the road to independence unit two: chapter four. a graphic illustration of how tensions b/c england...
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The Road to Independence
Unit two: Chapter Four
A graphic illustration of how tensions b/c England and its American colonies intensified from 1619 to 1763.
Great Migration
Elected Assemblies
Navigation Acts
Appointed Governors
French and Indian War
Cost of French and Indian War
Procla-mation of 1763
EnglandStationsPerma-nentArmy
F & I war ends:
• Strained Colonial Relations:• British felt that Colonists didn’t pull their
weight.
• Americans were shocked at how bad the British military tactics were.
• Americans strong beliefs:• Loss of respect of the British military.• Did not believe the British shared the same values as
the Americans and did not treat them with the respect they deserved as British subjects.
Salutary Neglect Ends
• Mercantilism • Government’s
policy to be richer, stronger, and larger than any other nation through trade and commerce.
• Colonies important in this:• Supplied raw
materials• Had few
industries of their own
• What does this mean for GB?
• Ready market for GB goods
Trade and taxes• Colonies were part
of the Triangular Trade Route• Took rum from the
colonies from Africa, slaves from Africa to West Indies, & molasses from West Indies to America.
• 2 types of taxes GB imposed on America:• Direct
• Tax levied directly on individuals by the gov’t
• Indirect• Tax hidden in price
of item
Why did GB tax the Colonies so much???
• 1 - GB had huge war debt.
• 2 - Many in GB felt colonists should be responsible for much of the debt b/c the war was fought to protect them.
Reasons why, cont.
• 3 - GB felt they needed to exercise stricter control over the “upstart” colonies.
• 4 - GB wanted to insure own market, while ending competition in the colonies from other European nations.
So how else can we show them we are boss?
• Tax the heck out of them!!!!
How might the new policies upset the colonists?
Are taxes the only thing that are bothering the colonists???
Taxes and Tensions: Mercantile LawsProvisions Results
• Restricted colonial export of a certain manufactured good.
• Banned immigration of skilled GB workers to colonies.
• None since they were not really enforced
Taxes and Tensions: Navigation ActsProvisions Results
• Began list of enumerated commodities (made in Amer, shipped only to GB)• Tobacco, cotton,
indigo & sugar
• Goods had to be carried on GB or colonial built ships
• Rarely enforced
• GB attempted to create monopoly• no competition
from colonists or other countries.
Taxes and Tensions: Molasses ActProvisions Results• Heavy tax on
sugar to colonies from anywhere except British West Indies• Needed molasses
for rum production!
• Rarely enforced• Some smuggled
in from France
Taxes and Tensions: Proclamation of 1763 Provisions Results• Ended all
settlement west of Appalachian Mts.
• Sent troops to enforce.
• Protests• “We” fought for
the land.
• Indians attack encroaching colonists
Issues behind the RevolutionT h e R o ad to R evo lu tion
1775R e vo lu tio na ry W a r be g ins w ith b a tle s a t
L e xin g to n a n d C on co rd .
1774B rit ish p ass In to le ra b le A c ts to pu n ish B os to n ia n s.
C o lo n ia l lea d ers m ee t a t F irtst C on tin en ta l Co n gre ss.C o lo n ia l m ilit ia s be g in s to ring w e ap o n s.
1773B rit ish p ass Te a A c t, p la c ing n ew tax o n te a .
In p ro tes t, B o s to n T e a P arty he ld .
1770In B o sto n M a ssa cre , B rit ish so ld ie rs
fire o n A m erica n p ro tes te rs, k illing f ive
1766 - 1767B rit ish re pe a l S ta m p A ct
B rit ish p a ss T ow n she n d A c t, a n ewse ries o f ta xes o n im po rts.
1765B rit ish P a ss th e S ta m p A ct
C o lo n is ts p ro tes t, b oyco tt B ritish g oo d s.
