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Kurdistan Regional Government- Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research
Salahaddin University- Erbil
THE PARASITIC FAUNA OF ASIAN CATFISH
Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843) FROM GREATER
ZAB RIVER- KURDISTAN REGION- IRAQ
A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF SCIENCE EDUCATION COLLEGE
UNIVERSITY OF SALAHADDIN – ERBIL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
BIOLOGY
BY
Abdulkarim Abdulaziz Abdulkarim Shwani
(B. Sc./ University of Salahaddin-Erbil/ 2001)
Supervised by
Assist. Prof. Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah
Rebih Al-Thany l430 Gwlan 2709 April 2009
ه الرحمن الرحيمبسم الل
[ياللق م إالـلـلعم من اـتـيـا أوتـوم]
العميمصدق اهلل
اإلسراءورة س -58-أية
DECLARATION
I certify that this thesis was prepared under my supervision at the
Department of Biology, College of Science Education, University of
Salahaddin- Erbil and hereby recommend it to be accepted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M. Sc. in Biology.
Signatuer:
Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah
Date: 15/ 3 / 2009
In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate
by the examining committee.
Signatuer:
Name: Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Q. Khursheed
Head of Biology Department
Date: 15/ 3 / 2009
DEDICATION
To my parents, sisters and brothers for
their encouragement, love, care and
support.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, my thanks are addressed to GOD for inspiring me with patience and
strength to fulfill the study.
Deepest gratitude with great respect is due to my supervisor Dr. Shamall M. A.
Abdullah for his continuous encouragement, endless patience, precious remarks, and
professional advice.
My gratitude and appreciation are dedicated to the Dean of the College of
Science Education and to the Head of Biology Department (Dr. Mohammad Q.
Khursheed) for their valuable advice and guidance during the stages of the study.
Special thanks are extended to Professor Dr. Ghazi S. M. Asmat from
Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong- Bangladesh for his kind
assistance during identifying the species of Trichodina.
I would like to record a word of gratitude and appreciation and thanks to Mr.
Abdullah H. Aziz, Mr. Samir J. Bilal and Mr. Karwan S. N. Al-Margan for their
help and support.
Finally, I'm grateful to whoever helped me in conducting this study.
Examination Committee Certification
We (the examination committee) certify that we have read this thesis
and as examining committee examined the student (Abdulkarim A. A.
Shwani) in its contents and what is related to it and our opinion it meets the
standing of a thesis for the Master Degree of Science in Parasitology.
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. Zohair Ibraheem F. Rahemo Name: Dr. Ameena S. M. Juma
Scientific grade: Professor Scientific grade: Assist. Professor
Date: / / 2009 Date: / / 2009
(Chairman) (Member)
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. Louis A. Saida Name: Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah
Scientific grade: Lecturer Scientific grade: Assist. Professor
Date: / / 2009 Date: / / 2009
(Member) (Member and Supervisor)
*****************************************************************
Approved by the Council of the College of Graduate studies
Signature:
Name: Assist. Prof. Dara M. A. Jaff
Dean of the Science Education College
Date: / / 2009
SUMMARY
The parasitic fauna of 226 specimens of Asian catfish Silurus triostegus
collected from Greater Zab river near Guwer district, southwest of Erbil city,
Kurdistan region, north of Iraq, during July 2007 to the end of June 2008.
The study revealed the existence of 22 species of parasites including: nine
species of protozoans (Myxobolus poljanski, Chilodonella cyprini,
Tetrahymena pyriformis, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina erbilensis, T.
kurdistani, T. ranae, Scyphidia arctica and Apiosoma robusta), one species of
monogenetic trematodes (Ancylodiscoides vistulensis), five species of
digenetic trematodes (Azygia robusta, Orientocreadium siluri,
Megamonostomella rashediansis, Diplostomum flexicaudum and D.
spathaceum), three species of cestodes (Proteocephalus osculatus,
Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus and Polyoncobothrium clarias), two
species of nematodes (Procamallanus viviparus and Contracaecum sp.) and
two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus mosulensis and Ergasilus sieboldi).
Two new species of protozoans were described in this study namely T.
erbilensis and T. kurdistani.
Three species of these parasites (T. ranae, Apiostoma robusta and Azygia
robusta) are recorded for the first time in Iraq. Also, three species of these
parasites (M. rashediansis, N. cheilancristrotus and P. clarias) are considered
the first record in Kurdistan region. S. triostegus was regarded as a new host
for ten of these parasites which recorded in this study in Iraq.
The present study showed high percent of infection that were with A.
vistulensis (85.30%), I. multifiliis (84.07%) and T. ranae (76.20%), while low
percent of infection were with Contracaecum sp. (0.44%), P. clarias (0.88%)
and M. poljanski (2.20%).
LIST OF TABLES
Page No. Title Table No.
20
Parasite species recorded in the study according
to their classification status. 1
23
The distribution of parasites on different sites of
Silurus triostegus from Greater Zab river
passing Guwer district.
2
38
Morphometric data of various Trichodina spp.
obtained from the skin, fins and gills of Asian
catfish, Silurus triostegus from Greater Zab
river passing Guwer district in the north of Iraq.
Measurements are given in micrometer (μm).
3
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No. Title Figure No.
13 A. Map of Iraq showing the study area.
B. Map of Greater Zab with its main branches. 1
16 The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. according to
Lom (1958). 2
25 Myxobolus poljanski. 3
25 Chilodonella cyprini. 4
27 Tetrahymena pyriformis. 5
27 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. 6
30 Trichodina erbilensis. 7
33 Trichodina kurdistani. 8
36 Trichodina ranae. 9
38
Diagramatic drawings of denticles of trichodinids in relation to
Y axis: A- Trichodina erbilensis; B- Trichodina kurdistani;
and C- Trichodina ranae.
11
41 Scyphidia arctica. 11
41 Apiosoma robusta. 12
42 Ancylodiscoides vistulensis. 13
44 Azygia robusta. 14
47 Orientocreadium siluri. 15
47 Megamonostomella rashediansis. 16
49 Metacercaria of Diplostomum flexicaudum. 17
49 Metacercaria of Diplostomum spathaceum. 18
51 Proteocephalus osculatus. 19
53 Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus. 21
55 Polyoncobothrium clarias. 21
58 Procamallanus viviparus. 22
58 Contracaecum sp. 23
61 Ergasilus mosulensis. 24
61 Ergasilus sieboldi. 25
CONTENTS
Page No. Subject
1 Chapter One: Introduction.
4 Chapter Two: Literature Review.
12 Chapter Three: Materials and Methods.
12 - Description of Study Area.
12 - Collection and Examination of Fishes.
14 - Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites.
18 - Photos and Measurements.
18 - Parasitic Identification.
18 - Criteria of Infection.
19 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion.
19 - Protozoa.
40 - Monogenetic Trematodes.
43 - Digenetic Trematodes.
50 - Cestoda.
56 - Nematoda.
59 - Crustacea.
62 Conclusions.
63 Recommendations.
64 References.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Species of catfish belong to Order Silurifomes, Family Siluridae. This
family includes 11 genera and about 97 species. The Genus Silurus includes 16
species of freshwater fish in Europe, Central Asia and Southwest Asia. In Iraq
there are only two species European catfish S. glanis Linnaeus, 1758 and Asian
catfish S. triostegus Heckel, 1843. They are found along the Tigris-Euphrates
basin. The Common name of these fish is jirri (Froese & Pauly, 2008).
S. triostegus is characterized by elongated body, rounded anteriorly but
compressed posteriorly, a depressed head, 2-3 pairs of barbels, the maxillary
barbels well-developed. The mouth is large and terminal or superior, teeth in
bands on the jaws and roof of the mouth, eyes small. Dorsal fin is short and
spineless, anal fin very long and united to the rounded caudal fin, pectoral fin
with a strong serrated spine and branchiostegal rays 12-15. S. triostegus differs
from S. glanis in its robust and longer teeth, distinctly and coarsely serrate
pectoral fin spine posteriorly and in the lighter colour (Coad & Holcik 2000).
Fish are an indispensable source of proteins for humans in many parts of
the world and this is especially true in most developing countries, in spite of
their importance as an object of sport fishery and pets in the case of
ornamental fish. The aquaculture industry is now the single fastest-growing
food production process in the world, this is partly because fish is also less
expensive to produce (Woo, 2006).
The economic importance of the catfish in the world is found in its use as
food, for industrial processes (such as fertilizers, fish meal, pet food, novelty
products although not specified for this species). This fish forms 8.5% of the
total catch in Iraq, and it is now a popular food even among Shi'a Muslims.
Although previously as a scaleless fish it was not eaten by them, because of
religious reasons. In addition, it was found to have potential for use as a
protein concentrate (Coad, 2008).
Development of aquaculture during the last decades has resulted in much
greater attention being paid to problems posed by parasites and their
importance for fishery leading to constraints in the productivity of
aquaculture. Besides direct losses caused by mortality, parasites may have
considerable impact on growth and behaviour of fish, their resistance to other
stressing factors, susceptibility to predation and their presence may also
reduce marketability of fish (Scholz, 1999).
Most fishes in wild or cultivated populations may be exposed to many
problems including competition, parasitism and predation (Nikolsky, 1963).
Although wild fish are commonly infected by parasites, it takes place only
under unusual circumstances that they destabilize host populations in nature.
However, when fish are confined or clustered in high densities, some parasites
can cause morbidity and mortality (Benz et al., 2001). Fortunately, the
parasites usually exist in equilibrium with their hosts as a survival strategy,
unless if it is disturbed by human interference, like pollution, which can alter
the natural distribution of parasite communities (Barson, 2004).
Parasites exert some degree of harmful influence on its host involving
competition for host nutrition, mechanical effects, chemical effects, invasion
and destruction of host cells by the parasites themselves, histological changes
and some times they may cause death (Bauer, 1961). Generally, the
pathogenesis of parasitic diseases depends upon several factors such as:
species and numbes of parasites, size of the host species and its health status,
and site of infection (Belding, 1965).
