aggregate (partially replacing some part of aggregate).
CONCLUSIONS
Minimum waste promotes not only reuse and recycling, but also and more importantly, promotes
prevention - designs that consider the entire product life cycle. These new designs will strive for reduced
materials use, use of recycled materials, and use of more benign materials, longer product lives, reparability,
and ease of disassembly at end of life. A maximum use of waste materials may be applied to businesses,
communities, industrial sectors, schools and homes. Also the utilization of waste materials like solid waste,
hazardous waste will protect the environment and lead to a much more productive, efficient, and sustainable
future. Following are some of the guidelines for implementation of use of waste materials in construction
activities to have a green environment.
1 The idea of reusing the waste material is very exciting and encouraging specially when it will be helpful
in minimizing destruction to earth’s crust and green forest cover by virtue of reduced mining.
2 Recycling and reuse of the waste materials are found to be an appropriate solution to the problems of
dumping hundreds of thousand tons of waste on natural soil, which will result in consumptions natural materials
required for all construction activities.
3 Social well being is enhanced through efficiency improvements that allow more resources to be
available for all. In addition, maximum use of wastes will create jobs in return logistics and reprocessing
activities.
4 Environmental protections is enhanced by reducing hazardous and solid wastes to nature and by
reducing the need for energy generation and hydrocarbon extraction.
15
Evolution of Mobile Communication
Sudhir Vasesi
Associate Prof., ECE
The cellular wireless Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the system,
speed, technology and frequency. Each generation have some standards, capacities, techniques
and new features which differentiate it from the previous one.
Fourth Generation (4G)
Initiation year-2010 - In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems. The fourth Generation mobile
system is all IP based network system. The main goal of 4G technology is to provide high speed,
high quality, high capacity, security and low cost services for voice and data services,
multimedia and internet over IP. To use 4G mobile network, multimode user terminals should be
able to select the target wireless system. To provide wireless services anytime and anywhere,
terminal mobility is a key factor in 4G. 4G introduced new physical radio interface known as
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and new packet –switching based core
network called as Evolved Packet Core (EPC). IP-based network architecture, allows for
seamless handovers for voice and data to GSM, UMTS or CDMA2000 technology.
Standards - Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex (LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD)
Mobile WiMAX standard (802.16m standardized by the IEEE
Speed - 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary ,with the help of following
features
IP telephony
OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and frequency-domain equalization (FDE) schemes
Smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications.
New frequency bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth
Multiplexing/Access Technologies - OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA and Network-
LMDS
Bandwidth - 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz
Frequency Bands: - LTE standard covers a range of many different bands.
700, 800, 900, 1800, 2600 MHz in Europe (bands 3, 7, 20); 800, 1800 and 2600 MHz in
Asia (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 40)
Services - Mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV,
video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing, manage multi broadcast streams
and handle quick-moving mobile phones , Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), Dynamic
information access, wearable devices. smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks
and automatic roaming between different wireless networks
16
4G implementation variants: The LTE standard supports only Packet Switching & is all IP Network. Voice calls in GSM,
UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched, so with the adoption of LTE, carriers will have to
re-engineer their voice call network. However since it requires lot of infrastructure changes,
three different approaches are:
Voice over LTE (VoLTE): VoLTE is based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network
i.e. voice service (control and media planes) being delivered as data flows within the LTE data
bearer.
Circuit-switched fallback (CSFB): In this approach, LTE just provides data services, and when
a voice call is to be initiated or received, it will fall back to the circuit-switched domain.
Simultaneous voice and LTE (SVLTE): In this approach, the handset works simultaneously in
the LTE and circuit switched modes, with the LTE mode providing data services and the circuit
switched mode providing the voice service. The disadvantage of this solution is that the phone
can become expensive with high power consumption.
One additional approach which is not initiated by operators is the usage of over-the-top
content (OTT) services, using applications like Skype and Google Talk to provide LTE voice
services
Fifth Generation (5G)
Initiation year-2015. It will make Unified global standard. The Physical and Data Link layer
defines the 5G wireless technology indicating it as an Open Wireless Architecture(OWA).The
5G technology also maintain virtual multi-wireless network. To perform this, the Network layer
is sub-divided into two layers; upper network layer for mobile terminal and lower network layer
for interface. Here all the routing will be based on IP addresses which would be different in each
IP network worldwide. In 5G technology the higher bit rate loss is overcome by using Open
Transport Protocol (OTP).The OTP is supported by Transport and Session layer. The application
layer is for quality of service management over various types of networks. 5G brings forward a
real wireless world-Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW).
Speed - 1 to 10 Gbps.
Bandwidth - 1,000x bandwidth per unit area.
Frequency - 3 to 300 GHz
Multiplexing/Access Technologies - CDMA and BDMA
Standard – IP broadband LAN/W AN/PAN & WWWW
Features :Real time performance – Fast response, Low Jitter, latency & delay
Very High Speed Broadband – Gigabit data rates, high quality coverage, Multi spectrum
Virtualized Infrastructure – Software defined network, scalable and low cost system.
Support IoT & M2M - 100 times more connected devices, Deep Indoor Coverage &
Signaling efficiency
About 90% reductions in network energy usage. Its radio technology will facilitate
different version of radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently.
Services: Connected people & devices anywhere anytime. Its application will make world real
Wi Fi zone. Mobile IP address will be assigned as per the connected network and
geographical position.
Radio signal at higher altitude as well.
Parallel multiple services, such as you can know weather and location while talking
17
You can control your PCs by handsets. Education will become easier. A student sitting in
any part of world can attend the class.
Remote diagnostics is a great feature of 5G. -A doctor can treat the patient located in
remote part of the world.
Monitoring will be easier − A governmental organization and investigating offers can
monitor any part of the world. Possible to reduce the crime rate.
Visualizing universe, galaxies, and planets will be possible.
Possible, natural disaster including tsunami, earthquake etc. can be detected faster.
