the reformation
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The Reformati
on
Roman Catholic Church dominated: EducationMoral valuesLiteracyMeans of communication
The Reformation
The church had a PopeHe was elected and resided in RomeHe was usually ItalianHe controlled the Roman ChurchThe papacy seemed to forget its
role.
In the fifteenth century there were many people who challenged the church
Some of them were Jan Huss and John Wycliffe
He was an intellectual German MonkIn 1517 he had some doubts about the way in
witch Tetzel raised money in GermanyThe method was called indulgences The church felt its authority challenged
Martin Luther
The condition of the Catholic Church at that moment.
The ideas coming out of the renaissance The rise of new nationalistic ideasThe evolution of new social and economic forcesThe Popes had been a poor example as religious
leadersA few Italians families controlled the Papacy.
Causes of The Reformation
Supremacy of the Pope in all matters of religion Beliefs based on Old and New Testament of the
Bible.The church was the only interpreter of the bibleMain beliefs in Ten CommandmentsBelieved in one God. The Trinity of God the Father, the son and the
Holy Spirit
The main beliefs of the Roman Catholic church
Good works help towards the salvation of the individual
Important role of the Virgin MaryRoute to eternal salvation lay through the
ChurchThe EucharistMonasteriesBelief in seven sacraments: Baptism,
Confirmation, Communion, Penance, Marriage, Holy Orders, Extreme Unction
The Papacy was corruptBishops failed to attend their dutiesPoor education of the priest Nepotism Clergy were not living up to their vows of
poverty, chastity and obedience. Bishops were youngSome clergyman had several posts
Why was the church in need of reform in the early sixteenth century?
He thought that personal belief of an individual would lead to eternal salvation
This view was against the Roman Catholic Church
In 1510 he visited Rome and saw too many corruption and immorality
Why and How did Luther start The Reformation process in Germany?
Why did Luther attack indulgences?
The arrival in a neighbouring area of Johann Tetzel, a monk who run a programme of selling indulgences.
Main points of the 95 Theses.Criticism of the practise of selling
indulgences.Criticism of papal taxation.Implicit criticism of the Pope for
allowing indulgences.Debating points about human
salvation.
Spalatin, Luther`s great friend and supporter helped to secure Luther`s position.
He was chaplain and secretary to Frederick, Elector of Saxony
Luther started to write to justify and expand on his ideas
He took advantage of the approach of the Papacy towards him to write three of his most important works.
“ Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation” (1520)
“The Babylonian Captivity of the Church” (1520)
The freedom of the Christian Man” (1520)
How did Luther`s ideas spread?
Luther`s ability to get his points over.Luther was writing not only in Latin, but also
in German.The Papacy was inefficient and ineffective,
and failed to analyse the nature of Lutheran threat.
Printing press.
He translated the Old and the New Testament into German
What were the key reasons for Luther`s success?
The support of the princes and the inability of Charles V to manage Lutheran threat
His ideas were spread among cities where there was a tradition of anti-clericalism.
He was a creative genius and a powerful communicator
He was helped by Melanchthon, a great scholar and thinker
It has been argued that it was Melanchthon, and not Luther, who wrote the first pure work of Protestantism in 1521.
It included: The nature of sin Free will Canon Law The role of the Bible The importance of good works in
insuring salvation The mass The relationship between Church
and State
The confession of Augsburg made clear the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism
Justification by faithThe new role of the ministry and the Church
as a wholeThe sacramentsThe relationship between Church and StateAttitudes towards the saints and saint worship
Christian DenominationsRoman Catholic
Easterm Orthodox
Protestan
Anglican/Episcopalian
Amish
Baptists
Lutheran
Presbyterian
Sevanth-day Adventists
Henry VII (1485-1509)
He was actually King by conquest. He married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV`s
daughter, thereby joining the two rival houses of York and Lancaster.