Issues Behind the Revolution• British Pass Proclamation of 1763
• protest the closure of lands, some ignore, send troops to patrol lands
• British Pass Sugar Act 1764• written protests, occasional boycotts, repealed in 1766, “No Taxation
Without Representation”
• British pass Stamp Act 1765• protests turn violent, Stamp Act Congress, boycott all British goods, sons
of liberty, nonimportation
• British pass Quartering Act 1765• colonial legislatures refused to provide for troops• New York Assembly suspended for refusal
More Issues:
• Declaratory Act 1766• colonists continued to protest taxation w/o rep.
• Townshend Acts 1767• “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” by John Dickinson,
boycott British goods cutting trade in Half, repealed in 1770• British Gov’t removes governors and courts from colonial
control, Committee of Correspondence• Burning of the Gaspee• Boston Massacre
• Tea Act 1773• Boston Tea Party , Things get rough
And More Issues…• Coercive Acts 1774 (Intolerable Acts)• Following the “destruction of the tea”
• The Port Bill• closed port of Boston until Tea is paid for
• Massachusetts Government Act• British take over all government function• not allowed to hold town meetings w/o permission
• Quartering Act (New)• no more camps, redcoats living in homes
• Administration of Justice Act• British customs officials and officers could not be tried in the
colonies, General Gage appointed Gov.
Effects of the Intolerables• Boycotts organized
• EX: Homespun clothes, not GB wools
• Non-importation agreements:• Won’t buy GB goods!
• Songs and Daughters of Liberty• Protest with organized
resistance
• Effigies• Dummies hung from
“liberty trees”
Tar and Feather
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFWZ925zK0A
Stamp Act Congress
• Oct. 1765• 9/13 colonial legislatures sent
delegates to NY• Drew up resolutions• Organized boycott
Boston Massacre: March 5, 1770
• Crowd – 50 or 60• Threw:
• Sticks, snowballs, rocks at Redcoats outside Customs House.
• Soldiers opened first• Killed 5• Including Crispus
Attucks - slave
First Continental Congress
• Sep. 1774 – Philly• 56 Delegates, 12
Colonies
• Wrote to King George demanding:• 1. Repeal of
Coercive/Intolerable Acts
• 2. Rights to life, liberty and property
• 3. Rights for colonial legislatures
• Agreed to:
• Support each other
• Carry on/increase boycotts
• Est. militias & stockpile weapons!
The Shot Heard ‘Round the World!
• April 19, 1775 …. It starts!• 700 GB soldiers sent to Concord to
destroy weapons• Led by: Gage
• Sons of Liberty sent Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott & Dawes (40 others) to warn of GB approach.
The shot heard round the world!
• Lexington and Concord• British reached Lexington – met by 70
minutemen• 8 colonists killed, 10 wounded, 1 GB soldier
wounded. • Colonists disperse.
• March on Concord • Find little gunpowder• On way to Boston, attacked by minutemen.
− 250 GB and 100 Amer killed
Second Continental Congress• Olive Branch
Petition – Ben Franklin
• Set up a United Defense
• Continental Army
• Approved Washington as Commander
“Fighting For Independence”• British Strengths:
• Well equipped and disciplined army.
• Strong navy.• Help from ____________.• Loyalists
British Weaknesses:
• Unpopular war.• Unknown and hostile
land.• Unfamiliar fighting
tactics.
• American Strengths:• Home field
advantage.• Determination• Guerrilla warfare.
American Weaknesses:
• Inexperienced and disorganized military.
• Needs help from abroad.
Progression of the Revolution
Major Battles and their significance
Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker HillNY
• May 1775• Green Mtn. Boys
from Vermont attacked and captured fort full of British supplies.
• June 1775• Americans occupied hill
in Boston• 3 GB attacks up hill led
by Thomas Gage• “Gentleman’s war”
• Amer lost on 3rd attack, but still moral victory• GB 40% casualties
December 1775…
• George III hires Hessians• Colonists are divided:
• Patriots, Loyalists, Neutral
But it’s not just about physical war…
• Common Sense• Book by Thomas
Paine
• Spread the idea of breaking away from England
• It is common sense that we should rule ourselves… instead of being ruled by a small Kingdom one whole ocean away!