The importance of fish parasites is related directly to the importance of the
fishes that may affect. The study of fish parasites is necessary to increase the
productivity of pond farms, to improve the stocks of valuable commercial
fisheries in the natural waters and to the possibility of fish acclimatization in
new sites or localities (Shul′man, 1961). Moreover, some freshwater fish are
known as intermediate hosts carrying the infective stages of some trematodes
(Clonorchis sinensis), cestodes (Diphyllobothrium latum) and nematodes
(Anisakis simplex) pathogenic to human (Roberts & Janovy, 2005).
Though the demand on the fish is recently increasing in Kurdistan region,
additionally to scarce information concerning parasitic fauna of S. triostegus
in the region, the main purpose of the current study is to identify and classify
the parasites collected from this host fish based on their morphological
features, to note the prevalence and intensity of the parasites in S. triostegus
from Greater Zab river passing Guwer district, to compare the parasite fauna
with that reported in the Iraqi literature and to report possible new host and
locality records. Despite whatever mentioned above, this research clarifies
those pathogenic agents affecting the catfish which finally paves the way to
encourage private catfish culture in our country in the near future.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
History of fish parasitology is an ancient one. In this field numerous
books and international researches have been collected. For instance Dogiel
(1961) collected different informations about ecological approach to the
parasitic diseases of fishes. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962) published
a classification book on parasites of freshwater fishes of Soviet Union.
Amlacher (1970) published a good material on the diseases of fishes including
viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases. Kabata (1979) wrote a book
concerning Copepoda parastizing British fishes. Paperna (1980) wrote on the
diseases and parasites of African fishes. Mhaisen (1980) referred to a list of
the parasites of Iraqi freshwater fishes. Moravec (1994) wrote on nematodes
parasitizing European fishes. Jalali (1998) wrote on the parasites of Iranian
fishes. Hoffman (1998) wrote on the parasites of freshwater fishes of North
America. Hoole et al. (2001) wrote a book about diseases of carp fish and
other cyprinid fish. Woo (2006) published a book on the diseases and parasites
of fish.
Although there are many researches about fish parasites in general, but
there are few studies dealing with the parasites affecting Silurus triostegus
specially, which might be related to the limitation of its geographical
distribution and it is not favorable by people just recently. This is why, the
present review is limited to cover those internal and external parasites which
infect the genus Silurus for the last twenty years.
Scholz (1989) noticed four species of cestodes namely Triaenophorus
crassus, Eubothrium crassum, Proteocephalus osculates and Silurotaenia
siluri from S. glanis in Czechoslovakia.
Székely & Molnár (1990) recorded Ancylodiscoides vistulensis on the gill
of S. glanis in Hungary.
Soylu (1995) recorded four species of digenetic trematodes namely:
Diplostomum spathaceum, D. claratum, Bucephalus polymorphus and
Orientocreadium siluri from S. glanis in Sapanca lake in Turkey.
Jalali (1998) indicated existence of Silurodiscoides vistulensis on the gills
of S. triostegus from Karun river in Iran.
Scholz et al. (1999) study the morphology of the scolex of the tapeworm
Silurotaenia siluri, a specific parasite of European wells S. glanis.
Nie (2000) noticed three species of parasites including Silurodiscoides
spp. (Monogenea), Ergasilus anchoratus and Pseudergilus parasiluri
(Crustacea) on the gills of S. asotus from Jiangkon reservoir in Jiangxi
province, China.
Mortezaei et al. (2002) isolated Rhabdochona fortunatowi (Nematoda) in
the intestine of S. triostegus collected from three stations in Hoor-Al-Azim,
Hoor-Shadegan and Karoon river in Khouzestan province in Iran.
Galli et al. (2003) identified the monogenetic trematode Thaparocleidus
vistulensis on the gills of S. glanis from Ticino river in Italy.
Ondračková et al. (2004) recorded a monogenetic trematode
Thaparocleidus magnus on the gills of S. glanis collected from many rivers in
central Europe.
Zhang & Wang (2005) discovered a species of Dermocystidium sp. on the
skin and fins of S. meridionalis from Jialing river, Beibei, Chongqing China.
Soylu (2005) isolated Ancylodiscoides siluri, A. vistulensis (Monogenea),
Siluritaenia siluri (Cestoda), Diplostomum sp. (Trematoda), Eustrongylides
excisus (Nematoda) and Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea) from S. glanis in
Durusu (Terkos) lake in Turkey. Galli et al. (2005) obtained only one
monogenean species Taparocleidus vistulensis from S. glanis in Po river area
(Northern Italy) in Italy.
Al-Samman et al. (2006) reported one species of monogenetic trematode
(Silurodiscoides vistulensis) on the gills of S. triostegus in lake Assad in Syria.
Öktener et al. (2006) reported the ectoparasite fish louse Argulus foliaceus
from the gills of S. triostegus for the first time from Atatürk Dam lake, South-
East Anatolian Region, Turkey.
İnnal et al. (2007) reported existence of Ligula intestinalis plerocercoides
in the intestine of S. glanis from Sariyar Dam lake and Iznik lake in Turkey.
Kirjušina & Vismanis (2007) reported existence of I. multifiliis, Trichodina
sp. (Protozoa), Thaparocleidus siluri (Monogenea), Bucephalus polymorphus,
D. spathaceum, Nicolla skrjabini (Digenea), P. osculates (Cestoda),
Aganonema sp., Camallanus truncates, Eustrongylides sp., Cucullanus
heterochrous, Raphidascaris acus (Nematoda), Acanthocephalus anguillae, A.
lucii (Acanthocephala) and Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from S. glanis
collected from different location from Latvia. Nagasawa et al. (2007) isolated
the adult and the copepodid larva of crustacean Lernaea cyprinacea on the
gills of Amur catfish S. asotus collected from Ashida river and Kurose river in
Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan. Pazooki et al. (2007) examined 11 fish species
including S. glanis collected from seven different station of Aras, Zangbar and
Ghotor rivers in Iran, and recorded the monogenetic trematode Silurodiscoides
siluri on the gills of S. glanis.
Laura et al. (2008) recorded the larvae of nematode Eustrongylidos sp. in
the muscles, cavity of the body and gut of S. glanis from some natural
Romanina’s lakes. Moravec et al. (2008) identified the nematode Philometra
parasiluri from S. asotus collected from Biwa lake in Japan.
In Iraq, the first work on fish parasites was done by Herzog (1969) who
studied 16 species of fishes collected from different regions of Iraq. He
noticed six species of protozoans (Myxobolus oviformis, M. mülleri,
Myxobolus sp., Myxosoma multiplicata, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and a
Microsporidian of the family Nosematidae), one trematode (Neodiplostomum
sp.), one cestode (Diphyllobothrium sp.), one acanthocephalan
(Neoechinorhynchus rutili), one leech (Piscicola sp.), four species of
nematodes (Contracaecum sp., Goezia sp. larva, Philometra sp. and
Dujardinascaris sp.) and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi and
Argulus foliaceus), among them the nematode larvae Contracaecum sp. from
S. triostegus from Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
The number of studies concerning parasites of fishes in Iraq increased
slowly till it reached 22 in 1980 recording 40 species of parasites from 27
species of freshwater and marine fishes of Iraq (Mhaisen, 1980). Afterward,
the parasites of fishes received more attention from researchers and the
number of published researches reached 200 in 2006 and showed the presence
of 250 species of parasite on 54 species of different freshwater and marine
fishes of Iraq (Mhaisen, 2008).
An account on some important researches limited to the identification of
parasites of the genus Silurus in Iraq, including the following:
Shamsuddin et al. (1971) published a report on the parasites of eight
species of Iraqi freshwater fishes collected from Tigris and Euphrates rivers
and Habbaniyah and Tharthar lakes. They recorded two species of protozoans
(Ichthyophthirius sp. and Trichodina domerguei) and one species for each
cestode (Triaenophorus sp.) and nematode (Contracaecum sp.).
Habish (1977) recorded a nematode larvae Contracaecum spp. from the
mesentery and stomach surface of S. triostegus from Shatt Al-Arab in Basrah
city.
Ali et al. (1986a) recorded the monogenetic trematode Dactylogyrus
cornu on the gills of S. triostegus from Diyala river, Southeast of Baghdad.
Ali et al. (1986b) noticed the digenetic trematode Apatemon pelluidus on the
liver surface of S. triostegus collected from Diyala river, Southeast of
Baghdad. Al-Daraji (1986) studied the parasites of five species of fish from
Al-Hammar marsh in Basrah city, and recorded 11 species of parasites from S.
triostegus namely: Trypanosoma sp., Myxobolus pfeifferi, Dactylogyrus sp.,
Orientocreadium pseudobagri, Asymphylodora sp., Aspidogaster enneatis,
Bothriocephalus sp., Khawia armeniaca, Contracaecum sp., Ergasilus
mosulensis and Ergasilus sp.
Ali et al. (1987a) found Trichodina domerguei (Protozoa), Apatemon
pelluidus (Digenea) and Silurotaenia siluri (Cestoda) from S. triostegus from
Diyala river.
Abdul-Ameer (1989) studied the parasitic fauna of 12 species of fish,
collected from Tigris river at Salah Al-Dien province, and recorded one
species for each of protozoan (T. domerguei), monogenetic trematode
(Ancylodiscoides vistulensis) and nematode (Contracaecum sp.) from S.
triostegus.
Al-Daraji & Al-Salim (1990) found the sporozoan parasite Myxobolus
pfeifferi and the monogenetic trematode Dactylogyrus sp. from S. triostegus in
Al-Hammar marsh. Al-Salim & Al-Daraji (1990) described a new species of
blood flagellates namely Trypanosoma arabica in the heart of S. triostegus
from Al-Hammar marsh, north west of Basrah province.
Mhaisen et al. (1995) recorded the protozoan ciliate Trichodina
domerguei from S. triostegus collected from Tigris river at Al-Rashidia.
Al-Niaeemi (1997) noticed 16 parasites species including four species of
protozoans (Trypanosoma sp., Trichodina domerguei, Myxobolus iranicus and
M. koi), three species of monogenetic trematodes (Ancyclodiscoides
vistulensis, Paradiplozoon pavlovskii and diproa of Diplozoon sp.), two
species of digenetic trematodes (Orientocreadium siluri and
Megamonostomella rashediansis), two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus
ospariichthydis and Proteocephalus hemispherous), one species of nematode
(Contacaecum sp.), three species of crustaceans (Argulus japonicus, A.
foliaceus and Ergasilus mosulensis) and one species of molluscan (Unio
pictorum) from S. glanis from Tigris river in Mosul city.
