the ippc and alien invasive species dealing with alien invasive species since 1952
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The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Dealing with Alien Invasive Species since 1952
Ralf LopianSenior Advisor Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of FinlandChairman of the ICPM
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Contents: Definitions and Abbreviations Responsibilities IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive
Species Relationship between Guiding Principles and
the IPPC and its Standards Discussion and Conclusions
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Abbreviations (1)
CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity; it has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources. Activities with direct phytosanitary impacts are its provisions on ”Alien Species” and ”Alien Invasive Species”.
IPPC – International Plant Protection Convention; its aim is to secure a common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control.
ICPM – Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures of the IPPC
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Abbreviations (2)
RPPOs – Regional Plant Protection Organizations; RPPOs function as the coordinating bodies in the geographical areas covered and shall participate in various activities to achieve the objectives of the IPPC ().
EPPO – European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization; it is the Regional Plant Protection Organization responsible for cooperation in plant protection in the European and Mediterranean region ().
SPS – Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the World Trade Organization (WTO); its main field of work is the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures in relation to trade .
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Definitions (1)
[Plant] Pest - Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent [directly or indirectly] injurious to plants or plant products [IPPC, 1997]
Quarantine [Plant] Pest – A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled [IPPC, 1997]
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Definitions (2)
Alien Species - a species, subspecies or lower taxon, introduced outside its natural past or present distribution; includes any part, gametes, seeds, eggs, or propagules of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce [CBD, 2003]
Invasive Alien Species (=Alien Invasive Species) – an alien species whose introduction and/or spread threaten biological diversity [CBD, 2003]
Criteria of a Quarantine Pest
Any organism
Injurious to plants
Having a potential economic (environmental) impact
Not present, or if present not widely distributed and being officially controlled
Not included
Criteria of an Alien Invasive Species
Any organism
Threat to biodiversity (plants being part of biodiversity)
Threat to biological diversity through introduction and/or spread
Survival and subsequent reproduction capability
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Plant Pests and AISs
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species Responsibilities: Overlapping Mandates (1)
IPPC
Protecting plants
from plant pests
Protecting biodiversity (wild flora) from AISs
SPSTrade related
rules concerning plant health and
life
CBD
RPPOs(e.g.EPPO)
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species Responsibilities: Overlapping Mandates (2)
Areas of overlap between IPPC and Guiding Principles are:
providing legal and and regulatory frameworks
building capacity and technical assistance for developing countries
assessing and managing potential plant pest risks
protecting areas that may be threatened by plant pests
applying measures to prevent the unintentional introduction of plant pests
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species Responsibilities: Overlapping Mandates (3)
Areas of overlap are (continued):
certifying that risk managemant procedures have been applied
assessing and managing the intentional introduction of organisms that may be plant pests
exchanging of scientific and regulatory information relevant to plant pests
cooperating between countriess to minimize the impact of plant pests
detecting, controlling and eradicating pests in agricultural and wild flora
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species
(1)
1999: the second meeting of the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures (ICPM 2) created an informal open-ended working group to consider issues regarding GMOs, biosecurity and invasive species.
2001: based on the recommendations of the working group ICPM 3 decided that:
species that may be invasive and that directly or indirectly affect plants or plant products should be assessed, monitored and managed, if necessary, according to IPPC provisions
alien invasive species that are plant pests and that are not present (if present then limited distribution + official control) should be considered quarantine pests and should be subjected to measures according to IPPC provisions
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species
(2)
that the IPPC is directly relevant to article 8(h) of the CBD (Prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species)
many provisions and standards of the IPPC are directly relevant to, or overlap with the Interim Guiding Principles (Now: Guiding Principles) of the CBD
standards should be reviewed to ensure that they adequately address environmental risks of plant pests
a supplement to ISPM 11 (International Standard on Phytosanitary Measures No.11: Pest Risk Analysis for quarantine pests) be developed to address in detail the environmental risks of plant pests
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species
(3)
the IPPC Secretariat cooperates with the CBD on Alien Invasive Species related matters
IPPC Secretariat to seek observers status with CBD
IPPC Secretariat to attend relevant meetings of the CBD and to invite the CBD to attend relevant IPPC meetings
