the world of earth science chapter 1. section 1 branches of earth science objectives –describe the...

The World of Earth The World of Earth ScienceScience

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Section 1Section 1Branches of Earth ScienceBranches of Earth Science

• Objectives– Describe the four major branches of Earth

science– Identify four examples of Earth science that

are linked to other areas of science

Geology – Science That RocksGeology – Science That Rocks

• The study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth and the processes that shape the Earth is called _______.

• A geologist who studies fossils is called a ____________.

• A geologist who studies earthquakes is called a ___________.

• A geologist who studies volcanoes is called a ___________.

paleontologist

geology

seismologist

volcanologist

Oceanography- Water, Water Oceanography- Water, Water EverywhereEverywhere

• Studies plants and animals that live in the ocean

• Studies amounts and distributions of natural and human-made chemicals in the ocean

• Studies waves and ocean currents to see how the affect weather patterns and aquatic life

• Studies the ocean floor for clues about Earth’s history

• Biological Oceanographer

• Chemical Oceanographer

• Physical Oceanographer

• Geological Oceanographer

• Today, oceanographers use miniature submarines to explore the ocean floor.

• Rock chimneys on the ocean floor that spew black clouds are called black smokers.

Meteorology-It’s a Gas!Meteorology-It’s a Gas!

• Why did fewer people die during Hurricane Andrew than during the similar storm that hit Florida in 1928?– Hurricane tracking and weather forecasting

• Why do meteorologists like Howard Bluestein chase tornadoes?– To help predict how a tornado will behave

Astronomy-Far, Far, AwayAstronomy-Far, Far, Away

• One type of instrument astronomers use is called a ______ ________.

• _____ _________ are used to study objects that do not give off light.

• Astronomers can learn about bodies in space by studying the patterns formed from _________________.

• The ____ is the closest star to the Earth.

Optical telescopeRadio telescopes

radio waves in spacesun

Special Branches of Earth ScienceSpecial Branches of Earth Science

• The study of how humans interact with the environment is known as __________________.

• A scientists who studies communities of organisms and their nonliving environment is called an _________.

• Geochemistry combines the studies of what two areas of science? – Geology– Chemistry

• Scientists who study the Earth’s surface features are __________________.

• Scientists who make maps of the Earth’s surface are called_____________.

environmental science

ecologists

physical geographers

Cartographers

Section 2Section 2Scientific Methods in Earth ScienceScientific Methods in Earth Science

• Objectives– Explain how scientists begin to learn about

the natural world.– Explain what scientific methods are and how

scientists use them.– Identify the importance of communicating the

results of a scientific investigation.– Describe how scientific investigations often

lead to new investigations.

• How do scientists begin to learn about the natural world? – They ask questions

• What is the goal of scientists when they use the scientific method?– To come up with reliable answers and solutions

• Steps to the scientific method– Ask a question– Form a Hypothesis– Test the Hypothesis– Analyze the Results– Draw Conclusions– Communicate Results– Case Colsed?

Ask a question• Why do scientists ask

questions?– To focus the purpose

of an investigation

Form a Hypothesis• What is a hypothesis

– An explanation that is based on prior scientific research or observations and that can be tested

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Test the Hypothesis• How do scientist test hypotheses?

– By gathering data

• An experiment that tests only one factor, or variable, at a time is a ___________________.

• What is the purpose of changing only one variable in an experiment?– If more than on variable is changes, scientists cannot

easily determine which variable caused the outcome.

controlled experiment

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Analyze the Results• What do scientists often

do to organized and summarize their data?– They often make tables

and graphs

Draw Conclusions• Why do scientists draw

conclusions about their results?– To see if their results

supported their hypotheses.

• What can scientists do if their tests do not support their hypothesis?– They may repeat

investigations to check for errors

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Communicate Results• What do other scientists do after the results of

an investigation are shared?– Other scientists evaluate the evidence. They also

review the experimental procedure, data, and explanations. If they disagree, they may further investigate to find the truth.

Case Closed?• Why might an investigation continue after its

results are accepted?

Section 3Section 3Scientific ModelsScientific Models

• Objectives– Explain how models are used in science– Describe the three types of models – Identify which types of models are best for

certain topics– Describe the climate model as an example of

a mathematical model

ModelsModels

• Model made up of mathematical equations and data

• Model made up of many hypotheses

• Model that you can touch and that looks and acts like a real thing

• Mathematical Model

• Conceptual Model

• Physical Model

Section FourSection FourMeasurement and SafetyMeasurement and Safety

• Objectives– Explain the importance of the International

System of Units– Determine appropriate units to use for

particular measurements– Identify lab safety symbols and determine

what they mean

Measurement and SafetyMeasurement and Safety

• Long ago, standardized units were based on______________.

• Why was the International System of Units (SI) developed?– To have a global measurement system

parts of the body

TemperatureTemperature

• The unit that scientists usually use to describe temperature

• The SI unit for temperature

• The unit that describes normal body temperature as 98.6 F

• Degrees Celsius

• Kelvin

• Degrees Fahrenheit