Who else is influencing the colonists?
• John Locke• “natural rights”• Gov’t is for the
good of the people• “Social
contract”
• Baron de Montesquieu• Ditto to Locke• 3 branches of
gov’t
The Declaration of Independence
1. People have a NATURAL RIGHT to life, liberty and property (pursuit of happiness). John Locke
2. If a government does not respect people’s natural
rights, the people have the right to form a new government.
3. The British government has repeatedly violated the
American colonists’ natural rights. 4. The American colonies are free and independent
states, no longer ruled by the British government.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZfRaWAtBVg
More…
• August 1776: NYC• 32,000 GB soldiers take and hold NYC
for next 7 years• GB offers pardons to American army• Washington refuses and retreats
Dec. 1776 – Trenton, NJ• Christmas night• Washington crosses
Delaware River and attacks 1300 Hessians• Surprise attack!
Kill/capture 1,000• Victory boosts Patriots!• Doctors found note on
Johan Rall (Hessian leader) warning of attack – not even opened!
American problems…
• Congress couldn’t tax• Wealthy merchants loaned $$
• Lack of soldiers• Planting season• Fighting in area only
• Lack of supplies• Needed aid from French• Ben Franklin went to smooze
Sep/Oct 1777 Oct 1777Brandywine & Saratoga, NYGermantown, PA
• GB victories that led to capture of Philly
• 2nd Continental Congress fled
• GB later evacuated city to concentrate on NYC
• Important American victory
• GB attempted to split colonies in half
• Turning point!!!• Led to French alliance
• Patriots began to believe they could win
Winter 1777/8 Sep 1780Valley Forge, PA Capture of Benedict Arnold• Winter encampment
of American Army• 10,000 soldiers
• ¼ died from:• Lack of food, cold,
frozen feet amputated, lack of shoes, smallpox
• Washington used time to train• Unbeatable!
• Trusted general served under GW
• Wounded at Saratoga• Milit Gov of Philly
• Tried to give GB fort at West Point
• Notes intercepted• Escaped, fled on the
Vulture• Joined GB, moved back
Oct 1780 Oct 1781Fighting in South Yorktown, VA
• Gen Cornwallis switched tactics and decided to attack from the south thru S and NC
• Support of loyalists• Planned to march to
VA and meet up with GB, to split USA in half.
• French ships jeopardized GB blockade of Amer ports
• Kept GB from arriving on coast
• GW attacked Cornwallis with help of French led by Marquis de LaFayette
• GB surrenders!!!
Section #5: Winning Independence• American Hardships:
• Financing the War.• Disruptions in Trade.
• Blockade• Profiteering• Inflation
• Treaty of Paris (1783)• British recognize U.S.A. as an independent nation• Land borders• Return Florida to Spain
Causes and Effects of the American Revolution
• Causes• Proclamation of
1763 stops colonists from moving west.
• Parliament taxes colonies to pay British war debts.
• Intolerable Acts set up harsh rule in Massachusetts.
• Effects• Colonies declare
independence.• British surrender
at Yorktown.• British recognize
American independence.
• U.S. borders extend to Florida and Mississippi River.
• United States Constitution is adopted.
E ffe cts o f th e A m e rican R e vo lu tion
T h e id e a o f lib e rtyin sp ire s s tru gg le s fo rfre ed om aro un d the
w o rld .
T ra d it io n a l id ea s ab o u tw o m e n 's ro le s in
so c ie ty a rech a lle n ge d.
Id ea s o f fre ed om a ndn a tu jra l rig h ts in sp ireso m e p e op le to b eg in
o p p os in g s lave ry.
The Am erican Revolution N a tive A m e rican s a rep u she d fa rthe r w e sta n d fa ce in cre sa seda tta cks from se tt le rs.
B rita in re cog n ize s theU n ite d S ta te s as anin de pe n de n t na tio n .
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