Rahemo & Al-Niaeemi (1998) described a new species of digenetic
trematode, Megamonostomella rashediansis isolated from the intestine of
S. glanis collected from Tigris river, passing through Mosul city.
Al-Dosary (1999) recorded two species of protozoans: Trypanosoma sp.
and Trichodina sp. from S. triostegus from Garmat Ali river in Basrah city.
Abdul-Rahman (1999) isolated 19 species of parasites which included two
species for each monogenetic trematodes, nematodes and acanthocephalans,
eight species of digenetic trematodes, one species of cestode and four species
of crustaceans from S. triostegus collected from Garmat Ali river in Basrah
city. Adday et al. (1999) added S. triostegus from Tigris river at Al-
Zaafaraniya, south of Baghdad as a new host for Myxobolus koi (Sporozoa)
and Polyonchobothrium magnum (Cestoda).
Balasem et al. (2000) recorded Ancylodiscoides siluri and
Botheriacephalus sp. from S. triostegus collected from Hemrin dam lake in
Diyala province.
Adday (2001) reported for the first time Ergasilus ogawai from the gills
of S. triostegus from Garmat Ali river in Basrah city. Balasem et al. (2001)
examined eight species of fish including S. triostegus in Diyala river and
obtained a ciliated protozoan Trichodina domerguei from the above
mentioned fish. Rahemo & Al-Niaeemi (2001) described a new species of
cestode, Proteocephalus hemispherus recovered from the intestine of S. glanis
collected from Tigris river, passing through Mosul city.
de Chambrier et al. (2003) described a new species of cestode
Postgangesia inarmata from S. glanis from Tigris river in Mosul city.
Jori (2006) made a wide study of the parasites of S. triostegus collected in
Al-Hammar marshes in Basrah city, and recorded 45 species of parasites
including Trypanosoma arabica, Trypanosoma sp., Glugea plecoglossi,
Myxobolus mesopotamiae, M. pfeifferi, Myxobolus sp., Henneguya tachysuri,
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina domerguei, T. nigra, T. prowazeki, T.
reticulata and Trichodina sp. (Protozoa), Gyrodactylus vimbi, Gyrodactylus
sp., Dactylogyrus calbasi, Paradactylogyrus bati, Hamatopweduncularia arii,
Ancylodiscoides parasiluri, Haliotrema sp., Cleidodiscus sp. and
Bychowskylla qharui (Monogenea), Proctoeces maculates, Asymphylodora
sp., Orientocreadium batrachoides, O. pseudobagri, Hemiurus sigani,
Monodhelmis philippinensis, Ascocotyle coleostoma and Clinostomum
complanatum (Digenea), Polyoncobothrium clarias (Cestoda), Contracaecum
sp., Camallanus kirandensis, Echinocephalus sp. and Rhabdochona garuai
(Nematoda), Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis (Acanthocephala), Bomolochus
sp., Ergasilus mosulensis, E. rostralis, E. pararostralis, Dermoergasilus
varicoleus, Paraergasilus inflatus, Alicaligus sp. and Lernanthropus
trifoliatus (Crustacea) and Unio pictorum (Mollusca). Rahemo & Mohammad
(2006) identified the cestode Silurotaenia siluri from the intestine of S.
triostegus from Tigris river in Mosul city.
l-S adi 7 studied the parasites of species of fish from Euphrates
river in Al-Musaib city, and recorded six species from S. triostegus namely:
Ancylodiscoides gomitus, A. vistulensis (Monogenea), Azygia lucii (Digenea),
Proteocephalus osculates (Cestoda), Contracaecum sp. (Nematoda) and Unio
pictorum (Mollusca).
Regarding researches conducted on the parasites of the genus Silurus in
Kurdistan region - Iraq, only one report is available on S. glanis. Abdullah
(2002) surveyed the parasites of 28 species of freshwater fish from Lesser Zab
and Greater Zab rivers near Erbil city. In S. glanis, he recorded three species
of protozoans (Trypanosoma sp., Trichodina domerguei and Myxobolus
sharpeyi), one species of monogenetic trematode (A. vistulensis), two species
of digenetic trematodes (D. spathaceum and Orientocreadium siluri), one
species of nematode (Spiroxys sp.) and one species of crustacean (Ergasilus
barbi).
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of Study Area
Greater Zab river originates from the mountains near Iranian and Turkish
borders and other springs of the mountains of Kurdistan region in north of
Iraq. The length of this river from the sink to the point of pouring into Tigris
river in Guwer distinct, southwest of Erbil city is about 392km (Fig. 1).
Geographically, it is situated between 36o-37
o north latitudes and 43
o-44
o east
longitude (Sosa, 1960).
This study was conducted in the river part that passes west part of Guwer
district. The width of the river was 70-80m, and its length was about 4-5km,
the deepest point was 10-15m. The bottom of the river was sandy and the
shores were sandy or sandy-loam and in some places loam. Its banks comprise
an attractive touring area that people visit to spend their vacation time. The
river is rich in fish fortune which meets the needs of the inhabitants living in
the district and nearby villages. In addition, people practice animal breeding
and plant agriculture around the river growing different kinds of vegetables
including tomato, cucumber, wheat…etc, and different kinds of breeding
animals like cows, sheep, goats…etc. There are projects along the river such
Capran clean water project in Capran countryside.
Collection and Examination of Fishes
A total of 226 S. triostegus were collected from Greater Zab river near
Guwer district. Fishes were collected by fishermen using cast nets, gill nets
and electrofishing twice a month during July 2007 until the end of June.
Fig. (1): A. Map of Iraq showing the study area.
B. Map of Greater Zab river with its main branches.
(Nelson, 2003).
The fishes were kept alive in a cool box with river water, and transferred
to the laboratory of parasites in the Department of Biology, College of Science
Education, University of Salahaddin, as soon as possible and were examined
within 48 hours after their capture. However, some specimens were deeply
frozen (4Co) and examined within one week (Brown et al., 1986; Nepszy,
1988). The fish was identified according to Coad (2008).
In the laboratory, fishes were externally and internally examined for
parasites. The body surface, fins and mouth cavity were examined for
ectoparasites. The gills of the fish were dissected out, placed in Petri dishes
containing tap water and examined for ectoparasites under dissecting
microscope, and the smears were prepared by slight scraping and examined.
Whole eyes were removed and the lens were dissected from each eye then
teased under stage of a 4 and 12 power dissecting microscope. The fish were
opened ventrally and the body cavity and mesenteries were examined for
parasite larvae. The gastrointestinal tract was dissected from the rectum to the
esophagus and parasites encountered were carefully detached from the
stomach and intestinal mucosa. The liver, spleen, gall bladder and kidneys of
each fish were examined for presence of parasites or cysts (Amlacher, 1970).
Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites
Protozoa
For the detection of protozoa, the mucus was scraped separately from the
skin, fins and gills, onto a slide and then spread the mucus carefully with a
cover slip and examined as fresh mounts. For permanent slide preparation, the
protozoa were exposed to methanol fixative for about 15 minutes and then
washed for several minutes in alcohol containing a drop of added Iodine
solution and mounted in Canada balsam after dehydration (Amlacher, 1970).
For the study of haematozoans, blood was taken directly from the heart of
alive fishes only. Blood smears were air-dried, fixed in absolute methyl
alcohol for about 1- minutes, stained in Giemsa’s stain 1:1 dilution for 3 -
40 minutes, dried again and mounted with Canada balsam (Amlacher, 1970).
For the study of sporozoans, spores were obtained from mature cysts in
infected organs fixed with absolute methanol, stained with 10% Giemsa and
mounted with Disterene-Plasticizer-Xylene (D.P.X.). The presence of
vacuoles was identified by the use of Logul's solution (Kostoingue et al.,
2001).
Concerning trichodinids, smears from the gills, fins, and skin of host
fishes were prepared. The slides with trichodinid ciliates were impregnated
with Klein's silver impregnation technique in which slides were stained with
an aqueous solution of 2% AgNO3 for 8 minutes followed by 20 minutes
exposure to UV light to demonstrate the morphology of the adhesive disc and
were examined under Olympus Phase-contrast microscope at magnification
power of 1000X (Asmat et al. 2003).
Methods and terminology for measurements of the components of the
adhesive disc, denticle (Fig. 2) and the position of the micronucleus in relation
to the macronucleus were performed according to Lom (1958).
The level of infection was presented as low (1-5 ciliate /slide), medium
(6-10 ciliate /slide) and high (more than 10 ciliate /slide) according to Asmat
et al. (2005).
Fig. (2): The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. according to Lom (1958):
A. Diagnostically important features in the adhesive disc.
B. The denticle measurements.
C. Schematic drawing of denticles to illustrate the sequence and method of the description of
denticle elements.
Ab= apex of blade; abm= anterior blade margin (surface); b= blade; ba= blade apophysis; bc=
blade connection; bm= border membrane with striations; ca= centre area of adhesive disc; ccp=
central conical part; cp= central part; dad= diameter of adhesive disc; dbm= distal margin of
blade (surface); dd= diameter of denticulate ring; dpc= deepest point of the semilunar curve
relative to apex; ira= indentation in lower central part; pbm= posterior blade margin (surface); r=
ray; ra= ray apophysis; rc= ray connection; rp= radial pins; rpd= number of radial pins per
denticle; tp= tangent point.
Monogenetic Trematodes
After putting gills in a Petri dish with a very small amount of water,
monogenetic trematodes were picked up with pipette or needle and taken into
picric glycerin-gelatin, a piece of melted glycerin-gelatin was dropped onto
the worms and cover slip (Soylu & Emre, 2005).
Digenetic Trematodes
Metacercariae and adults of digenetic trematodes were removed from the
stomach, intestine and eyes of the infected fish, then fixed in 4% hot formalin
(60Co), stained with acetocarmine, dehydrated in concentration series of
ethanol, cleared in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Soylu, 2005).