Sixth Generation (6G)
6G is proposed to integrate 5G with satellite networks for global coverage. It is considered to be
a cheap and Fast Internet Technology to provide unbelievably high data rates or very fast
Internet speed access on air through wireless and mobile devices possibly up to 11 Gbps, while
travelling or in a remote location. The satellite communication network may consist of
telecommunication satellite networks, earth imaging satellite networks and navigation satellite
networks. The goal of 6G is to integrate these kinds of satellite networks to provide network
position identifier, multimedia and internet connectivity, and weather information services to the
mobile users. Specially designed Nano Antennas will be implemented at different geographical
locations or positions along roadsides, villages, malls, airports, hospitals etc to broadcast such
high speed electromagnetic signals. The globe will be decorated by fly sensors with the help of
6G technology. These fly sensors will provide information to their remote observer stations;
further these stations will check any activity upon a special area such as the activity of terrorists,
intruders etc. The point to point wireless communication networks that transmit super- fast
broadband signals through the air will be assisted by high speed optical fibers lines to broadcast
much secured information from transmitters to destinations.
Features/Advantages of 6G Technology:
Ultra fast access of Internet. Data rates will be up to 10-11 Gbps.
Home automation and other related applications.
Smart Homes, Cities and Villages.
May be used in the production of Energy from galactic world.
Space technology, Defense applications will be modified with 6G networks.
Home based ATM systems.
Satellite to Satellite Communication for the development of mankind.
Natural Calamities will be controlled with 6G networks.
Sea to Space Communication.
Mind to Mind Communication may be possible
Standards: - The Global Position System (GPS) by USA, the Galileo by Europe, the
COMPASS by China and the GLONASS by Russia. If 6G integrates with 5G with these
satellite networks, it would have four different standards. So handoff and roaming will be
can be a big issue in 6G.
7G deals with space roaming.
The 7G of mobile wireless networks which aims to acquire space roaming. The world is trying to
become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted access to information anytime and
anywhere with better quality, high speed, increased bandwidth and reduction in cost.
18
Mathematics As A Language
Anita Malik Associate Prof., Applied Sciences
In a German curriculum can be read
Students should learn three sorts of languages:
the mother tongue
foreign languages and
the language of mathematics
Observing the evolution of natural sciences in the 21st century we can acknowledge that
“The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics”.
Mathematics is a language and like other languages it has its own grammar, syntax, vocabulary,
word order, synonyms, conventions. This language is both a means of communication and an
instrument of thought. One main goal of the learning of mathematics is to have the students
assimilate the basic concepts and language skills which are fundamental to mathematics.
Mathematical language skills include the abilities to read with comprehension, to express
mathematical thoughts clearly, to reason logically, to recognize and employ common patterns of
mathematical thought. Unique among languages is its ability to provide precise expressions for
nearly every thought or concept that can be formulated in its terms. The power of the modern
mathematical language may be seen in the following two examples: On the one hand the original
formulation of theorems of ancient Greek mathematicians and on the other hand their equivalents
in modern math language:
Ancient mathematical language closer to the native Modern language of
mathematics language
If a straight line be cut at random, the square on the whole is
equal to the squares on the segments and twice the rectangle
contained by the segments. (Euclid, 300 B.C.)
(a+ b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
The area of any circle is equal to a right-angled triangle in which
one of the sides about the right angle is equal to the radius , and
the other to the circumference, of the circle, 225 B.C.)
A = r ∙ 2ᴨ r/2 = ᴨ r 2
19
However, the language of Mathematics does not consist of formulas alone. The definitions and
terms are verbalized often acquiring a meaning different from the customary one. Many students
are inclined to hold this against mathematics. For example, one may wonder whether 0 is a
number. As the argument goes, it is not, because when one says, I watched a number of movies,
one does not mean 0 as a possibility. 1 is an unlikely candidate either. But do not forget
that ambiguities exist in plain English (the number's number is just one of them) and in other
sciences as well.
As a matter of fact, mathematical language is by far more accurate than any other one may think
of. Do not forget that every science and a human activity field has its own lingo and a word
usage in many instances much different from that one may be more comfortable with...
The evolution of the language of mathematics follows as a translation process form the native
language to the mathematical language and back. Teachers support this process by using tools
coming from language lessons e.g. using a “vocabulary”.
English Mathematics
“ so you get”
“ 3- times of ”
“ increase by p percentage”
=
∙3
∙(1+p/100)
If we maintain that the main role of mathematics is problem solving, consisting of the activities
modelling – operating – interpreting, then a main goal of mathematics learning is the translation
process from a problem formulated in the native language to a mathematical model written in the
language of mathematics.
The influence of technology in the language of mathematics:
Although being a child of mathematical thinking, computers of the first period needed their own
language and it was difficult to use them in mathematics lessons. Besides they were only able to
use numerical methods, a fact that also changed the science landscape. The translation process in
this area at the end of the 70’s and the beginning of the 80’s was more complicated when using a
computer: Two translation acts were necessary: The translation from the colloquial language into
the language of mathematics and afterwards the translation into the language of the computer.
This additional translation process and the need of an additional language was the reason that
computers were rarely used in mathematics education. With the further development of powerful
software systems like derive, computers more and more learned to understand the language of
mathematics. This was the key to a widespread use of technology in schools. Computers
understood the language which the students used in their exercise books and they were not only
able to use the algorithms which the students needed, they offered a lot of new algorithms and
new sorts of presentations.
These changes of mathematical thinking and of the language of mathematics must also be
considered in mathematics education.
20
Importance of Chemistry in Everyday Life
Dr. Shilpi Saxena
Associate Prof., Applied Science
Importance of Chemistry in Society
Chemistry is playing an important role in our life and makes a better society. Chemistry
is also vital to our society because of its impact upon our knowledge of good health, and
our maintenance of it. When applying to study medicine, applicants are expected to have
a thorough knowledge of chemistry before even beginning their degree. Chemistry is
vital for the study and development of medicine as it allows us to find out how illnesses
and diseases can be cured with minimal effects on the patient. Chemistry can help us to
prevent pain and live longer, happier, healthier lives.
