the rise of industrial america, 1865–1900 ap us history east high school mr. peterson spring 2011
Post on 26-Mar-2015
216 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL AMERICA, AMERICA, 1865–19001865–1900
AP US HistoryAP US HistoryEast High SchoolEast High School
Mr. PetersonMr. PetersonSpring 2011Spring 2011
Focus QuestionsFocus Questions
What innovations in technology and business drove What innovations in technology and business drove increases in industrial production after 1865?increases in industrial production after 1865?
How did Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other corporate How did Carnegie, Rockefeller, and other corporate leaders consolidate control over their industries?leaders consolidate control over their industries?
Why did the South’s experience with Why did the South’s experience with industrialization differ from that of the North and the industrialization differ from that of the North and the Midwest?Midwest?
How did the changing nature of work affect factory How did the changing nature of work affect factory workers’ lives, and how did they respond?workers’ lives, and how did they respond?
How did corporations undercut labor’s bargaining How did corporations undercut labor’s bargaining power in the 1890s?power in the 1890s?
The Rise of Corporate America The Rise of Corporate America
The Character of Industrial ChangeThe Character of Industrial Change
Large-scale manufacturingLarge-scale manufacturing Large coal depositsLarge coal deposits Technological innovationTechnological innovation Demand for workers who could be Demand for workers who could be
controlledcontrolled Constant pressure to cut costs and Constant pressure to cut costs and
pricesprices Relentless drop in pricesRelentless drop in prices Money supply shortage leads to high Money supply shortage leads to high
interest ratesinterest rates
p. 538
Railroad Problems and InnovationsRailroad Problems and Innovations
193,000 miles by 1900193,000 miles by 1900 Collis Huntington, Jay Gould and Collis Huntington, Jay Gould and
others need capitalothers need capital Land and loan subsidies from all Land and loan subsidies from all
levels of governmentlevels of government Bonds and stock to publicBonds and stock to public High levels of debt by 1900High levels of debt by 1900
Magnetic telegraphMagnetic telegraph New organizations and accountingNew organizations and accounting
Consolidating the Railroad IndustryConsolidating the Railroad Industry
Large companies buy up smaller Large companies buy up smaller onesones Divide country into 4 time zonesDivide country into 4 time zones Standard gauge trackStandard gauge track Relied on shipping rate cutsRelied on shipping rate cuts
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Oversee railroadsOversee railroads Banned monopolistic activityBanned monopolistic activity
Banker J. Pierpont Morgan gets Banker J. Pierpont Morgan gets control of many railroadscontrol of many railroads
Applying the Lessons of Railroads to Applying the Lessons of Railroads to SteelSteel
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Rags to riches storyRags to riches story
Builds own steel millBuilds own steel mill Uses Bessemer processUses Bessemer process ““watch the costs, and the profits watch the costs, and the profits
will take care of themselves”will take care of themselves” Vertical integrationVertical integration Could see big pictureCould see big picture
p. 539
p. 539
Fig. 18-2, p. 541
Table 18-1, p. 541
The Trust: Creating New Forms of The Trust: Creating New Forms of Corporate OrganizationCorporate Organization
Consolidation in many industriesConsolidation in many industries Oligopolies Oligopolies
Petroleum drilled in 1859Petroleum drilled in 1859 Edwin Drake Edwin Drake Titusville, PATitusville, PA ““crude-oil” distilledcrude-oil” distilled Lubricants, kerosene Lubricants, kerosene
John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller
Took over competition in oil Took over competition in oil industryindustry Lower pricesLower prices
Set up pool of companies, trustSet up pool of companies, trust Standard Oil TrustStandard Oil Trust 90% of oil refining capacity90% of oil refining capacity
Integrated oil industry vertically Integrated oil industry vertically and horizontallyand horizontally
James B. “Buck” DukeJames B. “Buck” Duke
Cigarette industryCigarette industry American Tobacco trustAmerican Tobacco trust Targeted young with trading Targeted young with trading
