the medieval church his 101. problems facing the church 9 th century raids devastated many churches...
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Problems facing the Church
• 9th century raids devastated many churches & monasteries
• Lay investiture & simony turned abbots & bishops into vassals of nobles
• Clerical marriage & concubinage increasingly common
Monastic Reform Movements
• Cluniac reform movement spread from abbey at Cluny - emphasized work & communal worship
• Cistercians founded in 1098 by dissatisfied monks who wanted return to strict discipline & simple lifestyle– rejected wealthy trappings, but success of farms
worked by lay brothers ironically made them wealthy
– St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) urged emotional love for Jesus, but also promoted 2nd Crusade
More Monastic Reform Movements
• Franciscans founded by St. Francis of Assisi (1186-1226)– disowned wealthy merchant father & tried to live
exactly like Jesus– viewed all created things as equal before God – attempted to convert Muslims & end Crusades
• Dominicans founded by St. Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221)– focused on combating heresy– became inquisitors in Holy Office
Investiture Controversy
• Gregory VII (1073-1085) claimed to be “Christ’s Vicar on Earth”– Investiture controversy with Holy Roman
Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106)• excommunicated Henry IV (1056-1106) after
Henry tried to depose him• Henry went to Canossa to reconcile (1077), but
deposed & exiled Pope in 1080
– Concordat of Worms (1122): bishops elected by church, invested with secular authority by king and spiritual authority by Pope
Reform Popes
• Urban II (1088-1099) reorganized bureaucracy– organized papal curia (court) into specialized
divisions
– made cardinals (who elect popes) his advisors
– called for 1st crusade in 1095
• Innocent III (1198-1216) used interdiction (withholding of sacraments) to force Philip II Augustus to take back his wife & John to accept Archbishop of Canterbury
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church & the Great Schism
• King Philip IV of France (1285-1314) began taxing French clergy – tried to arrest Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303)– arranged to have Pope Clement V (1305-1314) elected &
moved papacy to Avignon– Pope Gregory XI (1370-78) moved back to Rome in
1377
• Great Schism (1378-1417) saw rival popes compete for power
• Council of Constance (1417) resolved differences & agreed upon single Pope – Martin V (1417-31)
Medieval Church Theology
• Sacraments = outward signs of inward grace, but often viewed as magical
• Saints used as intercessors due to special holiness, & their relics became tokens
• Virgin Mary seen as chief intercessor, in part due to new emphasis on Jesus’ human side
• Purgatory = place to complete punishment for sin before moving on to Heaven
• Indulgences (granted for good works or pilgrimages) reduced time in Purgatory
The Church & Education
• 200 universities & cathedral schools by 1100– universitas = corporation of teachers or students– professors read lessons from scarce books (lectures)– oral exams only for degree
• Scholasticism emphasized liberal arts– A.B. (Artium Baccalarius) granted after 4 or 6 years– A.M. (Artium Magister) for completed curriculum– could seek doctorate in law, medicine or theology
• St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)– Summa Theologica addressed 600 topics – used Aristotle to reconcile faith & reason
Combating Heresy• Inquisition est. to try those accused of heresy
– goal = save their souls or protect other souls from them– used torture to get confessions; executed unrepentant
• Innocent III called crusade against Albigensians– Albigensians believed in matter/spirit dualism, rejected
Rome’s authority & practiced strict asceticism– thousands of heretics slaughtered in southern France
• Jews increasingly persecuted, too– Crusaders killed them as well as Muslims– 4th Lateran Council encouraged them to wear
distinguishing clothing & live in separate, walled communities (ghettoes)
Christian Reconquest of the Spanish Kingdoms
• Iberian peninsula controlled by Muslims since 700s
• Offensive by Christian Kingdoms begun in eleventh century:– Castile
– Navarre
– Aragón
– Portugal
• Alfonso X (1252 – 1284) encouraged toleration of Muslims & Jews
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The Crusades: Background• Western Europe resurgent, and
Middle East in turmoil• Seljuk Turks conquered Abbasid
caliphate (1055) & crushed Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert (1071)
• Emperor Alexius Comnenus (1081-1118) requested financial assistance from Pope Urban II to recruit mercenaries
• Instead, Pope called for 1st Crusade at Council of Clermont (1095)
Emperor AlexiusComnenus
The First Crusade (1097-1099)
• 3 Crusader armies (12,000 - 15,000) arrived in Constantinople in 1097 & acknowledged imperial authority
• Captured Antioch in 1098• Massacred inhabitants of Jerusalem in June 1099,
after 5-week siege• Est. feudal Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, with
Principality of Antioch and Counties of Edessa & Tripoli
Map: The Early Crusades©
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The 2nd & 3rd Crusades
• Second Crusade (1147-1149)– Prompted by fall of Edessa in 1144– Led by Louis III of France & H.R. Emperor Conrad III – failure partly due to lack of cooperation from Latin
Kingdom
• Third Crusade (1189-1192)– Saladin’s Sunni army conquered the Fatimid caliphate
(Egypt) in 1169 & captured Jerusalem in 1189– Led by H.R. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, English
King Richard the Lion-Hearted & French King Philip II Augustus
– King Richard negotiated safe passage for pilgrims after failing to retake Jerusalem
Interior of Sainte Madeleine – VézelaySite of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux’s
Sermon Preaching the Second Crusade
The Later Crusades
• Innocent III called for 4th Crusade (1202-1204), but Venetians diverted them to Constantinople – Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 & made
Count Baldwin of Flanders emperor– Michael Paleologus restored Greek control in 1259, but
Byzantium finished as a great power
• Children’s Crusade (1212) resulted in 20,000 kids dying at sea or being sold as slaves in Africa
• 6th Crusade (1228-1229) resulted in Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II being crowned King of Jerusalem without a fight– Turks reestablished control soon after he left
Map: The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century©
2003
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