Henry`s first Parliament revived an earlier statute against livery and maintenance
Henry`s Chamber Act (1487) revived the jurisdiction of his Council over all cases of livery and maintenance,bribery and civil disorder
Rival Claimants
Lambert Simnel Perkin Warbeck
Domestic Administration
Taxation Commerce Decline of the guilds Parliament and Council
Foreign policy
Henry VII arranged many marriages, they were: Arthur, his eldest son, to Catherine, daughther
of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain Henry, his second son, to Catherine Margaret,his daugther, to King James IV of
Scotland Mary,his youngest daugther, to Charles of
Castile, the grandson of Emperor Maximilian
Continental Policy The English people considered France their
mortal enemy Spain made English aid against France a term
of the marriage treaty of Arthur with Catherine Maximilian of Austria and Ferdinand of Spain
allied with Henry VII against France Charles VIII of France quickly came to terms
with Henry to avoid fighting the English as well.
The Treat of Etaples (1492)
Scottish Policy James IV invaded England in support of
the pretender, Warbeck Henry reponded by threatening Scotland
with invasion The Anglo-Scottish treaty of 1499
Irish Policy Yorkist Irish had supported the
pretenders to the English throne Henry sent Sir Edward Poynings to
Ireland in 1494 to act as Lord Deputy and to reassert English Authority over the island
From this time on, no Irish laws could operate without the approval of the Crown, whereas All English laws automatically applied to Ireland
HENRY VIII (1509- 1547)•Henry came to the throne at the
age of seventeen.•He was well educated, intelligent and with a captivating personality.
• He was born to be a leader
Cardinal Wolsey
He was Henry´s closest advisor He managed the area of foreign policies
Italian Spanish politics: Italy had become the battleground of Europe The papacy organized alliances to prevent one-
power domination. England joined the Pope´s Holy league
Henry was married to Catherine Ferdinand and Henry started and expedition
against the French in 1512, but they failed. Later, Henry defeated the French by himself. Ferdinand abandoned Henry and made an
agreement with Louis XII He also tried to make a coalition against the new
King of France, Francis I, but he could not
The Spanish alliance
In 1519 there was a confrontation between Charles V, who was the Roman Emperor and Francis I
England made an alliance with Spain, which finished in a confrontation with France.
This cost a lot of money and he had to demand money for taxes
England and the Franco-Spanish rivalry
Charles V defeated The French at Pavia in 1525, sacked Rome and made the Pope his prisoner
Wolsey changed side and seek a peace with France
Wolsey´s strategy was ineffective In 1529 Francis I and Charles V signed the
Treaty of Cambrai without consulting Wolsey
Pro French policy
Scottish policy
In 1513 the Scots took advantage of Henry´s absence in France and invaded England, but they were defeated
His son continued, but they were defeated again defeated, and he finally died.
Mary Stuart came to the throne
Wales and Ireland
Wales was incorporated with England by the Act of Union in 1536
A second Act in 1543 joined the legal administrative procedures
Ireland Henry assumed the titles of Ireland and as
Head of the Irish Church
King and Church
Henry VIII had no theological argument with the Church, and he wrote a tract against Luther
In 1527 he desired to divorce Catherine and get married to Ana Boleyn
As Wolsey could not do anything Henry lost patience with the Pope and with Wolsey
He dismissed Wolsey and broke with Rome
Thomas Crammer and Thomas Cromwell (later to be chancellor)made his divorce
In 1533 Anne Boleyn was pregnant and they had a daughter, Elizabeth
Act of supremacy (1534): The break with Rome was complete and Henry was the supreme Head of the Church of England.
The Reformation of Parliament
The Reformation of Parliament passed 137 statutes, thirty two of them related to Church
In the Act of succession Parliament secured the crown to Elizabeth and declared Mary illegitimate.
Political consequences: The removal of abbots cut in half the number of ecclesiastical lords and changed the complexion of the House of Lords.
Social and economic consequences: King Henry became rich with the income from confiscated monastic lands. However, the war with France led him to the end of his reign.
Poor people lost social services that were offered by religious houses.
Church Practices English replaced Latin in Church services in
1535 Relics and shrines were discredited and
occasionally destroyed They declared the Bible and the creeds the
sole authority on matters of faith
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