cards and prizescards and prizes
p. 541
Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act
18901890 Outlawed trusts and monopoliesOutlawed trusts and monopolies Ineffective Ineffective Failed to define trust or restraint of Failed to define trust or restraint of
tradetrade United States v. E.C. Knight United States v. E.C. Knight
(1895)(1895) Manufacturing not interstate Manufacturing not interstate
commercecommerce
Stimulating Economic GrowthStimulating Economic Growth
The Triumph of TechnologyThe Triumph of Technology
New inventionsNew inventions Streamlined manufacturingStreamlined manufacturing Stimulated consumer demandStimulated consumer demand
Singer Sewing Machine Singer Sewing Machine CompanyCompany
Alexander Graham Bell-Alexander Graham Bell-telephonetelephone
Thomas A. EdisonThomas A. Edison
““invention factory”invention factory” Phonograph- “sound writer”Phonograph- “sound writer” Incandescent light bulbIncandescent light bulb
Electric power systemElectric power system Motion picture cameraMotion picture camera
Menlo Park laboratory Menlo Park laboratory Model for other businessesModel for other businesses
p. 543
ElectricityElectricity
Thomas EdisonThomas Edison Interrelated system of power plants, Interrelated system of power plants,
transmission lines, light fixturestransmission lines, light fixtures Direct current-DCDirect current-DC
George WestinghouseGeorge Westinghouse Alternating current-ACAlternating current-AC Systems combine-110 ACSystems combine-110 AC
Private ownership, regulated Private ownership, regulated monopoliesmonopolies
p. 544
p. 545
Specialized ProductionSpecialized Production
ManufacturingManufacturing Skilled workersSkilled workers
SeamstressesSeamstresses
Shift styles quicklyShift styles quickly
p. 546
Advertising and MarketingAdvertising and Marketing
Mass-produced consumer Mass-produced consumer goodsgoods Flour, soap, matches, canned Flour, soap, matches, canned
goodsgoods Brand names, trademarks, Brand names, trademarks,
guarantees, slogans, guarantees, slogans, endorsements, unique productsendorsements, unique products Demand and brand loyaltyDemand and brand loyalty
p. 547
Social and Environmental Costs Social and Environmental Costs and Benefitsand Benefits
Social benefitsSocial benefits Labor-saving productsLabor-saving products Lower pricesLower prices
Advances in transportation and Advances in transportation and communicationscommunications
Social costsSocial costs Bankrupt companies and dreamsBankrupt companies and dreams Expendable workersExpendable workers Environmental devastationEnvironmental devastation
p. 548
The New SouthThe New South
Obstacles to Economic Obstacles to Economic DevelopmentDevelopment
Lagging industrial developmentLagging industrial development Lack of capitalLack of capital Few banksFew banks Growing cash crops such as Growing cash crops such as
cotton or tobacco made farmers cotton or tobacco made farmers vulnerable to world marketsvulnerable to world markets
Limited funds for educationLimited funds for education
The New South Creed and The New South Creed and Southern IndustrializationSouthern Industrialization
Henry GradyHenry Grady Atlanta ConstitutionAtlanta Constitution
Industrialize SouthIndustrialize South Attract Northern capitalAttract Northern capital More opportunities for black More opportunities for black
workers in industry workers in industry
The Southern Mill EconomyThe Southern Mill Economy
Mill towns supported textile Mill towns supported textile industryindustry Center of textiles by 1920Center of textiles by 1920 Augusta, GA: Lowell of the SouthAugusta, GA: Lowell of the South
Low wagesLow wages Often paid in company scripOften paid in company scrip
Did little to help Did little to help farmers/sharecroppersfarmers/sharecroppers
The Southern Industrial LagThe Southern Industrial Lag
Birmingham (AL) Steel Birmingham (AL) Steel controlled by U.S. Steelcontrolled by U.S. Steel Higher prices, despite lower costsHigher prices, despite lower costs
Segregated work forceSegregated work force Environmental damageEnvironmental damage
p. 550
Factories and the Work ForceFactories and the Work Force
From Workshop to FactoryFrom Workshop to Factory
Restructuring of work habitsRestructuring of work habits Emphasis on workplace disciplineEmphasis on workplace discipline