Cestoda
Alive cestodes were recovered from the intestinal tract of the infected
fish. Specimens were washed with 5% saline solution then fixed in 4% hot
formalin and subsequently stored in 70% ethanol. They were stained with
acetocarmine, dehydrated in concentration series of ethanol, cleared in xylene
and mounted in Canada balsam (de Chambrier et al, 2003).
Nematoda
Nematodes were washed in 5% saline solution, fixed in 4% hot formalin
for two minutes, transferred to 70% ethanol for conservation, cleared in
lactophenol or glycerine solution and mounted in jelly glycerin (Moravec et
al., 2003).
Crustacea
Crustaceans samples were fixed in 70 % ethanol and cleared in
lactophenol, mounted with glycerin-gelatine to prepare permanent slides
(Soylu, 2005).
Photos and Measurements
Photos were taken with Sony Syber Shot Digital camera model 10.1
Mega pixels No. 2,8-5,4/7,9-23,7. The figures were drawn by using a Camera
Lucida (Drawing tube). Measurements of parasites were made with an
Olympus ocular micrometer.
Parasite Identification
The identification of parasites was carried out in accordance with the
methods given by Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962) and Hoffman
(1998).
Criteria of Infection
The ecological terms (prevalence and mean intensity of infection) were
used here based on the terminology of Margolis et al. (1982):
Prevalence of Infection: The percentage of number of individuals of a host
species infected with a particular parasite species / Number of hosts examined.
Mean Intensity of Infection: The mean number of individuals of a particular
parasite species per infected hosts in a sample.
Concerning Trichodina species, Mean, Range, Standard Deviation, and
Standard Error were used.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study revealed the existence of 22 species of parasites including:
nine species of protozoans (Myxobolus poljanski, Chilodonella cyprini,
Tetrahymena pyriformis, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina erbilensis, T.
kurdistani, T. ranae, Scyphidia arctica and Apiosoma robusta), one species of
monogenetic trematode (Ancylodiscoides vistulensis), five species of digenetic
tremtodes (Azygia robusta, Orientocreadium siluri, Megamonostomella
rashediansis, Diplostomum flexicaudum and D. spathaceum), three species of
cestodes (Proteocephalus osculatus, Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus and
Polyoncobothrium clarias), two species of nematodes (Procamallanus
viviparus and Contracaecum sp.) and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus
mosulensis and E. sieboldi). The classification status of these parasites are
shown in Table (1).
The distribution of the parasites and their location on or in the fish host
body are summarized in Table (2). Also, the prevalence and mean intensity of
infection are shown in the same table. The following is an account on
description and measurements of these parasites, especially those which
appeared here for the first time in Iraq.
Protozoa
Myxobolus poljanski Shul’man, 1962
The sporocysts of this protozoan parasite were noticed on the skin of S.
triostegus with a prevalence of 2.2% (Table 2).
Table (1): Parasitic fauna recorded on /in Asian catfish S. triostegus in relation to
their classification status according to Hoffman (1998).
Kingdom: Protista
Subkingdom: Protozoa
Phylum: Myxozoa
Class: Myxosporea
Order: Bivalvulida
Family: Myxobolidae
Myxobolus poljanski Shul΄man, 1962
Phylum: Ciliophora
Class: Ciliata
Order: Phyllopharyngia
Family: Chlamydodontidae
Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902)
Order: Holotrichia
Family: Tetrahymenidae
Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ehrenberg, 1830)
Family: Ophryoglenidae
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fauquet, 1876
Order: Peritricha
Family: Urceolariidae
Trichodina erbilensis sp. n.
Trichodina kurdistani sp. n.
Trichodina ranae da Cunha , 1950
Family: Scyphidiidae
Scyphidia arctica Zhukov, 1962
Apiosoma robusta Zhukov, 1962
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea
Order: Monopisthocotylea
Family: Dactylogyridae
Ancylodiscoides vistulensis (Siwak, 1932)
Class: Trematoda
Order: Fasciolata
Family: Azygiidae
Azygia robusta Odhner, 1911
Family: Allocreadiidae
Orientocreadium siluri (Bychovskii et Dubinina, 1954)
Order: Prosotomata
Family: Cryptogonimidae
Megamonostomella rashediansis Rahemo et Al-Naemi, 1998
Order: Strigeidida
Family: Diplostomatidae
Diplostomum flexicaudum (Rud., 1819)
Diplostomum spathaceum (Cort et Brooks, 1928)
Class: Cestoidea
Sublass: Eucestoda
Order: Proteocephalidea
Family: Proteocephalidae
Proteocephalus osculatus (Goeze, 1782)
Order: Cylophyllidea
Family: Dilepididae
Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855)
Order: Pseudophyllidea
Family: Ptychbothriidae
Polyoncobothrium clarias Woodland, 1925
Phylum: Nemathelminthes
Class: Nematoda
Order: Spirurida
Family: Camallanidae
Procamallanus viviparus Ali, 1956
Order: Ascarididea
Family: Heterochelidae
Contracaecum sp.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Crustacea
Order: Copepoda
Family: Ergasilidae
Ergasilus mosulensis Rahemo, 1982
Ergasilus sieboldi Nordmann, 1832
Table (2): The distribution of parasites on /in different sites of Asian catfish Silurus triostegus from
Greater Zab river passing Guwer district.
Site of
infection
Mean
intensity
Prevalence
(%)
No. of
infected
Fish / 226
Parasites
Protozoa
Skin 4 2.2 5 Myxobolus poljanski ***
Skin 12.4 72.5 164 Chilodonella cyprini ***
Skin 3 7.07 16 Tetrahymena pyriformis ***
Skin, Fins & Gills 10.9 84.07 190 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Skin, Fins & Gills 13.2 73 165 Trichodina erbilensis *
Skin, Fins & Gills 12.6 67.25 152 Trichodina kurdistani *
Skin & Fins 17.5 76.2 172 Trichodina ranae **
Skin 3.6 2.65 6 Scyphidia arctica ***
Skin 4 3.5 8 Apiosoma robusta **
Monogenea
Gills 18.1 85.3 193 Ancylodiscoides vistulensis
Digenea
Intestine 1.4 6.2 14 Azygia robusta **
Intestine 1.6 10.6 24 Orientocreadium siluri ***
Intestine 9 18.58 42 Megamonostomella rashediansis ***
Eye lens 6 5.3 12 Diplostomum flexicaudum ***
Eye lens 2.1 7.96 18 Diplostomum spathaceum
Cestoda
Intestine 23.8 74.33 168 Proteocephalus osculatus
Intestine 0.4 3.98 9 Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus ***
Intestine 2.5 0.88 2 Polyoncobothrium clarias
Nematoda
Stomach & Intestine 1.1 17.69 40 Procamallanus viviparous ***
Ovary & liver 11 0.44 1 Contracaecum sp.
Crustacea
Gills 3 13.27 30 Ergasilus mosulensis
Gills 2 7.52 17 Ergasilus sieboldi ***
* New species.
** New parasite record in Iraq.
*** New host record in Iraq.
Vegetative forms are round or oval milk-white cysts. Spores ovate with
narrow and rounded anterior pole, polar capsules pyriform. Length of spore
12-17μm, width 9-11μm and thickness 5-7μm. Length of polar capsule 5-7μm
(Fig. 3).
The present specimens of M. poljansky shows a close resemblance to
those of Abdullah (1990), who recorded it for the first time in Iraq on the gills
of Barbus grypus in Dokan lake. Later, it was reported on Barbus luteus and
Cyprinion macrostomum in Hemrin dam lake (Balasem et al., 2000). So, S.
triostegus of the present study represents a new host for this parasite in Iraq.
According to Abdullah and Mhaisen (2005) a total of 25 species of
Myxobolus were recorded in different freshwater fishes of Iraq. Among this
number, eight species were reported from S. triostegus namely: M.
cyprinicola, M. dispar, M. dogieli, M. koi, M. mesopotamiae, M. pfeifferi, M.
poljanski and Myxobolus sp. (Mhaisen, 2008).
In Kurdistan region, a total of 18 species of Myxobolus were reported in
different organs of 16 fish species in different localities (Rasheed & Hussain,
1988; Abdullah, 1998; Abdullah & Mhaisen, 2005; Bilal, 2006).
Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902)
This ciliated protozoan was found on the skin of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 72.5% (Table 2).
The body length 42-72μm, width 20-30μm. Heart or leaf-shaped,
dorsoventrally flattened. Dorsal side is swollen, bare and has no stripes. The
ventral side completely flat, striped and partially ciliated. The anterior end of
the body has slightly larger cilia than the posterior end, lateral cilia being
absent. Internally have two contractile vacuoles and a nucleus (Fig. 4).
Fig. (3): Myxobolus poljanski.
A- Photomicrograph (1000X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
Fig. (4): Chilodonella cyprini.
A- Photomicrograph (480X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
A
A
The present ciliate resembles C. cyprini, which was recorded in Iraq for
the first time by Ali et al. (1987b) from Mystus pelusius from Tigris river in
Baghdad. Also, it was reported on Cyprinus carpio in Al-Zaafaraniya fish
farm in Baghdad and Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil province (Sadek, 1999;
Al-Margan, 2007 respectively). So, S. triostegus is considered as a newly
recorded host for C. cyprini in Iraq.
Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ehrenberg, 1930)
This ciliated protozoan was found on the skin of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 7.07% (Table 2).
Body pyriform, sizes 19-54 x 16-33μm. Vestibulum egg-shaped, lying
along ventral axis of body, 7.8 x 3-6μm in size. Round macronucleus lies in
posterior third or center of the body, 3-9 x 5-12μm size, diameter of round
micronucleus 1.5μm Fig. 5 .
Previously, T. pyriformis was reported in Iraq on the skin of C. carpio at
Al-Zaafaranya fish farm in Baghdad and Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil
province (Sadek, 1999; Al-Margan, 2007 respectively). No more hosts are
known for this parasite in Iraq. So, S. triostegus is considered as a new host
for T. pyriformis in Iraq. The present parasitic protozoan shows a great
similarity to the specimens which were recorded previously in Iraq.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876
This parasite was found on the skin, fins and gills of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 84.07% (Table 2).
Body round or ovate, diameter 0.5-1mm. Entire body ciliated. Thick short
horseshoelike macronucleus lies in the middle of body (Fig. 6).
Fig. (5): Tetrahymena pyriformis.
