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The New DealThe New DealThe New DealThe New Deal
Vocab • 20th amendment• relief• recovery• reform• bank holiday• New Deal• lame duck
amendment• 100 days (hundred
days)• direct relief
• indirect relief• brain trust• public works
program• Second New Deal• Wagner Act• closed shop• Social Security
System• Fireside chat
Relief-Recovery- Reform
relief- 1st ASAP money ,food or other help given to those who need it.
recovery- 2nd to regain or make improvements from on state or
condition.
reform- 3rd fix what is broke so it does not break again
Goals of the New DealFirst 100 Days1. Restore the nations hope2. Stabilize financial institutions3. Provide relief to the poor and
create jobs DIRECT VS INDIRECT RELIEF
4. Create a plan to regulate the economy
Second 100 Days1. Pass new labor laws2. Create and expand the New Deal
agencies3. Establish Social Security to
provide old age pension and unemployment insurance.
Restore the nations hope
How?“The only thing we have to fear is fear
itself”.Eleanor visits the Bonus ArmyFireside chats promising the New DealRRR to fight the Great DepressionFirst 100 days provide relief, create jobs
and stimulate economic recovery and hopefully reform (change) will follow
Stabilize financial institutions
How?Bank holiday Emergency Banking ActGlass Stegal Banking Act creates the FDICFederal Securities ActSECUS goes off gold standard
Provide Relief - Create JobsFERA Harry Hopkins
$ into public works programsCWA Civil Works AdministrationCCC Civilian Conservation CorporationIndian Reorganization ActWomen
Plan and Regulate the Economy
NIRA National Industrial Recovery Act creates the NRA National Recovery Administration to help balance the economy
PWA Public Works Administration with Harold Ickes
Helping the farmer and homeowner
FHA Federal Housing AdministrationAAA Agricultural Adjustment ActTVA Tennessee Valley Authority
Key PlayersBraintrust FDR first president to appoint a women to
a cabinet positionFrances Perkins became the Sec. of LaborFDR also hired African AmericanBethune headed a part of the NYA who
created the “black cabinet”Eleanor his wife
New Deal SetbacksNot enough results = blame gameCourt declared the NIRA
unconstitutional. Gave FDR too many powers not written the
constitution.Court struck down the tax that helped
farmers in the AAA.Time to regroup.
Support still there: wins 1934 election
Second New Deal Goals Create and expand the New Deal agencies
• Created more social welfare ( to help those in need)
• Put stricter controls on business. Limit unfairness• Support for unions• Taxes on the rich
New Agencies• WPA Work Progress Administration
created jobs in construction and arts program
• Resettlement Administrationhelped tenant farmers and share croppers
• REA gave loans to for power plants to create electricity in rural areas
New Labor Laws• Wagner Act allowed collective
bargaining and closed shops (union members only) and sets up the NLRB
to be the police force to enforce• Fair Labor Standards act bans child
labor and creates a minimum wage• Social Security System
The Alphabet Soup
FOLDABLE:CATEGORIZE AGENCIES AS
RELIEFRECOVERYREFORM
Relief • FERA• CCC• CWA• NYA• WPA• HOLC• TVA
Recovery• AAA WAGNER ACT NLRB• NRA• PWA• FDIC• FHA• Resettlement administration• FSA• REA
Reform• FDIC• SEC• SSA
FDR wins 1936 electionFDR WINS BY A LANSLIDE BUT
THERE WERE MANY CRITICS WAITING TO ADD THEIR 2 CENTS!
FDR’s Critics16:2 Vocab
• American Liberty League• Demagogue• Nationalization• Deficit spending• Court packing
Criticisms of the New Deal
pp 545-551LIMITATIONS Women and Blacks• The New Deal fell short of many people’s
expectations.• The Fair Labor Standards Act covered fewer
than one quarter of all employed workers. It set the minimum wage at 25 cents an hour, which was below what most workers already made.
• The NRA codes, in some cases, permitted lower wages for women’s work, and gave boys and men strong preference in relief and job programs.
MORE Limitations• No New Deal programs protected domestic
service, the largest female occupation.• Many federal relief programs in the South
reinforced racial segregation. WHY? • The Social Security Act excluded farmers
and domestic workers AND it failed to cover nearly two thirds of working African Americans.
MORE LIMITSFDR also refused to support a bill
to make lynching a federal crime because he feared that his support of the bill would cause southern Congressmen to block all of his other programs.
Political CriticsNew Deal Does Too Much• A number of Republicans, in Congress
and elsewhere WERE AGAINST Roosevelt because they believed that the New Deal did too much.
• Wealthy people regarded FDR as their enemy because he taxed them more to help others out and pay for the help he provided to all.
Political Critics• FDR’s political enemies felt the SSA
penalized the successful when people were assigned SS #’s
• A group called the American Liberty League charged the New Deal with limiting individual freedom in an unconstitutional, “un-American” manner.
Progressives and SocialistsNew Deal Does Not Do Enough• Many Progressives and Socialists attacked the New
Deal because they believed that the programs did not help enough .
• Novelist Upton Sinclair believed that the entire economic system needed to be reformed. Maybe???? His “End Poverty in California” (EPIC), called for a new economic system in which the state would take over factories and farms.