Example of shoemakersExample of shoemakers Skilled artisan to unskilled factory Skilled artisan to unskilled factory
workerworker Lower-paid women and childrenLower-paid women and children
p. 555
The Hardships of Industrial LaborThe Hardships of Industrial Labor
High demand for unskilled High demand for unskilled laborerslaborers Workers often driftedWorkers often drifted 12-hour shifts12-hour shifts
Dangerous workDangerous work Children as young as 8Children as young as 8 Railroads dangerous for adultsRailroads dangerous for adults Minimal financial aid for disabled Minimal financial aid for disabled
and familiesand families
Immigrant LaborImmigrant Labor
French Canadians in NEFrench Canadians in NE Chinese in WestChinese in West Eastern and Southern European Eastern and Southern European
immigrants immigrants Subject to discipline and eviction Subject to discipline and eviction
from company provided homesfrom company provided homes Faced discriminationFaced discrimination
p. 559
Women and Work in Industrial Women and Work in Industrial AmericaAmerica
Working-class women had to Working-class women had to contribute to family incomecontribute to family income Single women could see Single women could see
opportunityopportunity Typewriter and telephone lead Typewriter and telephone lead
to shift in work for womento shift in work for women Clerical and secretarial Clerical and secretarial Telephone operatorsTelephone operators
p. 553
Hard Work and the Gospel of Hard Work and the Gospel of SuccessSuccess
Horatio Alger and Horatio Alger and Ragged Dick Ragged Dick (1867)(1867) ““rags to riches”rags to riches” Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie Most industrial leaders came from Most industrial leaders came from
middle- and upper-classmiddle- and upper-class Rise in real wagesRise in real wages
31% for unskilled31% for unskilled 74% for skilled74% for skilled
Income disparityIncome disparity
Labor Unions and Industrial Labor Unions and Industrial ConflictConflict
Organizing WorkersOrganizing Workers
National Labor Union (NLU)National Labor Union (NLU) Knights of LaborKnights of Labor
Membership soared by 1886Membership soared by 1886 Political success through existing Political success through existing
partiesparties Wildcat strikes fail, membership Wildcat strikes fail, membership
declinesdeclines
p. 558
American Federation of LaborAmerican Federation of Labor
Group of craft unionsGroup of craft unions Headed by Samuel GompersHeaded by Samuel Gompers
““trade unionism, pure and simple”trade unionism, pure and simple” ““bread and butter” issuesbread and butter” issues
Wages, reducing hours, safetyWages, reducing hours, safety
1.6 million members by 19061.6 million members by 1906
Strikes and Labor UnrestStrikes and Labor Unrest
Panic of 1873Panic of 1873 Strikes in coal and railroadsStrikes in coal and railroads Homestead Strike (PA)Homestead Strike (PA)
Carnegie SteelCarnegie Steel Violence, union crushedViolence, union crushed
Pullman Strike (Chicago)Pullman Strike (Chicago) Eugene V. Debs leaderEugene V. Debs leader Pres. Cleveland gets injunction Pres. Cleveland gets injunction
against strikersagainst strikers Debs jailed, strike crushedDebs jailed, strike crushed
p. 560
Social Thinkers Probe for Social Thinkers Probe for AlternativesAlternatives
Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism Natural law controlled social orderNatural law controlled social order ““Survival of the fittest”Survival of the fittest” William Graham SumnerWilliam Graham Sumner
Disapproved of govt. interferenceDisapproved of govt. interference
Opposed by Lester Frank WardOpposed by Lester Frank Ward Dynamic SociologyDynamic Sociology Laws of nature could be Laws of nature could be
circumvented by human willcircumvented by human will
Utopian SolutionsUtopian Solutions
Henry George-socialismHenry George-socialism Progress and PovertyProgress and Poverty ““unearned increment”unearned increment” Land taxLand tax
Edward BellamyEdward Bellamy Looking BackwardLooking Backward Future without poverty or strife-2000Future without poverty or strife-2000
MarxismMarxism Karl Marx and Karl Marx and Das CapitalDas Capital Capitalism would wither awayCapitalism would wither away
p. 563
THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL AMERICA, AMERICA, 1865–19001865–1900
AP US HistoryAP US HistoryEast High SchoolEast High School
Mr. PetersonMr. PetersonSpring 2011Spring 2011
top related