A- Photomicrograph (1000X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
Fig. (6): Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
A- Photomicrograph (40X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
I. multifiliis has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from Mugil
dussmien (Herzog, 1969). After that, it was reported from 23 different fish
A
A
hosts including S. triostegus (Mhaisen, 2008). In Kurdistan region, it was
reported from seven different species from Darbandikhan lake, Lesser Zab and
Greater Zab rivers (Abdullah, 2005; Abdullah & Mhaisen, 2006 respectively).
I. multifiliis is world widely spread, reported from different fish species
and localities. It causes "Ich" or white spot disease". This disease is a major
problem to aquarists and commercial fish producers world wide. It is an
important disease of tropical fish, goldfish, and food fish. The disease is
highly contagious and spreads rapidly from one fish to another. It can be
particularly severe when fish are crowded. While many protozoans reproduce
by simple division, a single organism can multiply into hundreds of new
parasites. This organism is an obligate parasite which means that it can’t
survive unless alive fish are present. It is capable of causing massive mortality
within a short time, reaching 100% (Francis-Floyd & Reed, 2002).
Genus: Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1831
This genus is characterized by having circular-shape from below view,
and bell-shaped from the side view. Posterior end expanded and saucers like
to form adhesive disc or apparatus, with denticular ring which contain the
teeth. The teeth constitute corona with obvious blades (or external processes)
and rays (or internal processes). Blades are straight or curved, while rays are
rod like, in the form of spines or needles of varied length. Central conical parts
of teeth lacking anteriorly directed shoots. Adoral ciliary spiral are of varying
length. Macronucleus and Micronucleus are hardly visible (Hoffman, 1998).
Three species of this genus were recorded in this study:
Trichodina erbilensis sp. n.
This ciliated protozoan was found on the skin, fins and gills of S.
triostegus, medium to high infection, with a prevalence of 73% (Table 2).
Medium-sized and saucer-shaped trichodinid 42-48μm (44.4 ± 0.42) in
diameter. Concave adhesive disc, 35-40μm (37.5 ± 0.39) in diameter
surrounded by finely striated border membrane 3-5μm (3.9 ± 0.18) wide.
Denticulate ring 22-27μm (23.6 ± 0.31) in diameter. Centre of adhesive disc
granular, stained dark as rest of disc 13-17μm (14.8 ± 0.32) in diameter.
Central area in adult trichodinids present as a round apparent circle, while in
young trichodinids as large clear circle. Number of denticles 23-27 (24.55 ±
0.27). Number of radial pins per denticle 4-8 (5.4 ± 0.28). Dimensions of
denticle span 10-13μm (10.85 ± 0.21) and length, 4-7μm (5.4 ± 0.25). Length
of blade 4-6μm (4.6 ± 0.17), length of ray 3-4μm (4 ± 0.24), and width of
central part 2-3μm (2.62 ± 0.08) (Fig. 7) (Table 3).
The blade of denticle broad and squat, filling entire space between y+1
axis or extends beyond this line. Distal margin of blade flat or slightly curved
lying little away from border membrane. Anterior margin of blade smoothly
curves and forms rounded apex at mid-length of margin. Apical depression
indistinct. Anterior blade apophysis rarely visible. Tangent point blunt and
slightly lower than distal margin. Posterior margin curves to form deep
crescent with deepest point at same level as apex. Posterior blade apophysis
absent, inter-blade space narrow but lades remain separate and blade
connection thin. Central part of blade triangular with bluntly rounded point
extends halfway past y-1 axis and interlocked firmly in preceding
denticle. Section above and below x axis similar, indentation in lower central
part not visible. Ray connection thick. Ray is thick and slightly oriented in
Fig. (7): A-F. Photomicrographs of silver impregnated adhesive discs of Trichodina
erbilensis sp. n. Scale bar 20µm. (1000X).
A B
C
F
D
E
anterior direction with indistinct central groove, and almost parallel to y-axis.
Ray apophysis not prominent. Ray slightly broadened tapering towards
pointed end (Fig. 7).
Based on the silver impregnated adhesive disc the present species
reminds T. guliae described by Asmat et al. (2006) from the gills of Mystus
gulio near the Sadarghat area in the Karnaphuli River, Sadarghat in
Chittagong, Bangladesh. But There some differences between them on the
following basis; in T. guliae, the shape of blade is broad and falciform (vs
broad and crouch). The inter-blade space is moderate (vs narrow). The
posterior blade margin forms a deep crescent (vs curves to form a crescent or a
shallow curve form). The blade apophyses visible (vs absent). The central part
rarely extends nearly halfway past to the y-1 axis (vs extends almost to the y-1
axis). The shape of ray is mostly slender or slightly broadened (vs thick). The
ray connection is thin (vs broad). The ray apophysis is visible (vs not
observable). The inter-ray space is very large (vs huge). The tip of ray is
truncated or rounded (vs rounded). The central clear area in young present as a
round circle (vs large clear circle), and the central clear area in adult represent
as an undivided or divided, large circle (vs as a round apparent circle).
In the light of the present examination for this trichodinid protozoan and
based on the confirmation of the specialized scientific side Professor Dr.
Ghazi S. M. Asmat, Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong/
Chittagong 4331/ Bangladesh this species belonging to the Genus Trichodina
is considered a new species and given the name T. erbilensis.
Trichodina kurdistani sp. n.
This trichodinid ciliate was found on the skin, fins and gills of S.
triostegus, medium to high infection, with a prevalence of 67.25% (Table 2).
Large trichodinid 48-55μm (51.73 ± 0.56) in diameter. Concave adhesive
disc 39-44μm (41.86 ± 0.45) in diameter surrounded by finely striated border
membrane 2-4μm (9.13 ± 0.19) wide. Denticulate ring 23-28μm (25.46 ±
0.41) in diameter. Centre of adhesive disc large 12-15μm (13.46 ± 0.28) in
diameter slightly light stained when treated with silver. Number of denticles
30-35 (32.46 ± 0.39). Number of radial pins per denticle 5-9 (7 ± 0.35).
Dimensions of denticle span 12-15μm (13.26 ± 0.27) and length, 3-6μm (4.06
± 0.25). Length of blade 3-7μm (5.26 ± 0.34), length of ray 4-6μm (5 ± 0.2),
and width of central part 2-4μm (2.96 ± 0.18) (Fig. 8) (Table 3).
The blade of denticle broad, roughly rectangular filling entire space
between the y+1 axis or extends beyond this line. Distal margin of blade
slightly curved or flat, lying little away from border membrane. Anterior blade
apophysis rarely visible. Tangent point blunt and slightly lower than distal
margin. Posterior margin curves to form shallow crescent with deepest point at
same level as apex. Posterior blade apophysis absent, interblade space
moderate, sometimes very narrow, and blade connection thick. Central part of
blade robust, triangular with bluntly rounded point, never extends y-1 axis and
interlocked firmly in preceding denticle. Section above and below x axis
similar, indentation in lower central part not visible. Ray connection thin. Ray
slender, slightly curved in posterior direction or straight often with indistinct
central groove, parallel to y-axis. Ray apophysis directed upward towards
central part not prominent. Ray slightly broadened at base, gradually ends in
bluntly rounded point. Ray connection almost of equal thickness throughout,
Fig. (8): A-F. Photomicrographs of silver impregnated adhesive discs of Trichodina
kurdistani sp. n. Scale bar 20µm. (1000X).
A B
C
F
D
E
tapering towards a truncated point (Fig. 8).
Based on the silver impregnated adhesive disc the present species
reminds T. anabasi described by Asmat et al. (2003) from the gills of Anabas
testudineus in Beluardighi at Pahartali, Chittagong, Bangladesh. But There
some differences between them on the following basis; in T. anabasi, the
distal margin of blade is mostly falcate or angular (vs curved). The deepest
point of the semi-lunar curve formed by the posterior margin indentation lies
slightly at the same level of apex (vs above the apex of anterior margin). The
central part of denticle is stout and cylindrical having similar shapes of upper
and lower section (vs semi-triangular with sloped upper part) and the posterior
margin of the ray runs parallel to those axes (vs the anterior margin of the ray
runs parallel to the y-axes).
In the light of the present examination for this trichodinid protozoan and
based on the confirmation of the specialized scientific side Professor Dr.
Ghazi S. M. Asmat, this species belonging to the Genus Trichodina is
considered a new species and given the name T. kurdistani.
Trichodina ranae da Cunha, 1950
This ciliated parasite was found on the skin, fins and gills of S. triostegus,
medium to high infection, with a prevalence of 76.2 % (Table 2).
Medium-sized trichodinid 46-56μm (51.64 ± 0.62) in diameter. Concave
adhesive disc 33-40μm (36.92 ± 0.53) in diameter surrounded by a finely
striated border membrane 2-5μm (3.28±0.21) wide. Denticulate ring 21-26μm
(23.48 ± 0.33) in diameter. Central area of adhesive disc medium, slightly
light stained when treated with silver 10-14μm (12.36 ± 0.26) in diameter
containing whitish granules. Number of denticles 29-32 (30.56 ± 0.19)
denticles. Number of radial pins per denticle 6-9μm (7.36 ± 0.2). Span of
denticle 11-15μm (12.2 ± 0.28) and length of denticle 4-6μm (4.72 ± 0.16).
The blade of denticle sickle-shaped and curved filling almost all y+1 space
4-7μm (5.08 ± 0.23) in length, the central part of denticle slender and tubular
the preceding denticles are inter locked to each other which extends slightly
more than halfway to y-1 axis 2-5μm (3.24 ± 0.19) wide, the ray backwardly
bent 5-8μm (6.12 ± 0.22) length, slender, straight, and finger-like with
variable thickness but having no ray apophysis and central groove. The
variations in denticles are well developed (Fig. 9) (Table 3).
The description and measurements of the present specimen are similar to
those referred to by Asmat (2005), which isolated for the first time in the
urinary bladder of the Grenouille frog in Portugal by da Cunha in 1950. The
difference of the hosts in the species of Trichodina is a conceivable issue,
while Woo (2006) verify that the most trichodinid species show very little host
and organs specificity (skin, fins, gills and urinary bladder of fishes and
amphibians), while others are more host specific. Trichodinids also have a
worldwide distribution, probably via transcontinental introductions of fish.
