the nest architecture of hylaeus anthracinus and other coastal solitary bees
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Cynthia King
Department of Land and
Natural Resources
Division of Forestry and Wildlife
The Nest Architecture of
Hylaeus anthracinus
and other Coastal Solitary Bees
2015 Hawai‘i Conservation Conference
Jason R. Graham
Plant and Environmental
Protection Services
University of Hawaii
Will Haines
Plant and Environmental
Protection Services
University of Hawaii
Ultimate goal: increase populations in the wild
Develop a captive breeding program
- rearing immatures
- artificial diets or artificial forage
- mating cages
- artificial nesting situation
Augment existing habitat to support an
increased population of native Hylaeus
- deploying artificial nest material
- improving forage landscape
- pest control
Sesbania tomentosa
Scaevola sericea
Sesuvium portulacastrum
Sida fallax
Chamaesyce celastroides
Chamaesyce degeneri
Heliotropium anomalum
Myoporum sandwicense
Hedyotis coriacea
Yellow-faced bee
(Hylaeus spp.)
Images: Graham, Peebles, Phillips, Jennings, Cordiner
non-native
introduction
Populations monitored on Oahu
candidate for
protectionnon-native
introduction
non-native
introduction
dentipessmaragdula
Hylaeus
Ceratina
Mokuleia
Hylaeus populations at Kahuku
Hylaeus populations at Sandy Beach
Dissecting nests and rearing immatures
Nest parameters: Hylaeus anthracinus
Length of tunnel: 57.8 ± 6.19 mm
Inside diameter
of nest:
3.24 ± 0.05 mm
Outside diameter
of branch:
13.62 ± 1.7 mm
Length of nest: 29.42 ± 4.31 mm
Length of cells:
8.13 ± 0.35 mm
# of cells per nest: 2.52 ± 0.32 cells
Thickness of
cell cappings:
0.23 ± 0.01 mm
Nest material: Glandular secretion
Reared from: 11 nests: coral/rocks
11 nests: Scaevola sericea (Beach Naupaka)
8 nests: Tournefortia argentea (Tree Heliotrope)
12
14
4
Nest parameters: Hylaeus anthracinus
Inside diameter
of stem nests:
3.36 ± 0.05 mm
Inside diameter
of coral nests:
3.34 ± 0.07 mm
Nest parameters: Hylaeus strenuus
Length of tunnel: 82.85 ± 8.92 mm
Inside diameter
of nest:
3.41 ± 0.07 mm
Outside diameter
of branch:
11.41 ± 0.67 mm
Length of nest: 44.19 ± 8.17 mm
Length of cells:
8.09 ± 0.85 mm
# of cells per nest: 3.3 ± 0.44 cells
Thickness of
cell cappings:
0.36 ± 0.08 mm
Nest material: Glandular secretion
Reared from: 11 nests: Scaevola sericea (Beach Naupaka)
14 nests: Tournefortia argentea (Tree Heliotrope)
6
7
12
Hylaeus nest Egg
Larva
White pupa
Darkening pupa
Pupa “crawler”
Adult
Nest parameters: Ceratina smaragdula
Length of tunnel: 69.77 ± 4.83 mm
Inside diameter
of nest:
3.36 ± 0.03 mm
Outside diameter
of branch:
11.26 ± 0.44 mm
Length of nest: 40.77 ± 3.2 mm
Length of cells:
9.14 ± 0.38 mm
# of cells per nest: 2.68 ± 0.19 cells
Thickness of
cell cappings:
4.47 ± 0.21 mm
Nest material: Glandular secretion
Reared from: 23 nests: Scaevola sericea (Beach Naupaka)
30 nests: Tournefortia argentea (Tree Heliotrope)
25
13
15
Nest parameters: Ceratina dentipes
Length of tunnel: 55.05 ± 11.93 mm
Inside diameter
of nest:
3.02 ± 0.44 mm
Outside diameter
of branch:
9.77 ± 1.14 mm
Length of nest: 41.22 ± 9.69 mm
Length of cells:
5.5 ± 0.93 mm
# of cells per nest: 3.6 ± 0.79 cells
Thickness of