Importance of Chemistry in Medicine
First of all, you need to understand the basic of chemistry so you can understand how
vitamins, supplements and drugs can help or harm you. However, most diseases, injuries
and treatments involve chemicals and chemical processes. So, we should develop a good
nutrition and a good lifestyle in order to be healthy.
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Importance of Chemistry in Bromine
Water Purification
One of the major uses of bromine is as a water purifier/disinfectant. Bromine compounds
are used for water treatment in swimming pools and hot tubs. They are also used to
control algae and bacterial growth in industrial processes.
Cars - past and future
In the past, bromine compounds were used in leaded fuel, as a constituent of "anti-knock
fluid". However, this use has declined as lead has gradually been removed from fuel.
Bromine compounds are now being tested in batteries for electric cars, designed to
produce zero emissions. Such batteries can also be used as electricity storage devices.
Importance of Chemistry in Iodine
Iodine is a very important element and has a lot of uses. The compounds are basically
used in medicine, photography and dyes. Another very important use of iodine is as it is
quite radio opaque, it can be used as a contrast to X-rays.
Iodine is an essential mineral required by the human body. Medline Plus reports that one
of the most important tasks of iodine is stimulating the production of thyroid hormones,
which regulates thyroid function. Iodine also promotes protein and bone synthesis and
regulates metabolism, growth and development.
Chemistry Explains
Cooking Chemistry explains how food changes as you cook it, how to preserve food,
how your body uses the food you eat, and how ingredients interact to make food.
Cleaning Part of the importance of chemistry is it explains how cleaning works. You use
chemistry to help decide what cleaner is best for dishes, laundry, yourself, and your
home. You use chemistry when you use bleaches and disinfectants and even ordinary
soap and water. How do they work? That's chemistry!
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Medicine You need to understand basic chemistry so you can understand how vitamins,
supplements, and drugs can help or harm you. Part of the importance of chemistry lies in
developing and testing new medical treatments and medicines.
Environmental Issues Chemistry is at the heart of environmental issues. What makes
one chemical a nutrient and another chemical a pollutant? How can you clean up the
environment? What processes can produce the things you need without harming the
environment?
Hair Colors Hair coloring is very popular today, with over 75% of women coloring their
hair. The first safe commercial hair color was created in 1909 by French chemist using
the chemical Paraphenylenediamine. The natural color of hair depends on the ratio and
quantities of two other proteins, eumelaninand, phaeomelanin. Eumelaninis responsible
for brown to black hair while phaeomelanin is responsible for golden, and red colors. The
absence of either type of melanin produces gray hair.
We use chemicals every day and perform chemical reactions without thinking much about them.
Chemistry is important because everything you do is chemistry! Even your body is made of
chemicals. Chemical reaction occur when you breathe, eat, or just sit there reading. All matter is
made of chemicals, so the importance of chemistry is that it's the study of everything. Chemistry
is important because everything you do is Chemistry. Chemistry is a very part of our daily life.
According to an article of Dr. Roizen, for us to wake up, our hypothalamus secretes a chemical
acetylcholine. You get up, you gargle. In order to eliminate halitosis, you use mouthwash which
contains the chemical manganese. You are now heading to the kitchen to boil water, water boils
at 100 degrees Celsius. You put dissolve coffee to water, it changes it form from solid to liquid.
Coffee molecules binds to water molecule, it becomes a solution. This is a basic example that
chemistry indeed is very relevant in our daily lives. We are not aware that every breath we take,
chemistry has something to do with it. Life is so much amazing.
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Speech Theory
Sonali Gopal Bhardwaj
Associate Prof., Applied Sciences
“Each of these affected populations may exhibit unique characteristics and behaviours’, but all
share common characteristics of language problems”. (Rice & Warren, 2004).
Speech is how we say sounds and words. Speech includes:
ARTICULATION :How we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, and tongue.
VOICE: How we use our vocal cords and breath to make sounds. Our voice can be loud or soft ,
high- or low-pitch. We can hurt our voice by talking too much, yelling, or coughing a lot.
FLUENCY :This is the rhythm of our speech. We sometimes repeat sounds or pause while
talking.
LANGUAGE : refers to the usage of the words to share our ideas and get what we want.
."One of the most important achievements of phonetics in the past century has been to arrive at a
system of phonetic symbols that anyone can learn to use and that can be used to represent the
sounds of any language. This is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)."
ARTICULATORY PHONETICS:AP is concerned with how the sounds of language is
physically produced by the vocal apparatus. The units of articulatory phonetics is known
as gestures, which are abstract characterizations of articulatory events.
CONSONANTS: Phoneticians generally characterize consonants as being distinguished by
settings of the independent variables as Place of Articulation (POA) and Manner of
ARTICULATION (MOA). In layman's terminology, POA is "where" the consonant is
produced, while MOA is "how" the consonant is produced.
The following are descriptions of the different POAs:
BILABIAL :Segments are produced with the lips held together, for
instance the [p] sound of the English pin, or the [b] sound in bin.
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LABIODENTAL: segments are produced by holding the upper teeth
to the lower lip, like in the [f] sound of English fin.
DENTAL :consonants have the tongue making contact with the upper
teeth. An example from English is the [θ] sound in the word thin.
ALVEOLAR :consonants have the tongue touching the area of the
mouth known as the alveolar ridge. Examples include the [t] in tin and [s] in sin.
POST ALVEOLAR: consonants are similar to alveolar but more
retracted like the [ʃ] of shin.
PALATAL consonants are articulated at the hard palate (the middle
part of the roof of the mouth). In English the palatal [j] sound appears in the word young.
VELAR :consonants are articulated at the soft palate the back part of
the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum. English [k] is velar, like in the word kin.
GLOTTAL :consonants are articulated far back in the throat, at
the glottis (area effectively the vocal folds). English [h] may be regarded as glottal.
DOUBLY ARTICULATED consonants have two points of
articulation, such as the English labio-velar [w] of wit.