Common species such as those are found on most families of fishes in Europe,
Asia, America and Africa. Based on the confirmation of specialized scientific
side Professor Dr. Ghazi S. M. Asmat, this specimen of Trichodina in this
study is T. ranae. Since there is no previous report about this species in Iraq,
so the present record represents the first record of T. ranae in this country.
Fig. (9): A-F. Photomicrographs of silver impregnated adhesive discs of Trichodina
ranae. Scale bar 20µm. (1000X).
A B
C D
E F
In addition to the three species of Trichodina mentioned above, 11 other
species of this genus were reported in the Iraqi fishes namely: T. domerguei on
eight species brought from different fish markets in Baghdad city
(Shamsuddin et al., 1971), T. nigra from the gills of Cyprinus carpio and
Hypophthalmicthys molitrix of Al-Furat fish farm in Babylon province (Al-
Zubaidy, 1998). T. cottidarum from the gills of C. carpio cultured in a man-
made lake in Al-Zawraa park in Baghdad city (Abdul-Ameer, 2004), T.
gracilis from the gills of C. carpio in Al-Shark Al-Awsat fish farm in Babylon
province (Hussain, 2005). T. mulabilis from the gills of C. carpio from Lesser
Zab river (Abdullah & Mhaisen, 2006), T. prowazeki and T. reticulata from
the gills of S. triostegus from Al-Hammar marshes in Basrah city (Jori, 2006),
T. acuta, T. heterodentata and T. nobilis from the skin, fins and gills of C.
carpio collected from Ankawa hatchery, Erbil province (Al-Marjan &
Abdullah, 2007) and T. pediculus from the skin of Mastacembelus
mastacembelus from Greater Zab river (Bashê, 2008).
Heavily infested fish with Trichodina (Trichodiniasis) may exhibit
clinical signs; greyish-blue colour, formed by excessive mucus secretion and
detached scales, frayed fins, necrosis and ulcer on different parts of body, the
excessive epithelial growth is believed to be a protective reaction, but at the
same time trichodinid feeds on it, sluggish movement, loss of appetite,
swimming just beneath the water surface or near the water surface and they
cease feeding (Hassan, 1999).
Table (3): Morphometric data of various Trichodina spp. obtained from the skin, fins
and gills of Asian catfish, Silurus triostegus from Greater Zab river passing
Guwer district in the north of Iraq. Measurements are given in micrometer
(µm).
Species
Trichodina erbilensis
sp. n. (n= 20)
Trichodina kurdistani
sp. n. (n=20)
Trichodina ranae
(n= 25)
Diameter of body 42-48 (44.4±0.42) 48-55 (51.73±0.56) 46-56 (51.64±0.62)
Diameter of adhesive disc 35-40 (37.5±0.39) 39-44 (41.86±0.45) 33-40 (36.92±0.53)
Diameter of denticulate ring 22-27 (23.6±0.31) 23-28 (25.46±0.41) 21-26 (23.48±0.33)
Diameter of central area 13-17 (14.8±0.32) 12-15 (13.46±0.28) 10-14 (12.36±0.26)
Diameter of clear area 8-12 (9.85±0.3) 8-11 (9.13±0.27) 6-10 (97.96±0.25)
Width of border membrane 3-5 (3.9±0.18) 2-4 (9.13±0.19) 2-5 (3.28±0.21)
Number of denticles 23-27 (24.55±0.27) 30-35 (32.46±0.39) 29-32 (30.56±0.19)
Number of radialpins/denticle 4-8 (5.4±0.28) 5-9 (7±0.35) 6-9 (7.36±0.2)
Span of denticle 10-13 (10.85±0.21) 12-15 (13.26±0.27) 11-15 (12.2±0.28)
Length of denticle 4-7 (5.4±0.25) 3-6 (4.06±0.25) 4-6 (4.72±0.16)
Length of ray 3-4 (3.67±0.09) 4-6 (5±0.2) 5-8 (6.12±0.22)
Diameter of blade 4-6 (4.6±0.17) 3-7 (5.26±0.34) 4-7 (5.08±0.23)
Width of central part 2-3 (2.62±0.08) 2-4 (2.96±0.18) 2-5 (3.24±0.19)
Fig. (10): Diagramatic drawings of denticles of trichodinids in relation to Y axis:
A- Trichodina erbilensis; B- T. kurdistani; and C- T. ranae.
Scyphidia arctica Zhukov, 1962
This ciliated protozoan was obtained from the skin of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 2.65% (Table 2).
Body cylindrical or nearly so, anterior end with peristome and adoral
zone of cilia arranged as usual for peritrichan infusoria. Posterior end
expanded compared to midpart, or at least not narrow. Possesses attaching
foot. Body free of cilia except for peristomal disk. Macronucleus botaliform or
ribbonlike. Length of body 31-46µm, width 25-35µm. Macronucleus 12-
16μm. Micronucleus round or ovate, 1-3µm in size, lying at base of
macronucleus in posterior part of body of infusoria (Fig. 11).
The classification was confirmed due to the coincidence of the characters
described here with those reported by Al-Nasiri (2000), who recorded it for
the first time in Iraq from Barbus luteus and Liza abu collected in a man-made
lake at Al-Amiriya region, Baghdad. No further record was reported after that.
So, S. triostegus is considered as a new host for this parasite in Iraq, and this is
first record of S. triostegus in Kurdistan region.
Apiosoma robusta Zhukov, 1962
This parasite was isolated from the skin of S. triostegus with a prevalence
of 3.5% (Table 2).
Body more or less tapering anteriorly (gobletlike). Upper margin of body
bears adoral zone, consisting of three rows of cilia more or less fused into
membrane. Beyond this body generally first narrows, then reexpands, and
finally gradually tapers to transform into narrow posterior end of body termed
foot or sole. Pellicle transveresely striated. Body free of cilia except for
peristomal disk and one transversal band at level of broad part of
macronucleus, where short cilia occur. Length of body 40-65 x 20-35μm.
Macronucleus in middle of body, round, 7-11.5 x 8.5-14μm in size.
Micronucleus lies laterally at upper or lower margin of macronucleus
(Fig. 12).
The description and measurement of the present specimen were similar to
those reported by Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962) on the gills of
Alaska blackfish in water of tundra around Lavrenti Bay. According to
Mhaisen (2008), five species of Apiosoma were known in different freshwater
fishes in Iraq namely: A. amoebae, A. cylindriformis, A. minuta, A. piscicola
and A. poteriformis. Since there is no previous report about recording of this
species in Iraq, the present record represents the first one in this country.
This ciliate is potentially harmful if it is in large number especially to gill
tissue where gas exchange may be impeded by the large numbers of parasites
physically covering the gills. It is not known to kill or damage fishes, but may
slightly reduce their productivity (Williams & Williams, 1994).
Monogenetic Trematodes
Ancylodiscoides vistulensis (Sivak, 1932)
This species was obtained from the gill of S. triostegus, with a prevalence
of 85.3% (Table 2).
Medium sized worms, length to 0.7-0.9mm, width 0.2-0.3mm. Length of
marginal hooks about 0.015-0.018mm. Ventral median hooks short and broad,
total length 0.025-0.028mm. Total length of dorsal median hooks 0.065-
0.075mm, accessorial piece 0.005-0.007 x 0.020-0.024mm. Length of ventral
connecting bar 0.002 x 0.026mm, length of dorsal connecting bar 0.005 x
0.035mm. Total length of copulatory organ 0.09-0.15mm (Fig. 13).
Fig. (11): Scyphidia arctica.
A- Photomicrograph (600X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
Fig. (12): Apiosoma robusta.
A- Photomicrograph (480X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
A
A
Fig. (13): Ancylodiscoides vistulensis.
A- Photomicrograph of the worm (100X).
B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X).
C- Photomicrograph of the reproductive system (400X).
D- Camera lucida drawing of the haptor.
E- Camera lucida drawing of the reproductive system.
vcb= ventral connecting bar; vmh= ventral medium hook;
ep= external process; ip= internal process; dcb= dorsal
connecting bar; dmh= dorsal medium hook;
ap= accessory piece.
The present parasite resembles A. vistulensis, recorded by Abdul-Ameer
A
B
C
(1989) for the first time in Iraq from S. triostegus from Tigris river, in all its
measurements and characters. In Kurdistan region, it was reported from S.
glanis from Lesser Zab and Greater Zab rivers (Abdullah & Mhaisen, 2004).
Digenetic Trematodes
Azygia robusta Odhner, 1911
This species was obtained from the intestine of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 6.2% (Table 2).
Medium-sized and large worms with elongated, heavily muscled body
and suckers. Oral sucker subterminal, ventral approximated to anterior end.
Intestinal trunks to end of body. Genital pore anterior to ventral sucker and
median testes in middle or hind part. Ovary anterotesticular, usually median.
Seminal reseptacle absent. Vitellaria paired, consisting of individual follicles,
in middle part of body or displaced posteriorly.
Body length 6.2-20mm, width 1.5-4.7mm. Size of oral sucker 0.9-
0.12mm, ventral sucker 0.7-0.9mm. Pharynx 0.8-1.2mm. Intestine length 8-
9.5mm. Testis 0.9-1.15mm. Ovary 0.4-0.6mm (Fig. 14).
The description and measurements of the present specimen are similar to
those reported by Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962) for A. robusta
detected from foregut and the intestine of taimen huch and Amur pike from
Siberian rivers, lake Baikal and Amur River. Since no previous report about
recording of this species is available in Iraq, the present record represents the
first record of A. robusta in our country. Previously, only one species of the
genus Azygia has been recorded in Iraq, which is A. lucii in the intestine of S.
triostegus from Eupharates river in Al-Musaib city (Al-Sāadi, 2007).
Fig. (14): Azygia robusta.
A- Photomicrograph (20X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
A
Orientocreadium siluri (Bychovskii and Dubinina, 1954)
This species was obtained from the intestine of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 10.6% (Table 2).
Small worms with highly elongated body with cuticle densely spinose,
particularly in front half. Ventral sucker relatively small, at boundary of first
and second thirds of body. Intestinal branches reach to posterior ends of body.
Genital pore at anterior margin of ventral sucker. Testes tandem or on oblique
line in second half of body. Ovary between ventral sucker and anterior testis.
