the persistent effects of peru's mining mita - by melissa dell, … · 2017-07-18 ·...

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mitaby Melissa Dell, Econometrica (2010)

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017

Eleonora Guarnieri

July 18, 2017

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 1

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 2

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 3

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

What “big picture” issues does the paper address?

I Massive divergence in economic prosperity within thedeveloping world since the mid-20th century

I How do we explain this divergence?I Historical institutions and governance organizations →

contemporary (under)development and differential growthpaths:

I Africa: organization of pre-colonial states (Michalopoulos &Papaioannu, 2013; Gennaioli & Rainer, 2007)

I Europe, South America, Asia: organization of historical states(Acemoglu et al., 2015; Boeckh et al., 2014, Dell et al., WP, ...)

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 4

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Research question

This paper:I Examines the long-run impacts of the mining mita, a forced

labor system instituted by the Spanish government in Peru andBolivia (1573-1812)

I Implements a geographic (multidimensional) regressiondiscontinuity (RD) design across the mita boundary

I Identifies statistically significant impacts on:I Contemporary living standardsI Channels of persistence (land tenure and public goods

provision)

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 5

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Contributions

1. MethodologicalI Multidimensional, semiparametric Regression Discontinuity

approach2. Literature on long-run development

I First paper focusing on channels of persistence and potentialmechanisms

I Starting point for modeling Latin America’s long-run growthtrajectory → role of large landowners in shielding individualsfrom an extractive state; extent to which the state can be usedto shape economic interactions

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 6

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 7

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

“The mountain that eats men”

Source: The Guardian, “Story of cities #6: howsilver turned Potosí into the first city ofcapitalism”, 21 March 2016

I Potosí mines discovered in1545 → largest deposit ofsilver in the Spanish Empire

I Huancavelica minesI The mining mita: indigenous

villages within a contiguousregion were required to provideone-seventh of their adult malepopulation as mita laborers

I Subjected region: constantfrom 1578 onwards

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 8

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

The mita boundary

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 9

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

The Mita’s assignment

I The Spanish authorities required only a portion of districts intoday’s Peru to contribute to the mita Map

I Administrative and enforcement costs of coercing laborI Two criteria:

1. Distance to the mines at Potosí and Huancavelica →increasing administrative and enforcement costs in distance

2. Elevation → only highland people could survive intensivephysical labor

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 10

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 11

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes, channels of persistence and data

Mining Mita↓

I Land tenure and labor systemsI Public goodsI Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓Long run development:

I Household consumptionI Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 12

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes, channels of persistence and data

Mining Mita - Saignes (1984), Amat y Junient (1947)↓

I Land tenure and labor systemsI Public goodsI Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓Long run development:

I Household consumptionI Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 13

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes, channels of persistence and data

Mining Mita↓

I Land tenure and labor systems - Parish reports, Cusco regionalgovernment, Peruvian Population Census

I Public goods - Population Census, 2001 Peruvian National HouseholdSurvey (ENAHO)

I Proximate determinants of household consumption 1993 PopulationCensus

↓Long run development:

I Household consumptionI Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 14

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes, channels of persistence and data

Mining Mita↓

I Land tenure and labor systemsI Public goodsI Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓Long run development:

I Household consumption - 2001 Peruvian National Household SurveyI Stunting in children - Census from the Ministry of Education

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 15

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Estimation Strategy

I How do we identify the mita effect on the aforementionedoutcomes?

I Can we simply compare mita to non-mita districts (in today’sPeru)?

→ Assignment to the mita based on (at least) two geographiccriteria→ Districts might differ in (observed/unobserved) predeterminedcharacteristics, in turn responsible for differential outcomestoday

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 16

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Sharp Regression Discontinuity (Reminder)

Treatment D is a function of a known running variable X :

Di = 1{Xi ≥ c}

where c is the threshold. Therefore:

Di =

{1 if Xi ≥ c

0 if Xi < c

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 17

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Multidimensional RDD

I In this context, the running (or assignment) variable X forthe Regression Discontinuity Design is “geography”

I Mita treatment is a deterministic and discontinuous functionof known covariates: longitude and latitude