VOICING-Try pronouncing the hissing sound [s] of the English word sip. Elongate the
sound until you can produce it continuously for five seconds. Then do the same for the [z]
sound in zip. Hold your hand to your throat, observing the different in tactile sensation
between the two. You should notice that [z] creates vibrations, while [s] does not. This rapid
vibration is in fact caused by the vocal folds, and it is referred to as voicing. Many different
sounds can contrast solely based on a voicing difference: English [b, p] in bin, pin, [d, t]
in din, tin.
NASALITY: Some sounds are produced with airflow through the nasal cavity. These are
known as nasals. Nasal consonants in English include the [n] of not, the [m] of mit, and the
[ŋ] of sing. Nasals may also contrast for voicing in some languages, but this is rare — in
most languages, nasals are voiced.
OBSTRUENCY: Consonants involving a total obstruction of airflow are known
as stops or plosives. Examples include English [p, b, t, d, k, g]. Fricatives are consonants
with a steady stricture causing friction, for example [f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ].Affricates begin with a
stop-like closure followed by frication, like the [tʃ, dʒ] of English chip, jeans.
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SONORANCY: Non-obstruent are classed as sonorant. This includes the already-
mentioned nasals. Another important type of sonorant found in English is the approximant,
in which articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space
for air to flow without much audible turbulence. Examples include English [w, j, l, ɹ].
VOWELS: Vowels are very different from consonants, but our method of decomposing sounds
into sets of features works equally well. Vowels can essentially be viewed as being combinations
of three variables:
HEIGHT: This measured how close your tongue is to the roof of your mouth. For
example, try pronouncing [æ] (as in "cat") and [i] (as in "feet"). Your mouth should be much
more open for the former than the latter. Thus [æ] is called either open or low, and [i]
either closed or high.
BACKNESS: This is what is sounds like-Try, for example, alternating between
pronouncing the vowels [æ] (as in "cat") and [ɑ] (as in "cot"), and get a feel for the position
of your tongue in your mouth. It should move forward for [æ] and back for [ɑ], which is why
the former is called a front vowel and the latter a back vowel.
ROUNDING: Pronouncing the vowels [i] and [u], and look at your lips in a mirror. They
should look puckered up for [u] and spread out for /i/. In general, this "puckering" is referred
to in phonetics as rounding.
.
So we are a click away from thesaurus and all other English language resources over the
web. If we have poor grammar then our writing & speaking skill won’t have the impact. Let us
preserve the beauty of the English language by showing love and care for learning English
language. It’s not just me…other people feel this way as well!
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Big Data
Sonika Popli
Assistant Prof., CSE
Big Data is a phrase used to mean a massive volume of both structured and unstructured data that
is so large it is difficult to process using traditional database and software techniques. In most
enterprise scenarios the volume of data is too big or it moves too fast or it exceeds current
processing capacity. Or we can say that, Big data is a term that describes the large volume of
data – both structured and unstructured – that inundates a business on a day-to-day basis. But it’s
not the amount of data that’s important. It’s what organizations do with the data that matters. Big
data can be analyzed for insights that lead to better decisions and strategic business moves.
The first organizations to embrace it were online and startup firms like Google, eBay, Linkedln
and Facebook were built around big data from the beginning.
Characteristics
1) Volume: Volume is how much data we have – what used to be measured in Gigabytes is
now measured in Zettabytes (ZB) or even Yottabytes (YB). The IoT (Internet of Things)
is creating exponential growth in data. This infographic from CSC does a great job
showing how much the volume of data is projected to change in the coming years.
2) Velocity: Velocity is the speed in which data is accessible. I remember the days of
nightly batches, now if it’s not real-time it’s usually not fast enough.
3) Variety: Variety describes one of the biggest challenges of big data. It can be
unstructured and it can include so many different types of data from XML to video to
SMS. Organizing the data in a meaningful way is no simple task, especially when the
data itself changes rapidly.
4) Variability: Variability is different from variety. A coffee shop may offer 6 different
blends of coffee, but if you get the same blend every day and it tastes different every day,
that is variability. The same is true of data; if the meaning is constantly changing it can
have a huge impact on your data homogenization.
5) Veracity: Veracity is all about making sure the data is accurate, which requires processes
to keep the bad data from accumulating in your systems. The simplest example is
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contacts that enter your marketing automation system with false names and inaccurate
contact information. How many times have you seen Mickey Mouse in your database?
It’s the classic “garbage in, garbage out” challenge.
6) Visualization: Visualization is critical in today’s world. Using charts and graphs to
visualize large amounts of complex data is much more effective in conveying meaning
than spreadsheets and reports chock-full of numbers and formulas.
7) Value: Value is the end game. After addressing volume, velocity, variety, variability,
veracity, and visualization – which take a lot of time, effort and resources – you want to
be sure your organization is getting value from the data.
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Our next move: Internet of vehicles
Savita Khatri
Assistant Prof., CSE
If you think that the internet has changed your life, think again. The IoT is about to change it all
over again…
We have all heard claims that in the near future there will be at least 50 billion connected
devices. These devices will exchange data in some form or another, whether it’s via wired or
wireless technology, or whether it’s autonomously or intelligently sent.
We have also heard many definitions of what the Internet of Things (IoT) is, from data exchange
between two devices to many devices connected to an enterprise-wide IT network. In many
instances, smart grid, smart cities, eHealth, cloud computing, and the connected vehicle are all
examples of IoT.
If we look at the technology being used to connect a device to an information network, or purely
to another device, we also need to look at what technologies have survived the test of time. We
should consider how the adapting of existing technologies with the integration of the next
generation of technologies will coexist and interoperate, especially giving how massive IoT will
be.
IOV:Area of IOT
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is an inevitable convergence of the mobile Internet and the
Internet of Things. It's comprised of all new and current vehicles, either fitted or integrated with
two-way RF equipment. It is a converged technology that encompasses information
communication, environmental protection, energy conservation, and safety. To succeed in this
emerging market, acquisition of core technologies and standards will be crucial to securing
strategic advantage..