Vitellaria extend from posterior margin of ventral sucker to midway between
posterior testis and body end. Body length 1.2-2.6mm, width 0.3-0.5mm. Size
of oral sucker 0.14-0.23mm, ventral sucker 0.14-0.21mm. Pharynx 0.1-
0.14mm. Egg size 0.034-0.04 x 0.018-0.022mm (Fig. 15).
The present specimens show a great similarity with the specimens of
Al-Niaeemi (1997) who reported for the first time in Iraq in the intestine of
S. glanis from Tigris river in Mosul city. No more hosts are known for this
parasite in Iraq. So, S. triostegus is considered as a new host for O. siluri in
Iraq.
In Kurdistan region, O. siluri was reported from S. glanis from Greater
Zab river (Abdullah, 2002).
Two other species of Orientocreadium were recorded from freshwater
fishes of Iraq for the first time include O. pseudobagri from Barbus sharpeyi
and S. triostegus and O. batrachoides from S. triostegus from Al-Hammar,
Basrah (Al-Daraji, 1986; Jori, 2006 respectively).
Megamonostomella rashediansis Rahemo et Al-Naemi, 1998
This digenetic trematode was isolated from the intestine of S. triostegus
with a prevalence of 18.5% (Table 2).
Small worms with ovum to elongated body. Spinose cuticle antriorly.
Oral sucker well developed. Ventral sucker very small submerged with in
parenchyma tissues or hidden in genital atrium, sometimes it may be atrophied
or absent. Cirrus pouch is oval in shape situated at the mid-line of the body,
seminal vesicle absent. The male genital system consists of two testes each is
slightly-anterior to the other. The female genital atrium consists of an ovary
which is spherical situated at the mid-line of the body, vitelline follicles are
situated at the sides of the tubular uterus filled with eggs. Uterus opened into
genital atrium, egg ovoid in shape. Body length 0.39-0.71mm, 0.24-0.39mm
width. Oral sucker 0.082-0.187mm, muscular pharynx 0.0119-0.031mm.
Cirrus pouch length 0.049-0.088mm. Length of each caecum 0.29-0.49mm.
Testis length 0.08-0.119mm. Ovary 0.035-0.078mm. Seminal receptacle 0.02-
0.05mm. Egg 0.0l6-0.024mm (Fig. 16).
The description and measurements of the present specimen are similar to
those reported by Rahemo and Al-Niaeemi (1998) for M. rashediansis
detected in intestine of S. glanis in Tigris river in Mosul city. So, S. triostegus
is considered as new host for this parasite in Iraq. Based on the consulting
with the specialized scientific side Professor Dr. David I. Gibson, Editor,
Systematic Parasitolgy, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum,
London SW7 5BD, UK, it was confirmed that this parasite is M. rashediansis.
Fig. (15): Orientocreadium siluri.
A- Photomicrograph (40X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
Fig. (16): Megamonostomella rashediansis.
A- Photomicrograph (120X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
Diplostomum flexicaudum (Rud., 1819)
A
A
This metacercaria was isolated from the eye lens of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 5.3% (Table 2).
Body oval, length 0.34-0.45mm, width 0.25-0.35mm. Forebody foliate.
Oral sucker considerably larger than the ventral one, later one is deeply sunk
in to parenchyma, oral sucker 0.04-0.05mm, ventral sucker 0.35-0.04mm,
hindbody 0.05 x 0.09mm. Brandes’s organ . 6-0.1mm (Fig. 17).
The description and measurements of the present specimen are similar to
those reported by Bashê (2008), who recorded D. flexicaudum for the first
time in Iraq in the eye lens of Mastacembelu mastacembelus from Greater Zab
river at Isk Kalak city. So, S. triostegus of the present study represents a new
host for this parasite in Iraq.
Diplostomum spathaceum (Cort and Brooks, 1928)
This metacercaria was isolated from the eye lens of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 7.96% (Table 2).
Body broad, leafy shaped, uncysted white color and feebly mobile. Body
length 0.4-0.63mm, width 0.19-0.21mm. Lateral suckers (Pseudosuckers)
distinct. Brandes’s organ round. Diameter of ventral sucker 0.021mm, oral
sucker 0.008mm and length of lateral sucker 0.011mm. Intestinal caeca not
branched, 0.31 x 0.1mm (Fig. 18).
The present specimens are similar to those of Abdullah (1990), who
recorded D. spathaceum for the first time in Iraq from eye lens of B. luteus, C.
macrostomum and C. carpio from Dokan lake. According to Mhaisen (2004),
a total of 26 fish host species were so far known for D. spathaceum in Iraq,
including S. triostegus from Garmat Ali river (Abdul-Rahman, 1999).
Fig. (17): Diplostomum flexicaudum.
A- Photomicrograph (100X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
Fig. (18): Diplostomum spathaceum.
A- Photomicrograph (150X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
In addition to the two species of Diplostomum mentioned above, six other
species of this genus were reported from freshwater fishes of Iraq namely:
A
D. indistinctum, D. pungiti and D. yogenum from B. esocinus from Tigris river
in Mosul city (Al-Alousi et al., 1988), D. commutatum and D. phoxini from
A. vorax and M. pelusius from Tigris river in Baghdad city (Al-Moussawi,
1997) and D. paraspathaceum from C. carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idella
in a fish farm in Al-Eskandaryia region, Babylon province (Muhammed,
2000).
Cestoda
Proteocephalus osculatus (Goeze, 1782)
This species was obtained from the intestine of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 74.33% (Table 2).
Worms of moderate size. Scolex usually round, not armed with hooks,
4 lateral suckers, with tip perhaps bearing fifth ''crown" or sincipital sucker or
rudiment of one. Mature strobila attains length of 100-150mm, maximum
width of 1.5-2.5mm. Scolex 0.30-0.56mm wide, lateral suckers 0.17-0.23mm
in diameter, sincipital sucker with conspicuous radial musculature, deep,
reaching diameter of 0.10-0.14mm (unspinose). Testes oval in two layers,
measuring 0.033-0.129 x 0.013-0.083mm. Ovary bilobed, lying near posterior
margin of segment, measuring 0.05-0.33 x 0.95-1.56mm. Vitelline follicles
0.026-0.079 x 0.010-0.023mm in size, forming two laterally situated bands
(Fig. 19).
Fig. (19): Proteocephalus osculatus.
A- Photomicrograph of the scolex (100X).
B- Camera lucida drawing of the scolex.
C- Photomicrograph of mature proglottids (40X).
D- Camera lucida drawing of mature proglottids.
P. osculatus was recorded for the first time in Iraq from Aspius vorax
A
C
from Al-Tharthar lake (Al-Saadi, 1986). After that, it was reported from seven
different host fishes including S. triostegus (Mhaisen, 2008). In Kurdistan
region this parasite was recorded from S. glanis from Lesser Zab and Greater
Zab rivers (Abdullah, 2002). The present specimens show a great similarity
with the specimens of Abdullah (2002), but they are smaller in size.
Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855)
This species was obtained from the stomach and intestine of S. triostegus
with a prevalence of 3.98% (Table 2).
The larvae oval, measuring 0.41-0.66 x 0.17-0.32mm. Scolex separated
from posterior part of body by neck, 0.12-0.26mm wide. Scolex spherical,
rarely widely oval, measuring 0.17-0.32 x 0.20-0.32mm, with four suckers,
0.056-0.083 x 0.53-0.076mm in diameter. Rostellum, situated in terminal part
of scolex, armed with 20 hooks. Length of larger hooks 0.051-0.057mm,
length of smaller hooks 0.036-0.039mm. Posterior part of body filled with
large number of small granules (Fig. 20).
The description and measurements of the present specimen are similar to
those reported by Scholz (1989) for N. cheilancristrotus detected from
stomach and the intestine of Tinca tinca, C. carpio, Carassius carassius,
Abramis ballerus and Blicca bjoerkna from Mācha lake, Sỳkorovojezero lake
and Dehtāř in Czechoslovakia. This cestode reported previously in Iraq by Ali
et al. (1987a) in the intestine of Liza abu from Diyala river. According to
Mhaisen (2008), S. triostegus is considered as a new host for the cestode in
Iraq. No previous record of N. cheilancristrotus is available in Kurdistan
region. So, the present record is considered as the first one in this region.
Fig. (20): Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus.
A- Photomicrograph of the scolex (120X).
B- Camera lucida drawing of the scolex.
C- Photomicrograph of the hooks (700X).
D- Camera lucida drawing of the hooks.
A
C
The first intermediate hosts of N. cheilancristrotus are copepods (e.g.,
Mesocyclops), while the second ones are fishes, mainly cyprinids. The cestode
attains maturity in the gut of fish-eating birds (final hosts), particularly Ardea
spp. (Moravec, 1984).
Polyoncobothrium clarias Woodland, 1925
Five larvae of this species were found in the intestine of S. triostegus with
a prevalence of 0.88 % (Table 2).
Scolex usually longitudinally elongated, rectangular or trapezoidal, with
terminal bluntly rounded disk armed with one row of hooks along edge.
Emarguinations present on disk and region of dorsal and ventral bothria,
lacking hooks or possessing, hooks of much smaller size than in corners of
disk. Smaller hooks also present at sides of disk. Bothria longitudinally
elongated, relatively shallow, with thick edges. Structure of genital system is
considered as family character.
Worm length 0.75-12mm. Scolex 0.2-0.5mm long, 0.07-0.15mm wide.
Apical crown of hooks diameter 0.008-0.025mm. Hooks length 0.002-
0.035mm. Neck length 0.0025-0.03mm. Length of immature proglottid 0.004-
0.015mm, width 0.007-0.01mm (Fig. 21).
This species was reported for the first time in Iraq by Jori (2006) in the
intestine of S. triostegus from Al-Hummar marshes in Basrah city. No further
reports were available on its occurrence in Iraqi fish. So, this is the first record
in Kurdistan region. Other species of the genus were reported in fish of Iraq,
P. magnus from Cyprinion macrostomum in Al-Nibaey manmade lake, north
Baghdad (Ali et al., 1988) and from Mastacembelus masatcembelus from
Greater Zab river (Bashê, 2008).
