the second great awakening & antebellum reform movements
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In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.
Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832
The Rise of Popular Religion
R1-1
Moving away from Traditional Anglican Church
Many Founding Fathers were Enlightenment Deists• Believed in Watch Maker metaphor• Believed man’s reason could figure everything
outCongregational Churches- independent local
churches Unitarians split Congregational establishment
in New England• Took control of Harvard & wealthiest urban
churches• Est. American Unitarian Association in 1826
Challenges to Anglican Church
Dramatic increases in immigration
-Irish Catholic, Scots-Irish Presbyterians, German and Northern European Lutherans
Transcendentalism emphasized individualism & emotion/intuition over reasonRalph Waldo Emerson (Self Reliance) Henry David Thoreau (Walden, Civil
Disobedience)
Changing Societal Conditions
Educated clergy out of touch with frontier communities Clash of social class Calvinist theology too complex & restrictive for uneducated poor
people Disestablishment & 1st Amendment created competition
among denominations Non seminary ministers needed to meet demands
1775: 1,800 ministers (1:1,500) 1845: 40,000 ministers (1:500) Revivalists used democratic rhetoric to attack “aristocratic”
religious elites- signs of Jeffersonian Republic?
The Second GreatAwakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Asylum &Penal Reform
Education
Women’s Rights
Abolitionism
Second Great Awakening: Methodists
Methodism came over to America after successfully transforming Great Britain in the late 1700s John & Charles Wesley began reform
movement within the Anglican Church – later became Methodist Episcopal Church
Francis Asbury was 1st Methodist Bishop in the U.S.
Peter Cartwright was leading circuit rider preached salvation as a free gift to all Set up Sunday Schools & bible studies
Francis Asbury
John Wesley
Second Great Awakening:Baptists
Baptists also spread rapidly Rejected Calvinist roots John Leland combined Jeffersonian
democracy with Christian morality Both groups used popular mass culture
Took advantage of cheap printing to produce Bibles, tracts, Sunday School curricula, etc.
Took popular songs and wrote new lyrics Created interdenominational
organizations: American Bible Society American Sunday School Union American Tract Society
Leland MonumentCheshire, Mass.
Challenging Race & Gender Conventions
Initially preached racial & gender equality Women & blacks allowed to preach
Later backed off due to concern for respectability
Richard Allen founded Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.) after whites tried to segregate St. George’s Methodist Church in Philadelphia
Richard Allen
Mother Bethel AME Church
Congregationalists & Presbyterians
Presbyterians & Congregationalists adopted methods by 1830s-40s, bringing revival to Northeast Lyman Beecher traveled
around preaching conversion Charles G. Finney developed
system for revival, deliberately playing on emotions
Converted 100,000 people in Rochester, NY in 1839
Charles G. Finney
Come-Outer Sects:Mormons
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) Joseph Smith, Jr. saw angel Moroni & found
in gold tablets in 1823 Book of Mormon published in 1830 Established utopian communities:
• Kirtland, OH 1831-38• Nauvoo, IL 1839-45
Hierarchical, male-dominated church• Polygamy encouraged
Smith killed by mob in Nauvoo, Illinois in 1844 Brigham Young led migration to Deseret
(Utah) in 1846-48
Joseph Smith, Jr.
Brigham Young
Come-Outer Sects:Shakers
United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing (Shakers) started in England in 1747 Mother Ann Lee Stanley claimed to be 2nd, female
incarnation of Jesus Christ Came to America with 8 disciples in 1774
Established 19 communities between 1783-1836 4,000 – 5,000 members at peak Lived communally & practiced celibacy Danced & experienced ecstasies in worship Embraced modern technology
Oneida Community
Oneida Community founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848
Noyes had been converted by Finney, but became an antinomian
“Complex marriage” came to be eugenic breeding program
Noyes fled to Canada in 1879 to avoid adultery charge
Community became a joint-stock company in 1881
John Humphrey Noyes
Oneida Community Mansion
Antebellum Reform Movements: Abolition
American Colonization Society (1817) favored gradual, compensated manumission & “returning” freed blacks to Africa Liberia founded in 1821 6,000 immigrants, 1817-67
American Antislavery Society (1833) demanded immediate, uncompensated emancipation & black citizenship William Lloyd Garrison began publishing
The Liberator in 1831 Frederick Douglass was escaped slave who
became eloquent spokesman
William Lloyd Garrison
Frederick Douglass
Antebellum Reform Movements: Temperance
Temperance movement combated widespread evils of alcholism
American Temperance Society & Washington Temperance Society led voluntary individual reform efforts Parades featured water wagons Teetotalers pledged total abstinence Per capita consumption drastically reduced
by 1850 Neal Dow got 13 states to pass “Maine
laws,” 1851-55 Prohibited manufacture & sale of
intoxicating liquor Did not apply to beer, wine or cider
Antebellum Reform Movements:Women’s Rights
Women’s Rights movement grew out of other reform movements
Many, like Susan B. Anthony, were Quakers
Elizabeth Cady Stanton began as temperance advocate & abolitionist
Seneca Falls Convention (1848) issued Women’s Declaration of Independence
Antebellum Reform Movements: Penitentiaries & Asylums
Criminals, poor, etc. seen as result of societal failure
Penitentiaries designed to remove criminals from corrupting influences & provide discipline through labor Auburn (1819-23) Ossining (1825)
Asylums isolated patients from outside influences in order to cure them Mental illness viewed as result of stress Asylums were utopias
Dorothea Dix
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