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Concept of IoV
Although the IoV is an emerging concept, some nascent forms exist today. Intelligent Transport
Systems (ITS) in Europe and Japan have adopted certain forms of IoV technology. In New
Delhi, all 55,000 licensed rickshaws have been fitted with GPS devices so that drivers can be
held accountable for their questionable route selection. China's Ministry of Transport (MOT) has
ordered that GPS systems be installed and connected on all long-haul buses and hazmat vehicles
by the end of 2018 to ensure good driving habits and reduce the risk for accidents and traffic
jams. The Brazilian government has set a goal for all cars in circulation to be fitted with
electronic ID chips from its National Automated Vehicle Identification System (Siniav).
The launch of the U.S. National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC) is a
milestone for IoV. It requires that "security chips" be embedded in all online devices, including
those in vehicles. Clearly, the IoV is no longer a matter of IT applications in the automotive
industry; instead, it has become a national security concern.
What is the IoV?
IoV technology refers to dynamic mobile communication systems that communicate between
vehicles and public networks using V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle), V2R (vehicle-to-road), V2H
(vehicle-to-human) and V2S (vehicle-to-sensor) interactions. It enables information sharing and
the gathering of information on vehicles, roads and their surrounds. Moreover, it features the
processing, computing, sharing and secure release of information onto information platforms.
Based on this data, the system can effectively guide and supervise vehicles, and provide
abundant multimedia and mobile Internet application services.
In the last decade, many vehicles which contain components to monitor different conditions
(such as driver monitoring, tire pressure, oil pressure, vehicle speed, acceleration and position)
have emerged. Internet of Things (IoT) is enabling the collection of different types of
information from a given environment. The integration of results from both trends has led to the
emergence of the concept of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The implementation of IoV requires
devices (sensors, personal devices, actuators, among others) to communicate with other devices
and the infrastructure using different technologies. Such device interactions face several design
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challenges such as incompatibility among the devices, different qualities and response times for
the Internet connection, limited processing and storage capabilities. To address these challenges,
we propose a comprehensive framework that supports a layered design architecture capable of
providing seamless integration for inter-device communication into the IoV ecosystem. We also
present a review of recently proposed IoV architectures and discuss their salient differences with
proposed architecture.
Connected vehicles and devices are integral components of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV)
concept which is a mobile system which allows information exchanges involving Vehicle to
Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle and Roadside (V&R), Vehicle and Device (V&D), Vehicle and Person
(V&P) and Device to Device (D2D) IoV promotes strong interactions between humans and
vehicles along and aims to improve human abilities behavior modes.
The implementation of IoV requires devices to communicate and interact with other devices
and infrastructure using different technologies depending on the device’s type (sensor, personal
communication device, tablet), network type (Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Personal Area
Network (PAN) and so on) and their specific characteristics, thereby presenting a complex
interaction scenario where multiple challenges need to be addressed. These challenges include:
incompatibility among the devices, different qualities and response times for Internet
connections and limited access to data processing and storing services.
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Conversion of Alternators of Nonviable Old Power Plants to
Synchronous Compensators
Saloni
Assistant Prof., EEE
In India, a large number of power plants are becoming operationally unviable & will be shut
down in the near future. This is due to high fuel cost, degradation in overall heat rate, emission
problems, ageing etc.However, the synchronous generators in many of these plants are in healthy
condition along with other associated systems like stator & rotor cooling, bearing lubrication,
seal oil and AVR. A free synchronous motor (without any mechanical load connected to it) can
be used as a Reactive Power supplier to the GRID or Reactive Power consumer from the Grid
depending on the excitation. When a synchronous motor is over excited, it operates at a leading
p.f. and delivers reactive power to the Grid, thereby increasing Grid Voltage. Similarly, when it
is under excited, it operates at a lagging p.f. and absorbs reactive power from the Grid, thereby
decreasing Grid Voltage. Therefore, a synchronous compensator can alternately serve the
function of a capacitor bank or a reactor bank by step-less excitation control.
What is Reactive Power?
It is one of the total power components in an AC circuit that has its origin in the phase shift
between a sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms. lt is defined as the amplitude of power
oscillation with no net transfer of energy. Whatever real power is transferred in a half cycle is
returned back in the next half cycle. Hence net real energy transfer is zero.
Different Methods of Regulating Reactive Power
The control of utility grid voltage levels is accomplished by demand supply matching of reactive
power. Impaired demand and supply will have direct effect on grid voltage. In a dynamic
situation the demand is unpredictable and is not under the generator's control. This demand is
required to be accomplished by distribution licensee and transmission licensee either by
installation capacitor/reactor banks, Static VAR Compensator or by more recently developed
STATCOM. However as far generators are concerned, the same can be accomplished either by
generating or by absorbing reactive power. The generating units provide the basic means of
voltage control, because the automatic voltage regulators control field excitation to maintain
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rated voltage at the terminals of the generators. The steps generally taken by DISCOMS are
elaborated below.
For controlling voltage throughout the system, additional devices have to be used to compensate
reactive power. Reactive compensation can be divided into series and shunt compensation. It can
also be divided into active compensation (SVC, STATCOM) and passive compensation
(capacitor and reactor banks).
Most common methods of compensation are provided
by the following devices:
> Shunt capacitor banks
> Series capacitor banks
> Shunt reactors
> Synchronous compensator
> Static VAR compensators (SVC)
> Static Synchronous Compensators
(STATCOM)
SVC and STATCOM form part of group of active compensators called Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS).
Shunt Capacitors
Shunt capacitors, provide passive compensation. They are either permanently connected to the
transmission and distribution system or switched off. They contribute to voltage control by
modifying the network characteristics.
Series Capacitors
Series capacitors compensation is usually applied for long transmission lines and transient
stability improvement. Series compensation reduces net transmission line inductive reactance.
The reactive generation l2X compensates for the reactive consumption l2X of the transmission
line. Series capacitor reactive generation increases with the current squared, thus generating
reactive power when it is most needed.
Shunt Reactors
Shunt reactors are mainly used to keep the voltage down by absorbing reactive power, in the case
of light load and load rejection, and to compensate the capacitive load of the line.
Synchronous Compensator
Synchronous machines that are designed exclusively to provide reactive support are called
synchronous compensators. Synchronous condensers have all of the response, speed and control
features of generators.
Static VAR compensators (SVC)
An SVC combines conventional capacitors and inductors with fast switching capability.
