the role of catholic school administrators in student psychological referrals ncea convention...
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The Role of Catholic School Administrators
in StudentPsychological
Referrals
NCEA Convention
Thursday, April 27th
3:00 - 4:15 p.m.
Room 348
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Presentation Overview
• School Mission: Psychological well-being of students
• Nature of Student Referrals
• Recommended / Required
• Referral Process– Information gathering– Decision making– Outside Expertise– School Conference
• Role of Administrators in the Referral Process
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Catholic School Leadership & School Mission
Development of WHOLE StudentINCLUDES
Psychological Psychological
Growth & DevelopmentGrowth & Development
of Studentsof Students• Promoting that Development• Assistance in Overcoming Blocks
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Basis in Catholic Theology
• Vatican II Declaration on Christian Education
The Catholic school enables young people to develop their own personality, giving “due weight” to the advances of psychology.
• Congregation for Catholic Education (1988)
The school “and all its activities have only one purpose -- to help them in their growth toward maturity.”
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
All data reported based on national survey of Catholic secondary school principals (1997).
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: “Psychological Well-Being” as
part of school mission
Well-being of Students
as part of the school’s mission
• MOST IMPORTANT34.3%
• MAJOR IMPORTANCE
56.4%
• AVERAGE IMPORTANCE 9.3%
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Role / ContributionResearch: Role / Contribution: Promoting Psychological
Development< Rank & Means >
RoleRole ContributionContribution
• counselors 1 (3.74)** 1 (3.70)
• chaplains 2 (3.61) 2 (3.46)
• parents 3 (3.40) 6 (3.19)
• teachers 4 (3.39) 3 (3.30)
• administrators 5 (3.38) 3 (3.30)
** Mean Scores Reported -- Rating Scale Values
“Most Important Role / Primary Contribution” = 4.00
“Major Importance / Significant Contribution” = 3.00
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Definition: School-initiated Referrals
• Instances where a school contacts the parent(s) or guardian of a student
• Recommends / requires• Student undergo a
psychological evaluation• Administered by a licensed
counselor or therapist• For the purposes of
determining the possible benefits of a course of counseling / psychotherapy for the student
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Categories of Student Referrals for Psychological Services
• RECOMMENDED Referral
School recommends that a student undergo a psychological evaluation.
• REQUIRED Referral
School requires that a student undergo a psychological evaluation / testing, as a condition for continued enrollment.
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Referral Practices / Policies of Catholic High Schools
• CURRENT PRACTICE
RecommendRecommend students for evaluations 100%
Require students undergo evaluations 94.2%
• SCHOOL POLICIES EXIST
for RECOMMENDED Referrals 74.4%
for REQUIRED Referrals 66.0%
• POLICIES in WRITING
for RECOMMENDED Referrals 40.7%
for REQUIRED Referrals 45.1%
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
PROCESS for Recommended Referrals
Steps
• Information Gathering
• Evaluation / Decision - making
• Parent - Student Conference & Referral to Outside Services
• Follow-up
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Pre-Requisites for Process
• EXPLICIT Information SystemInformation flows freely down and
UP the organization
Climate of trust - confidentiality
Shared concern for student welfare
• EXPLICIT CoordinatorDesignated Target Person– Counselor– Class Coordinator / Moderator– Administrator
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Who Initiates Recommended Referral Process
STAFF Recommended Required
Counselors 1 (2.20) 1 (1.86)
Principal 2 (1.91) 1 (1.86)
Other Admin. 3 (1.75) 3 (1.69)
Teachers 4 (1.67) 5 (1.28)
Chaplains 5 (1.63) 4 (1.38)
Range:
|------------------|--------------------|-------------------|
0 1 2 3never seldom sometimes
frequently
Initiate
recommended / required referral
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: Information Gathering
– BEGINS WITH:• Concern about student well-being
– FROM:• Academic Report• Disciplinary Report• Teacher• Support Staff• Administrator• Parent• Other Students• Student her/himself
– INFORMATION PROVIDED• Reason(s) for concern• Directly Observable Data
– TO:• Designated Coordinator
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Egs: Student behaviors• Poor academic functioning
– displays lack on prerequisite skills or abilities
– displays lack in motivation– unclear causal factors for poor
performance
• Social / emotional difficulties– social deficits (shy, overanxious, inhibited)
– social excesses (aggressive, defiant, disruptive)
• Family situations– Violence in the home– Child abuse– Separation / divorce– Death of a relative
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
BEHAVIORS / SITUATIONS
• Health problems– affecting attendance, performance
• Alcohol Drug Use
• Suicidal Ideation– verbalized or attempted
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Patterns of School Referrals
• ALWAYS / FREQUENTLY Refer:– Suicidal Ideation– Child Abuse– Alcohol or Drug Use– Violence in the Home– Bizarre Behavior
• LEAST LIKELY to Refer:– Problems of poor academic
functioning
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
In 1997:• SUICIDAL IDEATIONWould not ALWAYS recommend evaluation
21%Would not ALWAYS require evaluation
30%• REPEATED IDEATIONWould not ALWAYS require evaluation
13%• Occasionally, seldom, never
recommend referral
Child abuse (repeated) 10%Violence in home (repeated) 35%
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: Decision Making
Evaluation / Decision - making
• Coordinator - Student Interview
• Coordinator Assessment– “Concern” judged minor– More information needed
• In-school
• Outside expertise
• Coordinator Decision– No further action at present– Continue to monitor student– Referred to other school services– Outside referral warranted
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Relations with Mental Health Professionals
“Outside Expertise”<Relationships w/ Mental Health Professionals (1997) >
School maintains referral list 95%
Dio.Ed. Office has referral list 45%Uncertain about diocesan list 41%
School relationship exists with:– Social Workers 69.8%
– Family Therapists 62.2%
– Psychologists 57.6%
H.S. Principals: Highest Confidence in– Psychologists, Counselors, Family
Therapists
H.S. Principals: Lowest Confidence in– Pastoral Counseling / Diocesan
Referral Agencies
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: Parent-Student Conference / Participants
PARTICIPANTS
Option 1:
• Parent(s) / Guardian(s)
• Student
• CoordinatorOption 2:
• Parent(s) / Guardian(s)
• Coordintor
– then, Student
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Parent school conference: AGENDA
AGENDA:
• School concerns
• Observable data
• Parent / Student response
• “Assessment” vs. “Therapy”
• School’s Recommendation
• Referral List Mental Health Agencies / Professionals
• Time-table for follow-up
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: FOLLOWUP
Follow-upAs Recommended Referral:Coordinator contacts parent / guardian
• Was contact ever made?• Assessment, testing done?• Results?; Therapy indicated?• Release information to school?