Fig. (21): Polyoncobothrium clarias.
A- Photomicrograph of the worm (100X).
B- Camera lucida drawing of the worm.
C- Photomicrograph of the scolex (280X).
D- Camera lucida drawing of the scolex.
Nematoda
Procamallanus viviparus Ali, 1956
This species was obtained from the stomach and intestine of S. triostegus
with a prevalence of 17.69% (Table 2).
Worms of fine and elongated body including large chitinous barrel-
shaped buccal capsul, orange to yellowish in color, carrying four cervical
A
C
papillae anteriorly. The buccal capsul leads to esophagus which comprised of
two parts, the anterior one is short and musculated and the posterior part long
and granulated. The female are usually longer twice than males which may
reach to a double of the male long measuring 6-7mm in length and 0.16mm in
diameter. The female is viviparous, inside female uterus numerous small sized
larvae noticed. The buccal capsul measures 0.09 x 0.12mm. Male 3.5-4mm
and in diameter between 0.1-0.14mm the large one being 0.16mm whereas the
small one is 0.06mm. The mouth leads into a barrel-shaped buccal capsule,
measuring 0.09 x 0.06mm (Fig. 22).
P. viviparous was recorded for the first time in Iraq in the stomach of
Mystus halpensis from Tigirs river in Baghdad city (Ali et al., 1987c). Later
on, Nawab Al-Deen (1994) added Mastacembelus simach from Tigris river in
Mosul city as a new host for this parasite. In Kurdistan region, P. viviparous
was recorded from Mastacembelus mastacembelus from Greater Zab river at
Isk Kalak town (Bashê, 2008). So, S. triostegus of the present study is
considered as a new host for this nematode in Iraq.
Contracaecum sp.
Many larvae of the third stage of this species were found in the ovary and
liver of one young S. triostegus with prevalence of 0.44% (Table 2).
The larva is encapsulated with slender body, boring tooth and inter labial
present, cuticular striations observed through the whole length of the body.
Esophagus consists of a long muscular part and a short glandular ventriculus.
Intestinal caecum extending anteriorly. Larval body length 4.5-10mm, wide
0.15-0.25mm. Esophagus length 0.8-1.2mm. Intestinal caecum length 0.25-
0.35mm. Esophageal caecum length 0.35-0.45mm (Fig. 23).
Since this parasite in the larval stage and lacks the reproduction system, it
is difficult to determine the exact classification status in the level of species.
The present specimens show close resemblance to those specimens which
have been recorded by Abdullah (1990) from Barbus grypus and B. luteus
from Dokan lake, in measurements and characters.
Herzog (1969) recorded the third larval stage of Contracaecum for the
first time from six freshwater fish species in Iraq. Then, many authors reported
this parasite from different fish species and localities. According to Mhaisen
(2008), a total of 35 host fish species were so far known for Contracaecum in
Iraq including S. triostegus.
It is worth to mention that there are three species of this genus which
were reported in birds (final host) of Iraq namely: C. microcephalum,
C. multipapatum and C. spiculigerum (Al-Hadithi & Habish, 1977).
The first intermediate hosts of Contracaecum are copepods of the genera
Cyclops and Macrocyclops, while the second ones are various fishes, in which
the larvae attain their third stage, in Europe the larvae occur mainly in
cyprinids. Various species of fish-eating birds serve as definitive hosts,
particularly of the genera Ardea, Ardeola and Nycticorax (Moravec, 1984).
Fig. (22): Procamallanus viviparous.
A- Photomicrograph of the anterior end (280X).
B- Camera lucida drawing of the anterior end.
Fig. (23): Contracaecum sp.
A- Photomicrograph of the anterior end (280X).
B- Camera lucida drawing of the anterior end.
A
A
Crustacea
Ergasilus mosulensis Rahemo, 1982
This crustacean was obtained from the gills of S. triostegus with a
prevalence of 13.27% (Table 2).
Long body, cephalothorax guitair shape, much longer than wide, cephalic
fusion with first thoracic segment complete. Deep indentation present between
anterior cephalosome and first thoracic pediger. Free thorax of four segments
decreasing regularly in size. Fifth segment compressed. Total length 0.7-1mm,
width 0.3-0.4mm. Egg sac length 0.7-0.9mm (Fig. 24).
The first description of E. mosulensis in Iraq was done by Fattohy (1975),
from the gills of Liza abu Tigris river in Mosul city. According to Mhaisen
(2008), a total of 12 host fish species were so far known for this copepodean
in Iraq, including S. triostegus from Al-Hammar marshes in Basrah (Jori,
2006).
In Kurdistan region, E. mosulensis was reported from the gills of Barbus
luteus and C. carpio and from Dokan lake (Abdullah, 1990).
Ergasilus sieboldi Nordmann, 1832
This parasite was found on the gill of S. triostegus with a prevalence of
7.52% (Table 2).
Body pear-shaped and Cyclops-like narrowing posteriorly. The total
length 1.3-2.7mm including egg sacs. The long hook-shaped second
antennae form fixation organs. The cephalic and thoracic segments are fused
to form a cephalothorax. The thorax has six segments. The first pairs of
swimming legs are branched and the fifth pair is rudimentary. The small
narrow abdomen has three segments (Fig. 25).
E. sieboldi was reported for the first time in Iraq from Aspius vorax
(Herzog, 1969). Afterward, it was reported from 17 different fish hosts
excluding S. triostegus (Mhaisen, 2008). So, this fish represents new host for
this parasite in Iraq.
In Kurdistan region, E. sieboldi was recorded from four species of fishes
Liza abu (Rasheed & Hussain, 1988), Acanthobrama marid (Rasheed et al.,
1989), Barbus luteus (Abdullah, 1990) and Chondrostoma regium (Bilal,
2006). The present specimens show a great similarity with the specimens of
these authors.
Other five species of the genus Ergasilus were recorded on the gills of
S. triostegus in Iraq. These included E. ogawai, E. ovatus, E. pararostralis,
E. rostralis and Ergasilus sp. (Mhaisen, 2008). Among ergasilids of Iraq,
three species were recorded in Kurdistan region namely: E. barbi, E.
mosulensis and E. sieboldi (Rasheed & Hussain, 1988; Ali, 1989; Rasheed et
al., 1989; Abdullah, 1990; Abdullah & Rasheed, 2004).
Ergasilus sp. is widespread in temperate parts of Europe and Asia. It
infests over 60 species of fish throughout Russia. The main hosts are Tinca
tinca, Esox lucius and S. glanis. Several thousand parasites may occur on the
gills of one fish. The heavily infected fish with E. sieboldi will die,
especially in summer when water temperatures are high. There is extensive
gill damage and severe haemorrhage, with inflammation and exsanguination
associated with the attachment and feeding of the parasite. Blood vessels in
the gill filaments are blocked and this leads to atrophy of gill tips (Dogiel et
al., 1961).
Fig. (24): Ergasilus mosulensis.
A- Photomicrograph (100X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
Fig. (25): Ergasilus sieboldi.
A- Photomicrograph (70X).
B- Camera lucida drawing.
A
A
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الخالصت
جعج انخى Silurus triostegusي األسىيجزان سكت 226 نحىات انطفهت نـات عىجان
ل خالانعزاق -ردسخاىقهى كإيحافظت أربم، غزبجىب ، زـىـگانكبز فى يطقت شابان هزي
.2118حشزا هات شهز و 2117انفخزة انحصىرة ب شهز حىس
انحىااث يحسعت أىاع :جي انطفهاث، حض اىع 22 وجىدانحانت ج انذراست ـب
Tetrahymena pyriformis وChilodonella cyprini و poljanski Myxobolus) بخذائتإلا
ranae و T. kurdistani وTrichodina erbilensis و multifiliis Ichthyophthirius و
T.و Scyphidia arctica و (Apiosoma robusta ، حادت انشأياث أزي انخ ىعا واحذاو
(Ancylodiscoides vistulensis)، أ ـانشثائت ياث نخزاي أىاع خست و Azygia
robusta)و Orientocreadium siluri و Megamonostomella rashediansis و
flexicaudum Diplostomum و(D. spathaceum ، انشزطت انذذاي ثالثت أىاعو
Proteocephalus osculatus) وNeogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus و
(Polyonchobothrium clarias، ذا انخطتي انذ ىعو (Procamallanus viviparus
.(E. sieboldi و Ergasilus mosulensis) انقشزاثي ىعو (.Contracaecum spو
و Trichodina erbilensis ) بخذائتإلا انحىااث ي جذذا ىعا وصف حى
T. kurdistani.)
ألول يزة فى robusta Azygia وApiosoma robusta وT. ranae سجم كم ي حعذ
و M. rashediansis انطفهاث ي انخانت ىاعاأل أعخبز كذنكو .انعزاق
cheilancristrotus .N وP. clarias ي جزسكت ان ثعخبزأو .كىردسخا ف أقهى حسجم ولأ
.ف انعزاق انذراست انحانت ي انطفهاث انسجهت ف أىاع ا نعشزةجذذ ايضف األسىي
A. vistulensis خشارا ف هذ انسكت هإهاث فأكثز انط أ انحانت انذراستبـج
اارخشإاث هقم انطفا أ، ب%) T. ranae (76.21 و %I. multifiliis (84.17) و %(85.31)
M. poljanski (2.21%.)و %P. clarias (1.88) و )Contracaecum sp. (1.44%كاج
انعزاق - ردسخاىى كـهـت إقـىيـكـح
وسارة انخعهى انعانى وانبحث انعهى
ــذــالح انـت صــعـايــج / مـــربأ
المجموعة الحیوانیة المتطفلة على سمكة الجري اآلسیوي Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843)
العراق -قلين كوردستاىٳ-هي هر الزاب الكبير
رسانت
مقدمة إلى مجلس كلیة تربیة العلوم بجامعة صالح الدین ـ أربیل كجشء ي يخطهباث م درجت ياجسخزعهىو
ف
علوم الحياة
هي قبل
عبدالكريم عبدالعزيز عبدالكريم شوانىبكالوریوس علوم/ جامعة صالح الدین ـ أربیل/ 2001) )
شرافٳب
أ.م.د. شمال محمد امین عبد هللا
2119 نيسان 1431 الثاني ربيع 2719 طوالن
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