Switching takes place in the sub cycle timeframe (i.e. in less than 1/50th of a second), providing a
continuous range of control. The range can be designed to span from absorbing to generating
reactive power. Advantages include fast, precise regulation of voltage and unrestricted, largely
transient free, capacitor bank switching.
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Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM)
The STATCOM is a solid state shunt device that generates or absorbs reactive power and is one
member of a family of devices known as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices.
The STATCOM is similar to the SVC in response speed, control capabilities, and the use of
power electronics. Rather than using conventional capacitors and inductors combined with
thyristors, the STATCOM uses self-commutated power electronics to synthesize the reactive
power output. Consequently, output capability is generally symmetric, providing as much
capability for production as absorption. The solid state nature of the STATCOM means that,
similar to the SVC, the controls can be designed to provide very fast and effective voltage
control.
Advantages of Converting A Retired Synchronous Generator to Synchronous
Compensator
> Capital cost will be less because existing facilities of the power plant shall be used. The new
cost shall be due to pony motor and associated civil foundation, VWF drive and SSS clutch, and
certain other mechanical modification, such as incorporation of a thrust pad on the generator.
> Since old retiring generating stations are located near load centers, the requirement of
installing a synchronous compensator near load bus shall be fulfilled without acquiring new
space.
> The capacitive current output of static VAR compensator decreases linearly with the system
voltage. Therefore, the capability of SVC to support grid voltage reduces with decrease of grid
voltage. On the other hand, synchronous compensators provide fast response to voltage
variations within operating limits of rotor current.
> SVC applications usually require harmonic filters to reduce the amount of harmonics injected
into the power system by the thyristor switching. On the other hand, no harmonics will be
injected while using synchronous compensator.
> For two phase to ground and three phase to ground faults, the positive sequence voltage
recovery is quicker for synchronous compensator compared to SVC. This is because the AVR of
synchronous compensator can restore the voltage faster by carrying out field forcing for a short
time. Therefore, synchronous compensator has short time capability to cater large faults in the
system by injecting high reactive power. However, since SVC provides reactive power
proportional to the square of its terminal voltage, so severe voltage drop on its terminals limits its
reactive power injection.
> STATCOMs also do not have the short time overload capabilities of synchronous
compensators.
> Synchronous compensators have better short circuit support due to its inertia.
> Both SVCs and STATCOMs are expensive equipment. Therefore, cost of conversion of a
retired generator to synchronous compensator shall weigh favourably due to availability of
existing infrastructure of a retired power station.
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Emerging Trends in Technology 2017
Ashima Arya
Assistant Prof., CSE/IT
As the time marches on, Technology in 2017 will be on a steady progression. Scientists and
researchers define this era with different upcoming trends as:
Data efficiency: One of the key areas of research is data efficiency. The problem of trying to
teach machine learning systems how to do more with less. AI and machine learning (ML), which
include technologies such as deep learning, neural networks and natural-language processing,
can also encompass more advanced systems that understand, learn, predict, adapt and potentially
operate autonomously. Systems can learn and change future behaviour, leading to the creation of
more intelligent devices and programs.
Intelligent Apps: Intelligent apps, which include technologies like virtual personal assistants
(VPAs), have the potential to transform the workplace by making everyday tasks easier
(prioritizing emails) and its users more effective (highlighting important content and
interactions). However, intelligent apps are not limited to new digital assistants – every existing
software category from security tooling to enterprise applications such as marketing or ERP will
be infused with AI enabled capabilities.
Virtual & Augmented Reality: Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) transform the
way individuals interact with each other and with software systems creating an immersive
environment. For example, VR can be used for training scenarios and remote experiences. AR,
which enables a blending of the real and virtual worlds, means businesses can overlay graphics
onto real-world objects, such as hidden wires on the image of a wall. Virtual reality is still
primarily for gaming, but when lighter, faster headsets are combined with haptic technologies,
training and teaching applications will become more viable, too.
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Digital: The lines between the digital and physical world continue to blur creating new
opportunities for digital businesses. Digital technology platforms are the building blocks
for a digital business and are necessary to break into digital. Every organization will have
some mix of five digital technology platforms: Information systems, customer experience,
analytics and intelligence, the Internet of Things and business ecosystems.
Digital Twin: Within three to five years, billions of things will be represented by digital
twins, a dynamic software model of a physical thing or system. Using physics data on how
the components of a thing operate and respond to the environment as well as data
provided by sensors in the physical world, a digital twin can be used to analyze and
simulate real world conditions, responds to changes, improve operations and add value.
Digital twins function as proxies for the combination of skilled individuals (e.g.,
technicians) and traditional monitoring devices and controls (e.g., pressure gauges).
Meet eSports, the new sports: Competitive video gaming is a huge business. In 2016, investment
bank GP Bullhound estimated it hit a global audience of over 250 million people, and amassed a
total annual revenue of $493m – and in 2017, that’s predicted to more than double, making
eSports a billion-dollar sector.
Adaptive Security Architecture: The evolution of the intelligent digital mesh and digital
technology platforms and application architectures means that security has to become fluid
and adaptive. Security in the IoT environment is particularly challenging.
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JOB SATISFACTION- “The Most Valuable Intangible Assets”
“PLEASURE IN THE JOB PUTS PERFECTION IN THE WORK”
In the modern era, organizations are facing several challenges due to the dynamic nature of the
environment. One of the many challenges for a business is to satisfy its employees in order to
cope up with the ever changing and evolving environment and to achieve success and remain in
competition. In order to increase efficiency, effectiveness, productivity and job commitment of
employees, the business must satisfy the needs of its employees by providing good working
conditions. Job satisfaction is one of the main concerns of employees and management in an
organization. It evaluates employees overall job experience in the work place. It also determines
the degree of fulfillment that the workers obtain from their occupation.
Nowadays the word satisfaction seems to be broader than general in its context. Satisfying an
individual’s need, wants and desire is crucial in the development of a person’s well-being. Job
satisfaction has been defined in many different ways. Some believe it is simply how content an
individual is with his or her job, in other words, whether or not they like the job or individual
aspects or facets of jobs, such as nature of work or supervision. According to me-“Job
satisfaction means the effort to make life worth living for workmen.”