(specific offices; degree of detail)
• How can school further assist family & student?
• Schedule of further “check-ins”
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Recommended Referrals: Administrator’s Role
Roles/Responsibilities of Administrators
• Promote Mission / Climate
• Clear, Explicit Process in Place
• Regular Review of Process
• Appoint Coordinator– Initial Selection
• “Mentally Healthy”• Sensitive to students• Community trust / confidence• Knowledge / Training• Know limitations
– On-going supervision / training
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals
REQUIRED REFERRALS• The school requires that
a student undergo a psychological evaluation / testing, as a condition for continued enrollment.
• Initiation of this process assumes:– Serious student situation /
behavior and / or
– Recurrent pattern of behavior
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Research: Required Referrals for Students
• 94% Catholic High Schools use required referrals
As condition - continued enrollment 88%
With other disciplinary action (s) 75%
In lieu of disciplinary action 41%
Before deciding school’s response 35%
(n =162)
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: Process Overview
Predetermined: Process, Responsibilities, Roles and AuthorityProcess:
• Information Gathering
• Evaluation / Decision - making
• Parental Notification
• Parent - Student Conference & Referral to Outside Services
Post-scripts:
• Authority of Administrators
• Dealing with Evaluators
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Participant(s) D C
school counselors 92% 93%administrators: discipline 84% 78%parents 77% 93%student in question 75% 84%administrators: academic 68% 63%teaching faculty 60% 45%mental health professionals 58% 50%chaplains / campus ministers 52% 41%school president / head 42% 43%family physician 39% 23%school coaches 37% 26%extracurricular moderators 32% 21%outside clergy / pastors 28% 19%other school staff 24% 19%
Participants in Decision-making + Conference w/ Parents
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: Principal’s Participation
• Decision-Making Process• School Conference w/ Parents
Decision-Making Conference w/Parents
Role Actual Role Actual
Always 68% 69% 52% 52%
Frequently 24% 21% 31% 30%
Occasionally 6% 7% 14% 12%
Seldom 0 2% 2% 4%
Never 2 % 2% 1% 1%
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: Information Gathering and Decision making
• Information Gathering– Input + Consultation
• Decision-Making– Participants in Discussion– Decision-makersCONSIDERATIONS– Evaluation of student– Recommend or Require ?– Terms of Requirement– Other conditions
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: School DO’s & DON’T’s
A School CAN:• Require psychological
evaluation/testing• Specify who does the evaluation• Require the results & prognosis be
shared with authorized school officials• If results warrant it, require the
student undergo a course of therapy or treatment
• Co-determine the duration of therapy or treatment.
A School CANNOT:• Require therapy / treatment WITHOUT
professional evaluation• Dictate a specific agency or
professional to conduct the therapy• Require specific therapy progress
reports
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: Parent Notification & School Conference
• Parental Notification
• School Conference– Pre-conference: School
personnel
• Participants• Agenda• Role assignments
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
REQUIRED Referrals: School- Family ConferenceAGENDA
– Observable data
– School’s concerns
– Parent / Student response– “Assessment” vs. “Therapy”
– School’s Requirement• Specific Conditions
– Referral List Mental Health Agencies /
Professionals
– Timetable for action
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Roles & Responsibilities of Administrators in Required
Referrals
• Provide Staff & Budget• Clear referral process in place
• Regular review of process• Establish / maintain
relationships with mental health professionals
• Willingness to speak on behalf of the best interests of the student and the school.
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Differentiating the Administrator’sAUTHORITY & EXPERTISEAUTHORITY & EXPERTISE
• as Therapeutic Helper Therapeutic HelperIn the best interest of the student - Something
is wrong:
– Can the school help you find out
• as Professional EvaluatorProfessional EvaluatorIn the best interest of the student - Something
is wrong:
– Is this the best place for your child ?
• as Professional EvaluatorProfessional EvaluatorProtecting the Common Good - Something is
wrong:
– It is affecting the school community.
The Role of Catholic School Administrators in Student Psychological Referrals
Suggestions: Mental Health EVALUATOR
• MUST be familiar with the school:– Academic & disciplinary
expectations for students– Willingness to adapt rules
• Evaluation must include:Given the diagnosis– Therapy / treatment is (not)
warrantedGiven the nature of the school– Student can[not] function within
the expectations of the school {during the course of therapy}
– Therapy must continue until such time as the professional & the school deem sufficient.
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