cell cappings:
2.75 ± 0.45 mm
Nest material: Wood pulp
Reared from: 4 nests: Scaevola sericea (Beach Naupaka)
4 nests: Tournefortia argentea (Tree Heliotrope)
6
1
1
white pupa
dark pupa
“crawler”
adult
egg
larva
Ceratina nest
OD
branch
Tunnel
Length
Nest
Length Nest ID
# of
Cells
Length of
Cells
Cell Cap
Thickness
Ceratina
dentipes 9.77 55.05 41.22 3.02 3.60 5.50 2.75
Ceratina
smaragdula 11.26 69.77 40.77 3.36 2.68 9.14 4.47
Hylaeus
strenuus 11.41 82.85 44.19 3.41 3.30 8.09 0.36
Hylaeus
anthracinus 13.62 57.80 29.42 3.24 2.52 8.13 0.23
OD
branch
Tunnel
Length
Nest
Length Nest ID
# of
Cells
Length of
Cells
Cell Cap
Thickness
Ceratina
dentipes 9.77 55.05 41.22 3.02 3.60 5.50 2.75
Ceratina
smaragdula 11.26 69.77 40.77 3.36 2.68 9.14 4.47
Hylaeus
strenuus 11.41 82.85 44.19 3.41 3.30 8.09 0.36
Hylaeus
anthracinus 13.62 57.80 29.42 3.24 2.52 8.13 0.23
OD
branch
Tunnel
Length
Nest
Length Nest ID
# of
Cells
Length of
Cells
Cell Cap
Thickness
Ceratina
dentipes 9.77 55.05 41.22 3.02 3.60 5.50 2.75
Ceratina
smaragdula 11.26 69.77 40.77 3.36 2.68 9.14 4.47
Hylaeus
strenuus 11.41 82.85 44.19 3.41 3.30 8.09 0.36
Hylaeus
anthracinus 13.62 57.80 29.42 3.24 2.52 8.13 0.23
OD
branch
Tunnel
Length
Nest
Length Nest ID
# of
Cells
Length of
Cells
Cell Cap
Thickness
Ceratina
dentipes 9.77 55.05 41.22 3.02 3.60 5.50 2.75
Ceratina
smaragdula 11.26 69.77 40.77 3.36 2.68 9.14 4.47
Hylaeus
strenuus 11.41 82.85 44.19 3.41 3.30 8.09 0.36
Hylaeus
anthracinus 13.62 57.80 29.42 3.24 2.52 8.13 0.23
OD
branch
Tunnel
Length
Nest
Length Nest ID
# of
Cells
Length of
Cells
Cell Cap
Thickness
Ceratina
dentipes 9.77 55.05 41.22 3.02 3.60 5.50 2.75
Ceratina
smaragdula 11.26 69.77 40.77 3.36 2.68 9.14 4.47
Hylaeus
strenuus 11.41 82.85 44.19 3.41 3.30 8.09 0.36
Hylaeus
anthracinus 13.62 57.80 29.42 3.24 2.52 8.13 0.23
OD
branch
Tunnel
Length
Nest
Length Nest ID
# of
Cells
Length of
Cells
Cell Cap
Thickness
Ceratina
dentipes 9.77 55.05 41.22 3.02 3.60 5.50 2.75
Ceratina
smaragdula 11.26 69.77 40.77 3.36 2.68 9.14 4.47
Hylaeus
strenuus 11.41 82.85 44.19 3.41 3.30 8.09 0.36
Hylaeus
anthracinus 13.62 57.80 29.42 3.24 2.52 8.13 0.23
OD
branch
Tunnel
Length
Nest
Length Nest ID
# of
Cells
Length of
Cells
Cell Cap
Thickness
Ceratina
dentipes 9.77 55.05 41.22 3.02 3.60 5.50 2.75
Ceratina
smaragdula 11.26 69.77 40.77 3.36 2.68 9.14 4.47
Hylaeus
strenuus 11.41 82.85 44.19 3.41 3.30 8.09 0.36
Hylaeus
anthracinus 13.62 57.80 29.42 3.24 2.52 8.13 0.23
OD
branch
Tunnel
Length
Nest
Length Nest ID
# of
Cells
Length of
Cells
Cell Cap
Thickness
Ceratina
dentipes 9.77 55.05 41.22 3.02 3.60 5.50 2.75
Ceratina
smaragdula 11.26 69.77 40.77 3.36 2.68 9.14 4.47
Hylaeus
strenuus 11.41 82.85 44.19 3.41 3.30 8.09 0.36
Hylaeus
anthracinus 13.62 57.80 29.42 3.24 2.52 8.13 0.23
Ceratina, 74
Hylaeus, 82
Empty, 92
Ants, 23
Sick, 26
NEST CONTENTS
NEST CONTENTS
Unknown, 13
dentipes, 8
smaragdula, 53
CERATINA
Hylaeus, 82
NEST CONTENTS
Unknown, 52
anthracinus, 30
strenuus, 25
HYLAEUS
Ants, 23
NEST CONTENTS
Anoplolepis gracilipes
Ochetellus glaber
Pheidole megacephala
Solenopsis geminata
Solenopsis papuana
Tetramorium bicarinatum
Sick, 26NEST CONTENTS
Why are native bees declining?