Job satisfaction work aims at providing such service facilities and amenities which enable the
workers employed in an organization to perform their work in healthy congenial surrounding
conductive to good health and high morale. Job satisfaction is a comprehensive term
including various services, benefits and facilities offered by the employer. Through such
generous fringe benefits the employer makes life worth living for employees. The job
satisfaction amenities are extended in additional to normal wages and other economic rewards
available to employees as per the legal provisions.
Job satisfaction describes how content an individual is with his or her job. It is a relatively recent
term since in previous centuries the jobs available to a particular person were often
predetermined by the occupation of that person’s parent. There are a variety of factors that can
influence a person’s level of job satisfaction. Some of these factors include the level of pay and
benefits, the perceived fairness o the promotion system within a company, the quality of the
working conditions, leadership and social relationships, the job itself (the variety of tasks
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involved, the interest and challenge the job generates, and the clarity of the job
description/requirements).
The happier people are within their job, the more satisfied they are said to be. Job satisfaction
is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Job design aims to enhance job
satisfaction and performance methods include job rotation, job enlargement and job
enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture,
employee involvement, empowerment and autonomous workgroups.
Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations.
Job satisfaction is the favorableness or un-favorableness with which the employee views his
work. The nature of one’s environment of job is an important part of life as job satisfaction
influences one’s general life satisfaction.
Job satisfaction, thus, is the result of various attitudes possessed by an employee. In a narrow
sense, these attitudes are related to the job under condition with such specific factors such as
wages. Supervisors of employment, conditions of work, social relation on the job, prompt
settlement of grievances and fair treatment by employer.
However, more comprehensive approach requires that many factors are to be included before a
complete understanding of job satisfaction can be obtained. Such factors as job age, health
temperature, desire and level of aspiration should be considered. Further his family relationship,
Social status, recreational outlets, activity in the organizations etc. Contribute ultimately to job
satisfaction.
Many businesses fail to understand the importance of working environment for employee job
satisfaction and thus face a lot of difficulties during their work. Such organizations are internally
weak therefore unable to introduce innovative products into the market to outshine their
competitors. Employee is an essential component in the process of achieving the mission and
vision of a business. Employees should meet the performance criteria set by the organization to
ensure the quality of their work. To meet the standards of organization, employees need a
working environment that allows them to work freely without problems that may restrain them
from performing up to the level of their full potential.
Minni Kuchhal(MBA/15/02)
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Eye Based Human Computer Interaction
Introduction
In searching for better interfaces between users and their computers, an additional mode of
communication between the two parties would be of great use. The problem of human computer
interaction can be viewed as two powerful information processors (human and
computer)attempting to communicate with each other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly
constrained interface. We are especially interested in input media that can help redress this
imbalance by obtaining data from the user conveniently and rapidly. We therefore investigate the
possibility of using the movements of a user’s eyes to provide a high bandwidth source of
additional user input.
Eye Based Human Computer Interaction
The Eye Based Human Computer interaction is a direct-select vision-controlled communication
and control system technology. It was developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies, Inc.
This operates with eyes by looking at control keys displayed on a screen. By looking at the
control keys on the screen a person can synthesize speech, control his environment, operate
telephone, run computer software, operate a computer mouse and access internet etc. Eye
tracking is the process of measuring either the point of gaze (where one is looking) or the motion
of an eye relative to the head. An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and eye
movement. Eye trackers are used in research on the visual system, in psychology, in
psycholinguistics, marketing, as an input device for human-computer interaction, and in product
design.
Eye Tracking System
Most modern eye trackers available on the market utilize near-infrared technology along with a
high-resolution camera to track the movement of the eyes. The underlying concept, commonly
referred to as Pupil Center Corneal Reflection (PCCR), is rather straightforward. Near-infra red
light is directed towards the center of the eyes (pupil), causing visible reflections in the cornea
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(outer-most optical element of the eye). These reflections are tracked by a camera. The pupil
camera and illuminator operate along the same optical axis. Servo controlled mirror is used to
compensate for the user’s head motions. Tracks the corneal reflection from an infra red light
shining on the eye and the outline of the pupil illuminated by same light. Computes the visual
line of eye gaze by relationship between two tracked points.
Applications
Psychology Research:
Within this area, visual attention can be measured and correlated with other measures such as
how the brain works. The visual attention research can be done for normal populations as well as
for specific sub populations that have conspicuous behavioral patterns or different kinds of
mental health disorders.
Medical Research:
Eye tracking in combinations with conventional research methods or other biometric sensors can
even be helpful for diagnosing diseases such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD),Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD),
Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. For instance, it can be used to detect
drowsiness or support various other fields for medical, quality assurance or monitoring use.
Usability Research:
Eye tracking for usability and user experience is an emerging field using these methodologies.
One classic example is website testing. Here, attention to real estate, communication and call to
action(CTA) can be measured. If it is difficult to find a certain product on a website, the owner
of that website is very likely losing out on revenue. So, if that website could be improved to
increase the find ability of a product, a fast and big return on investment can be seen.
Advantages:
• Eye movement is faster than other current input media.
• No training or coordination is required of normal users.
• Can determine where the user’s interest is focused automatically.
Limitations:
• Equipment is expensive.
• Some users can’t work with the equipment (if they wear contact lenses or have long eyelashes).
• Moving one’s eyes is often an almost subconscious act.
Prachi (CSE/13/222)
Rahul Bagoria (CSE/13/223)
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Li-Fi Technology
Introduction
In simple terms, Li-Fi can be thought of as a light-based Wi-Fi. That is, it uses light instead of
radio waves to transmit information. And instead of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceiver-
fitted LED lamps that can light a room as well as transmit and receive information. Since simple
light bulbs are used, there can technically be any number of access points.
This technology uses a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is still not greatly utilized- The Visible Spectrum. Light is in fact very much part of our lives for millions and millions of years and does not have any major ill effect.