• Truth be told… The New Deal was not successful at eliminating poverty. It did give American’s hope!
Other Critics• Other New Deal critics were demagogues, leaders who
manipulate people with half-truths, deceptive promises, and scare tactics.
• Father Charles E. Coughlin often contradicted himself. He believed the nationalization, or government takeover and ownership, of banks and the redistribution of wealth was a good idea.
• Huey Long, one time governor of Louisiana, and then United States senator, was also a demagogue. He wanted a redistribution of wealth and developed a program called Share-Our-Wealth. The goal was to limit individual personal wealth and increase the minimal income of all citizens. Long also called for increased benefits for veterans, shorter working hours, payments for education, and pensions for the elderly.
Modern Critics
• Some historians and economists believe that the New Deal did not achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of Americans.
• They argue that New Deal programs slowed economic progress and threatened America’s belief in free enterprise an economic and political belief that says a capitalist economy (private owned) businesses will fix itself through competition with supply and demand instead of the government stepping in to fix and be the police with new rules.
Modern Critics• Modern critics attacked the policy of
paying farmers not to plant. In a time of hunger, the program wasted precious resources. Farm production quotas penalized efficient and less-efficient farmers equally, while the free market would have weeded out inefficiency and rewarded productivity. Survival of the fittest???
• Finally, the New Deal receives criticism from people who oppose deficit spending–paying out more money from the annual federal budget than the government receives in revenues.
• Debate about the New Deal continues today. Critics believe that the programs violated the free market system. Too much government help.
• Supporters believe that providing relief to the poor and unemployed was worth the compromise.
Court Packing Fiasco• Roosevelt received criticism not only for his
programs, but for his actions.
• In an effort to gain more support in the Supreme Court, proposed a major court-reform bill. He recommended that Congress allow him to add six additional Supreme Court justices, one for every justice over 70 years old. His argument was that this would lighten the case load for aging justices. His real intention, however, was to “pack” the Court with judges supportive of the New Deal.
• Critics said that FDR was trying to undermine the constitutional separation of powers. They were concerned that Roosevelt was trying to gain unchecked powers.
• FDR still wound up with a Court that tended to side with him. Some of the older justices retired and Roosevelt was able to appoint justices who favored the New Deal but suffered political damage. Many Republicans and southern Democrats united against New Deal legislation. This alliance remained a force for years to come.
Effects of the New Deal16:3 Vocab pp 553-559
• Recession• National debt• Revenue• Coalition• Sit down strike
Economical Effects• Relieved poverty in some segments• Created much more debt• Strengthened unions• Created big public works prjects
that cost BIG bucks• Strengthened banks and the stock
market
ECONOMICAL
• The New Deal worked hard to fix the depression. Massive government spending was a temporary fix. Then in August of 1937, the economy collapsed again. Industries made less so people lost their jobs.
• The nation entered a recession, a period of slow business activity. The new Social Security tax was partly to blame. The tax came directly out of workers’ paychecks, through payroll deductions. With less money in their pockets, Americans bought fewer goods.
Economical• Americans also had less money because FDR had to cut
back on expensive programs such as the WPA that gave people jobs
• The President had become concerned about the rising national debt, or the total amount of money the federal government borrows and has to pay back. The government borrows when its revenue, or income, does not keep up with its expenses.
• To fund the New Deal, the government had to borrow massive amounts of money. As a result the national debt rose from $21 billion in 1933 to $43 billion by 1940.
• 2008 over 10 trillion
Economical: union impact
• AFL (skilled workers) vs CIO (unskilled workers)
• In 1935, some union representatives wanted to create a place for unskilled laborers within the American Federation of Labor. They created the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO). The AFL did not support this effort and suspended the CIO in 1936. Booted em out more or less.
• By 1938, the CIO coalition, or alliance of groups with similar goals, had 4 million members. John L. Lewis became president of the CIO, which changed its name to the Congress of Industrial Organization. The aim of the coalition of industrial unions was to challenge the working conditions in factories. Their main tool was the strike.
Unions• The Wagner Act, in 1935, legalized collective
bargaining and led to many strikes in the work place. Many work stoppages took the form of sit-down strikes, in which laborers stop working, but refuse to leave the building and supporters set up picket lines outside. Together the strikers and the picket lines prevent the company from bringing in scabs, or non-union substitute workers. These tactics, although not always successful, proved quite powerful. In 1939, the Supreme Court outlawed the sit-down strike as being too potent a weapon and prevented workers and the bosses from working out their differences.
PoliticalChanged peoples view of the role of the
governmentExpanded the federal government in
peoples livesProduced much political controversy.Extended the power of the president.Was the New Deal a benefit to America or
a hindrance
Social• Left out help for tenant farmers• Discriminated against women• Provided hope for Americans• Renewed peoples faith in their
government
Cultural• Government provided $ to encourage
popular and fine artists with jobs• Funded research for James Magee and
Walker Evans to stay with sharecroppers• Created a federal writers project• Created a federal music project• Created a federal theater project• FRD believed that the arts should be
available to all Americans
The LegacyThe New Deal attempted to help all but
fell short at times. These federal agencies still exist todayTVASECSSAMany public works projects still existMost of all…HOPE was the true legacy!
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