What we have learned during this study,
and how it can help:
- Nest parameters of Hylaeus anthracinus, to guide artificial nest design and habitat
enhancement needs
- Nest parameters of non-native, coastal bees, to determine nest resource competition
- Development of Hylaeus anthracinus, to design captive rearing protocols
- Development of non-native, coastal bees, to understand competitor life histories
- Prevalence of Hylaeus on Oahu, to determine population strengths and understand
forage/nest ranges
- Prevalence of non-native, coastal bees on Oahu, to better understand competition
- Identification of pests, parasites and pathogens that may be affecting native Hylaeus
populations, to guide management methods to control or eliminate these threats
Next steps…
- Enhance habitat
- Captive breeding
- Outreach programs
- Collaboration (landscape firms/schools)
- Pest control
- Competition reduction
- Test for pathogens
- Screen for parasites
Mahalo
- Thomas Ernst – UHM JABSOM
- Will Haines- UHM PEPS
- Kapua Kawelo- OANRP
- Cynthia King- DLNR
- Karl Magnacca - OANRP
- Sheldon Plentovich - USFWS
- Ethel Villalobos – UHM PEPS
Funding
- DoD Legacy Resource Management Program
- USFWS Coastal Progam
- State of Hawaii DLNR-DOFAW
References
Magnacca, K. (2005) Species Profile: Hylaeus anthracinus. In Shepherd, M.D., D.M. Vaughan, and S. H. Black (Eds.). Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America. CD-ROM Version 1 (May 2005). Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation.
Magnacca, K. N. and B. C. Danforth (2006) Evolution and biogeography of native Hawaiian Hylaeus bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Cladistics 22 (5), 393–411.
Magnacca, K. N. and B. C. Danforth (2007) Low nuclear DNA variation supports a recent origin of Hawaiian Hylaeus bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43(3): 908-915.
Magnacca, K. M. (2007a) Conservation status of the endemic bees of Hawaii, Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Pacific Science 61(2): 173-190.
Magnacca, K. M. (2007b) New records of Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) and Ceratina bees in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96: 44-45.
Schonberg, L., et al. (2009) Petition to list two species of Hawaiian Yellow-faced bees Hylaeus anthracinus and Hylaeus longiceps as Endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The XercesSociety for Invertebrate Conservation. 45 pp.
Hylaeus found in collections from Oahu
Snelling, 2003
Magnacca, 2007, 2011
Magnacca et al., 2013
No recent collections
Magnacca, 2007
No recent collections
Magnacca, 2007
1914
No recent collections
Magnacca, 2007
1914
1930s
Magnacca, 2007
Candidates for protection as endangered species
Hylaeus found on Oahu during this study
Hylaeus found on Oahu during this study
1(1)
Poamoho
(1)
Kahuku
Hylaeus populations observed
1(1)
Poamoho
(1)
Kahuku
candidate for
protection
non-native
introduction
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