„the invisible connection is more powerful…” on tolerance and intolerance among teenagers in...
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„THE INVISIBLE CONNECTION IS MORE POWERFUL…”
ON TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE AMONG
TEENAGERS IN HUNGARY
by Mihály CSÁKÓ
ELTE / JWTC, Budapest
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Mottos:
„The invisible connectionis more powerful than the visible one.” – Heraclitus
(quoted in Hippolytus, Refutations)
„I do not detest him. I simply do not talk to him and avoid to meet him.” – 17 year old trainee
(in a VET school)
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Socio-historical background
• Hungarian as „others” and others to Hungarian in history
• Globalization brings about a new level of density in human co-existence (in the Durkheimien sense of the term).
• National differences in experiencing the new level of density
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Methodology
• Theoretical background– Almond & Verba’s notion of „civic culture”– Annick Percheron’s conceptualization of political
socialization
• Sampling: no representativity– As a curricular activity of sociology students, the
project is limited in scope.– A larger survey needs money.
• Questionnaires: too many changes (for the same reason)
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Sampling
Sampling principle: „different enough”• 1990: three classes in Budapest
– an inner-city school– an urban housing estate school– an elite school
• 1994: six classes in Budapestwith doubling the numbers in the same scheme
• 1998, 2002, 2006: six classes in Budapest, three classes in Győr six classes in Debrecen
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Measurement 1
CHOSEN FOR SHARING A ROOM /A TENT /A DESK
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Nationality / ethnicity
Per
cen
tag
e o
f 7t
h g
rad
ers
wh
o c
ho
se t
hem
1998
2002
2006
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Measurement 1
WITH WHOM REFUSE 7th GRADERS TO SHARE THEIR TENT (2002) OR DESK (2006) ?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Gypsy Je
w
Romanian
Arab
Russian
Chinese
Africa
n
Germ
anPole
Slovak
Swedish
Englis
h
Nationality / ethnicity
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
ject
ion
2002
2006
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Measurement 2
INTOLERANCE EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1991 1994 1998 2002 2006
Year
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
7th
gra
de
rs
Jews
Gypsies
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 1. Politics
• Unexpected experience of political conflicts in the new democracy
• Arguments which rearrange the political scene and lead to a renaissance of anti-Semitism
• In September 1991, a new movement called Democratic Charta was started to defend democracy(János Kis, György Konrád, Iván Vitányi)
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 1. Politics
István Csurka• 1956: a student leader (interned for
half a year)• 1987: one of the founders of
Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF)• 1991-1992: Vice-president of MDF,
publishes an overtly anti-Semitic paper• 1993: expelled from MDF, he founds
the right-wing Party of Hungarian Truth and Life (MIÉP)
• 1994-1998: President of the extra-parliamentary MIÉP he managed to raise mass support for his party.
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Measurement 3
"DO YOU LIKE…?"
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 1998 2002 2006
Year
Per
cen
t o
f p
osi
tive
/ n
egat
ive
atti
tud
e
American: yes
American: no
Gypsy: yes
Gypsy: no
Jew : yes
Jew : no
Transylvanian: yes
Transylvanian: no
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Attitude to neighbors
RomanianSlovak
2002
2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Percentage of rejection
Neighboring nations
Year
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS HUNGARY'S NEIGHBORS
2002
2006
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Attitudes to special minorities
NEGATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS SOME MINORITIES WITHIN HUNGARY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Gypsy Jew Arab Chinese African
Minorities
Fre
qu
en
cy
of
reje
cti
on
2002
2006
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
An outlook to higher grades
STUDENTS' TOLERENCE TOWARDS NEIGHBORING NATIONS, 2005.
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Croate Slovak Serb Romanian
Nationality of the classmate
Wou
ld /
wou
ld n
ot a
ccep
t % Would not accept
Would accept
STUDENTS' TOLERENCE TOWARDS MINORITIES WITHIN HUNGARY, 2005
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Nationality of the classmate
Wou
ld /
wou
ld n
ot
acce
pt %
Would not accept
Would accept
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ roleTOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE
EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED TOWARDS GYPSIES, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Elementary VETschool
Highschool
Higher ed.
Fathers' educational level
Perc
en
tag
e o
f th
e a
ttit
ud
e
Intolerance
None
Tolerance
TOLERANCE AND INTOLERANCE EXPRESSED UNQUESTIONED TOWARDS
JEWS, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.
Fathers' educational level
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
the
att
itu
de
Intoler
None
Toler
POSITIVE / NEGATIVE EMOTIONS TRIGGERED BY THE WORD GYPSIES, BY FATHERS'
EDUCATION
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.
Fathers' educational level
Po
sit
ive
/ n
eg
ati
ve
em
oti
on
s
Negative
Undecided
Positive
POSITIVE / NEGATIVE EMOTIONS TRIGGERED BY THE WORD JEWS, BY FATHERS' EDUCATION
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Elementary VET school High school Higher ed.
Fathers' educational level
Po
sit
ive
/ n
eg
ati
ve
em
oti
on
sNegative
Undecided
Positive
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role
Father’s educational level
N Mean forWestern countries
Mean for„colored”
groups
8 classes 45 2.18 0.58
12 classes 273 2.51 0.27
F 3.401 4.870
d 3 3
p 0.017 0.002
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role
THE IMPACT OF TALKING WITH FATHER ABOUT POLITICS ON TEENAGERS' ATTITUDE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Not talkingwith father
Talking withfather
Not talkingwith father
Talking withfather
...Jews ...Gypsies
Attitude towards...
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
the
att
itu
de
Negative
Undecided
Positive
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 2. Fathers’ role
%Talks with father about politics
No Yes N=100
Father's level of education
Primary 69,1 30,9 55
VET 60,2 39,8 133
Secondary 70,3 29,7 259
Higher 58 42 414
Total 66,7 33,3 993
Chi2 = 54,796 d=4 p=0.000
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
Trying to explain: 3. Teacher’s role
THE IMPACT OF TALKING WITH TEACHER ABOUT POLITICS ON TEENAGERS ATTITUDE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Not talkingwith father
Talking withfather
Not talkingwith father
Talking withfather
...Jews ...Gypsies
Attitude towards...
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
the
att
itu
de
Negative
Undecided
Positive
Mihály Csákó: "The invisible..."
Global Education Conference, Budapest, April 19, 2008
The Hungarian Guard is still marching
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