I The border between mita and non-mita areas forms amultidimensional (geographic) discontinuity inlongitude-latitude space

I Idea: compare “mita” to “non-mita” households situated closeenough to the border

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 18

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Estimation Strategy

Basic Regressioncidb = α + γmitad + f (geographic locationd) + X ′

idβ + Φb + εidb

where:

I cidb is the outcome variable of interest for observation i in district d alongsegment b of the boundary

I mitad is an indicator equal to 1 if the observation i belongs to a districtwhich was subject to mita

I f (geographic locationd) is the multidimensional RD polynomialI X ′

id is a vector of covariates (mean elevation/slope, demographicvariables)

I Φb is a vector of boundary segment fixed effects

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 19

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Estimation Strategy

Basic Regressioncidb = α + γmitad + f (geographic locationd) + X ′

idβ + Φb + εidb

where:

I Bandwith: 100km, 75km, 50kmI RD polynomial:

I Cubic in latitude and longitude (preferred specification)I Cubic in distance to Potosí (single dimension)I Cubic in distance to the mita boundary (single dimension)

I Semiparametric vs nonparametric RDI GeoreferencingI Sample size

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 20

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Estimation strategy - Stata implementationBasic Regressioncidb = α + γmitad + f (geographic locationd) + X ′

idβ + Φb + εidb

Example with:

I Cubic polynomial in latitude and longitude

I 100 km bandwidth

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 21

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Identifying assumptions

1. Continuity: all relevant factors besides treatment varysmoothly at the mita boundary

2. No selective sorting across the treatment threshold

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 22

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Let c1 and c0 denote potential outcomes under treatment andcontrol respectively, let x denote longitude and y denote latitude.

Identification requires:E [c1 | x , y ] and E [c0 | x , y ] are continuous at the discontinuitythreshold

↓

Individuals located just outside the mita catchment are anappropriate counterfactual for those located just inside it

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 23

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

I Not entirely testable, but balancing tests help assessing itsplausibility

I Test for difference in means for geographic and demographiccharacteristics: cgd = α + βmitad + εgd

I Identifying assumption: β = 0 for such outcomes

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 24

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 25

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 26

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 27

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity Conley

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 28

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 29

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 30

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

2. No Selective Sorting

I Violated if the mita effect directly provoked substantialout-migration of productive individuals, leading to a largerindirect effect

I Explore the possibility of migration as an interesting channel ofpersistence

I Low migration rates in the past 130 years → constantaggregate population distribution

I No statistically significant differences in rates of out-migrationbetween mita and non-mita districts (1993 census)

I Outmigration from mita districts during the period that themita was in force may have been substantial → evidencefrom 17th century population data

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 31

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 32

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita↓

I Land tenure and labor systemsI Public goodsI Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓Long run development:

I Household consumptionI Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 33

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Household consumption

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 34

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Household consumption

Cubic polynomial in distance to Potosí

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 35

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Household consumption

Cubic polynomial in distance to Potosí

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 36

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita↓

I Land tenure and labor systemsI Public goodsI Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓Long run development:

I Household consumptionI Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 37

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 38

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

RD Plots

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 39

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Specification tests and robustness

Results tend to be robust to...I ...14 different specification of the RD polynomial Robustness

I ...controls for ethnicityI ...the inclusion of metropolitan CuscoI ...the exclusion of districts falling along portions of the

boundary formed by riversI ...accounting for differential rates of migration today

Other Robustness

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 40

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Baseline (pre-mita) covariates

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 41

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita↓

I Land tenure and labor systemsI Public goodsI Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓Long run development:

I Household consumptionI Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 42

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Land tenure and labor systems

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 43

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita↓

I Land tenure and labor systemsI Public goodsI Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓Long run development:

I Household consumptionI Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 44

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Public goods

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 45

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita↓

I Land tenure and labor systemsI Public goodsI Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓Long run development:

I Household consumptionI Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 46

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Proximate determinants of household consumption

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 47

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 48

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Conclusion

I This paper exploits exogenous variation in the assignment ofthe mita to identify channels through which it influencescontemporary economic development

