the rise and fall of napoleon. thermidorian reaction (1794-1795) continued counter- revolutionary...
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THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
THERMIDORIAN REACTION (1794-1795)
Continued counter-revolutionary uprisings
Continued foreign attacks
New constitution limited popular participation in govt.
Chose 5-man executive: THE DIRECTORY
The end of the Terror
• Robespierre executed so many, lost base of support
Robespierre guillotined, June 1794
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
THE DIRECTORY (1795-1799)
Victories under young General Napoleon Bonaparte
• Conquered territories become “sister republics”
Crises of 1799
• Govt. on brink of bankruptcy
• Losing control of countryside
• Turned to army to restore order
Napoleon & brother Joseph seize power, Nov. 2, 1799
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
THE CONSULATE
Quickly asserted authoritarian rule
• Bypassed legislative functions
• Created diverse administration
• Ended all semblance of free political life
• Imposed highly centralized structure on govt, curtailing local authority
Napoleon made “First Consul” in new 3-man Consulate
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
NAPOLEONIC REFORM
Opened govt. offices to anyone of talent, regardless of class
Emphasized education
Restored relations with Pope: Concordat of 1801
Extended religious toleration
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
NAPOLEONIC REFORM
Created new Civil Code (NAPOLEONIC CODE)
• But little individual liberty
• Reinforced women’s subordination & lack of rights
• Upheld many of rights granted by Revolution
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
EMPEROR NAPOLEON
Crowns himself in 1804
Between 1804 & 1814, conquers much of Europe
• Overturned much of old order
• Reorganized states, created new systems of government
• Spread ideas of the Revolution
• Spread NAPOLEONIC CODE
• Unleashed nationalism
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
EXPANDING THE EMPIRE
Main goal = defeat British, but could not
1805: Defeated Austrians & Russians
1806: Defeated Prussians & Russians
Forced Russia into alliance
Imposed Continental SystemBattle of TrafalgarBattle of Austerlitz
Treaty of Tilsit
Tried to subdue Spain
JOSEPH BONAPARTE
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
Collapse of Russian alliance
• Invaded June, 1812 with 595,000 troops
BATTLE OF BORODINO, Sept. 1812
French occupied abandoned Moscow
• Tsar refused to surrender
THE INVASION OF RUSSIA
Forced to withdraw, losing many soldiers on way out
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
MOUNTING PROBLEMS
Coup attempt in Paris, 1812
Spanish resistance growing, Joseph expelled
British & Spanish now planning to invade France
Great Powers aligned against him
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON
NAPOLEON’S END Defeated at Leipzig, Oct. 1813
• Allies invade France, force Napoleon to abdicate
• Restored Bourbon monarchy, Louis XVIII, 1814
• Exiled Napoleon to Elba
Escaped Feb. 1815, took back throne (100 DAYS)
• Defeated at BATTLE OF WATERLOO, June 18
• Exiled to St. Helena, died there in 1821
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