Working of Li-Fi
Li-Fi is typically implemented using white LED light bulbs at the downlink transmitter. These devices are normally used for illumination only by applying a constant current.
Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals. So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. The visible light spectrum is unused, it's not regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds.
Applications:
Airlines: Airline Wi-Fi. Ugh. Nothing says captive audience like having to pay for the
"service" of dialup speed Wi-Fi on the plane. And don’t get me started on the pricing.
Medical: Can be in the places where it is difficult to lay the optical fibre like hospitals. In Operation theatre Li-Fi can be used for modern medical instruments.
Traffic Signals: In Traffic Signals Li-Fi can be used which will communicate with the LED lights of the cars and accident numbers can be decreased.
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Petroleum And Chemical Plants: It can be used in these plants where other transmission or frequencies could be hazardous.
Advantages of Li-Fi :
Capacity: Light has 10000 times wider bandwidththan radio waves . Also, light sources are already installed. So, Li-Fi has got better capacity and also the equipments are already available.
Efficiency: Data transmission using Li-Fi is verycheap. LED lights consume less energy and are highly efficient.
Availability: Availability is not an issue as lightsources are present everywhere. There are billions of light bulbs worldwide; they just need to be replaced with LEDs for proper transmission of data.
Security: Light waves do not penetrate through walls.So, they can’t be intercepted and
misused
Disadvantage of LI-FI
Light can't pass through objects. A major challenge facing Li-Fi is how the receiving device will transmit back to
transmitter.
High installation cost of the VLC systems.
Interferences from external light sources like sun, light, normal bulbs, opaque materials.
These signals cannot penetrate walls. So the person needs wired bulb in that room also.
Only works if there is direct line of sight between source and receiver.
Used for broadcast and it is difficult to uplink.
Aayushi Mishra(CSE/13/201)
Bhupender Gupta(CSE/13/209)
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Project Abstracts
Big Data Analytics
Stock Market Data Analysis
Stock Market data will be structured data generated from the trading on the stock market. Every
day millions of shares are traded on an average day at any stock exchange in the world. The
traditional systems processing this data are slow and inefficient. This project will help the
analysis of Stock Market data efficiently using Apache Hadoop which is a newer and efficient
technology for data analytics.
Team Members- Shubham Jain(CSE/14/122)
Ekta Gandhi(CSE/14/129)
Sentimental Analysis of Twitter Data
Online networking gives clients a stage to discuss successfully with companions, family, and
partners, and gives them a stage to discuss their top pick. Each and everyone is connected to each
other. Everyone shares their feelings and sentiments through various social platforms such as
facebook and twitter. In this era of social networking, public sentiments about a particular thing
can affect the emotions of people around the world which can in turn motivate as well as
discourage the use of something. Hence if carefully used it can be a boon to any business. This
project aims to create such a system which helps analyzing the data for positive, negative, neutral
sentiments.
Team Members- Siddharth Agarwal (CSE/14/145)
Prayans Jain (CSE/14/138)
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ANDROID
RIMIX Launcher
Launcher is the name given to the part of the Android user interface that lets users customize the
home screen (e.g. the phone's desktop), launch mobile apps, make phone calls, and perform other
tasks on Android devices (devices that use the Android mobile operating system).
It is also called a home-screen replacement which is an app that modifies the software design and
features of your phone's operating system without making any permanent changes.
The purpose of RIMIX Launcher is to provide better And Fast service to the user and it will be
useful for easy access to daily used functions like calling. It offers a simple yet effective
customization.
Team Members- Shubham Singhal (CSE/14/123)
CHEFICIOUS
The era of mobile technology has opened the window for Android Apps. The websites are
vanishing and Mobile Apps are emerging. It’s time to change from conventional websites to
applications, which have become a part of our daily routine.
Secondly, the idea behind choosing the Android among other Operating Systems is because of its
popularity (Android is used by around 70% of the world’s population) and simplicity.
Hence, I will be introducing “Cheficious” an android app for cooking lovers which will save
them a lot of time as they now need not to search a recipe from different websites and
applications. They will get all the required information to cook any food item (dishes from all
around the world) at one place.
Team Members: Anshul Bhatia (CSE/14/105)
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JAVA
LAB Maintenance Portal
The purpose of Laboratory Management System is to automate the existing manual system by
the help of the computerized equipments and fulfilling their requirements, so their valuable
data/information can be stored for a longer period with easy accessing and manipulation of the
same. This will be implemented for Head of departments and Lab Incharges.
In the HOD module, HOD can manage the reports, edit profile, check details of all lab incharges,
and add new incharge. In the Lab Incharge Module, Lab Incharge can make the report, edit their
profile, manage lab equipments.
In this Project we will use Responsive Web Design (RWD) framework named Bootstrap for
Graphical user interface. Responsive Web Design (RWD) means that the layout of web
application adjusts according to device width so user can give the exam in any device such as
Mobile, Tablet, and Laptop.
Team Members: Anant Jain (CSE/14/103)
Nancy Sharma(CSE/14/172)
IZON: The Complete Surveillance System
The main purpose of doing this project is to analyze the process of surveillance over the users of
a particular computer without coming into the knowledge of the user. Whether it is a Corporate,
Govt. Sector, School, Hospital or any other working building, the demand of software like these
is growing at a mass scale and in order to overcome that problem, the software like this have
been developed so that it can play a useful role in the lives of the techies. The software is a
computer-surveillance system that runs anonymously in a computer without the prior knowledge
of the user and therefore monitors the activity done by the user in order to determine the working
pattern or any other useful activity which can be taken into considerations in the future.
The Project will be developed on Java Advance and .net which has front-end and back-end
process. Once the function will start working, it will record activities of the user by taking
screenshot of every window visited by the user, internet activity, file modification activity and
other essential features which will be useful in order to check the activity of the user. The
software is easy to operate with an advance level GUI designed prior to fulfilling the criteria of
maximum user friendliness.
Team Members: Ishan Anand (CSE/14/108)
Palak Singla(CSE/14/114)
“The Only Source of Knowledge is Experience.”
-Albert Einstein
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