I Its long-run effects lower household consumption by 25% andincrease stunting in children by around 6 percentage points

I Land tenure, public goods and market participation arechannels through which its impacts persist

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 49

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Literature

I Governance and Long-Run DevelopmentAcemoglu, D.; C. Garcia-Jimeno & J. A. Robinson (2015): State capacity and economic development: Anetwork approach. The American Economic Review, 105, 2364-2409Becker, S. O.; K. Boeckh; C. Hainz & L. Woessmann (2016): The empire is dead, long live the empire!Long-run persistence of trust and corruption in the bureaucracy. The Economic Journal, 126, 40-74Gennaioli, N. & I. Rainer (2007): The modern impact of precolonial centralization in Africa. Journal ofEconomic Growth 12, 185-234Michalopoulos, S. & E. Papaioannou (2013), Pre-Colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary AfricanDevelopment. Econometrica, 81, 113-152

I RD DesignHahn, J., P. Todd, & W. Van der Klaauw (2001): Identification and estimation of treatment effects witha regression-discontinuity design. Econometrica, 69, 201-209Imbens, G. W. & T. Lemieux (2008): Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice. Journal ofEconometrics, 142, 615-635Lee, D. S. & T. Lemieux (2010), Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics. Journal of EconomicLiterature, 48, 281-355McCrary, J. (2008) Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: A densitytest. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 698-714

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 50

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Literature

I Multidimensional RD DesignBayer, P; F. Ferreira, & R. McMillan (2007): A unified framework for measuring preferences for schoolsand neighborhoods. Journal of Political Economy, 115(4), 588-638Black, S. E. (1999) Do better schools matter? Parental valuation of elementary education. QuarterlyJournal of Economics, 114(2), 577-599Dell, M., N. Lane, P. Querubin (2017): The Historical State, Local Collective Action, and EconomicDevelopment in Vietnam. Working PaperKeele, L., S. Lorch, M. Passarella, D. Small & R. Titiunik (2016): An Overview of GeographicallyDiscontinuous Treatment Assignments with an Application to Children’s Health Insurance. Advances inEconometrics, 38Keele, L. & R. Titiunik (2016): Natural experiments based on geography. Political Science Research andMethods, 4, 65-95

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 51

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Discussion

1. Density test (see McCrary, 2008) as an additional support forthe assumption of no selective sorting around the boundaryDensity plots

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 52

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Discussion

2. → Continuity assumption: A portion of the mita’s bordercoincides with today’s border between the Aruepica and Cuscoregions → the first-level administrative unit in PeruPeru administrative divisions

Lee&Lemieux (2010): “What are all the things differingbetween the two regions other than the treatment ofinterest?”

I According to the Organic Law of Regional Governments, theresponsibilities of regional governments include planning regionaldevelopment, executing public investment projects, promoting economicactivities, and managing public property

→ The estimates could be capturing the effect of different local policies→ Placebo: test other regional border

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 53

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

You can access the paper’s replication files at:https://scholar.harvard.edu/dell/publications/persistent-effects-

perus-mining-mita

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 54

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Questions/comments?

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 55

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Appendix

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 56

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Mita’s region and today’s borders Back

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 57

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Conley standard errors Back

I Geographic data such as elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness(and weather) are spatially correlated → they are correlated atphysically nearby grids

I Standard errors are corrected for an unknown-form serialdependence based on location (see Conley, T. (1999): GMMestimation with cross sectional dependence, Journal ofEconometrics, 92, 1-45)

I Stata command: x_ols

x_ols coordlist cutlist dep regressors, coord() xreg()I download ADO file at:

http://economics.uwo.ca/people/conley_docs/code_to_download_gmm.html

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 58

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Specification tests

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 59

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Specification tests Back

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 60

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Other robustness checks Back

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

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Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Density Plots - consumption sample (left) and childrensample (right) Back

0.0

05.0

1.0

15.0

2D

ensi

ty

-100 -50 0 50 100Distance to border in km

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4D

ensi

ty

-100 -50 0 50 100distance to border in km

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 62

Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Mita’s region and today’s borders Back

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 63