IPPC Secretariat to cooperate with other standard setting bodies to ensure that common areas of interest are adequately covered
Phytosanitary Aspects of Biotechnology and Alien Invasive
Species IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species
(4)
In 2003 the ICPM adopted:
a supplementary standard to ISPM 11 (PRA of Quarantine Pests) on environmental risk of plant pests
a supplementary standard to ISPM 5 (Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms) providing guidelines on the understanding of ”potential economic importance” and related terms including reference to environmental considerations
Phytosanitary Aspects of Biotechnology and Alien Invasive
Species IPPC activities concerning Alien Invasive Species
(5)
In 2003 the IPPC Secretariat and the CBD Secretariat signed a Memorandum of Cooperation in order to:
promote synergy
avoid overlaps
avoid unnecessary duplication
ensure effective cooperation in joint activities
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC and its Standards (1)
IPPC and/or Standard provisions
IPPC: Art. VII (2a) (potential contradiction)
ISPM 11: (partial application)
IPPC: general aim of IPPC (full application)
ISPM 11: supplement on environmental risks
ISPM 5: supplement on potential economic importance
Guiding Principle
No.1: Precautionary Approach
No.2: Three-stage Hierarchical Approach
No.3: Ecosystem Approach
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC and its Standards (2)
IPPC and/or Standard provisions
IPPC: general aim of IPPC (full application)
ISPM 3: biocontrol agentsISPM 6: surveillanceISPM 17: pest reportingISPM 19: pest listing
IPPC: Art. IV (2b) & Art. IV (3b)ISPM 6: surveillanceISPM 8: pest status
Guiding Principle
No.4: The Role of States
No.5: Research and Monitoring
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC and its Standards (3)
IPPC and/or Standard provisions
IPPC: not covered (Art. IV, 3a provides very limited coverage)
IPPC: especially Art. VIIISPM 1: principlesISPM 7: export certification systemISPM 12: phytosanitary certificatesISPM 13: non-compliance &
emergency actionISPM 14: integrated measures
Guiding Principle
No.6: Education and Public Awareness
No.7: Border Control and Quarantine Measures
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC and its Standards (4)
IPPC and/or Standard provisions
IPPC: especially Art. VIIIISPM 1: principlesISPM 6: surveillanceISPM 8: pest status ISPM 13: non-compliance &
emergency actionISPM 17: pest reportingISPM 19: pest listing
IPPC: especially Art. XX; PCE; FAO structure a bonus
Guiding Principle
No.8: Exchange of Information
No.9: Cooperation, including Capacity Building
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC and its Standards (5)
IPPC and/or Standard provisions
IPPC: especially Art. VIIISPM 1: principlesISPM 2: PRAISPM 3: biocontrol agentsISPM 11: PRA for quarantine pests
IPPC: especially Art. VIIISPM 1: principlesISPM 2: PRAISPM 11: PRA for quarantine pestsISPM 14: integrated measures
Guiding Principle
No.10: Intentional Introduction
No.11: Unintentional Introductions
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC and its Standards (6)
IPPC and/or Standard provisions
IPPC: Art. I (partially)
IPPC: Art. IISPM 9: pest eradication
programmes
IPPC: especially Art. IISPM 4: pest free areasISPM 9: pest eradication prog.ISPM 10: pest free places of
production
Guiding Principle
No.12: Mitigation of Impacts
No.13: Eradication
No.14: Containment
The IPPC and Alien Invasive Species
Relationship between Guiding Principles and the IPPC and its Standards (6)
IPPC and/or Standard provisions
IPPC: Art. I
ISPM 14: integrated measures
Guiding Principle
No.15: Control
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species
Discussion (1)
Do we need active involvement of plant health authorities for Alien Invasive Species?
Avoid duplication of activities on an international and national level
Long experience on assessing and managing biological risks related to introduced organisms
Well developed infrastructures on national levels for surveying organisms
Minimizing negative trade impacts
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species
Discussion (2)
Is there a need for a well structured international regulatory framework for Alien Invasive Species?
Avoid duplication of activities, contradicting approaches and confusion of competences in international agreements
Establishment of clear hierachies of competences as in national legislation of many countries
Improve cooperation of international organizations Minimizing negative trade impacts
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species
Discussion (3)
What are countries responsibilities in establishing an international regulatory framework for Alien Invasive Species?
Countries should ratify the relevant international agreements
National coordination of strategies concerning international agreements
Request international organizations to cooperate in their activities
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species
Discussion (4)
What are possible future activities for Alien Invasive Species?
Declaration of competences for international organizations
Resolving possible contradicting provisions in international agreements (WTO/SPS; CBD; IPPC)
Providing Technical Assistance to developing countries
IPPC to intensify its TA activities CBD to contribute to IPPC TA activities (IPPC Trust
Fund)
The IPPC and Alien Invasive
Species
Conclusions
Phytosanitary authorities, know-how and structures have a clear mandate and function in the field of biotechnology and alien invasive species.
An international regulatory framework for alien invasive species should be established setting clear competences and hierachies for international organizations in this field.
All countries should ratify the relevant international agreements and fully participate in their activities.
Providing Technical Assistance to developing countries
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