“the good, the bad and the ugly” some of the economic challenges our next president will face
Post on 11-Jan-2016
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“The Good, the Bad and the Ugly”
Some of the Economic Challenges
Our Next President will Face
Outline
To be discussed in reverse order:
“The Ugly” - the current financial crisis
“The Bad” – inequality, health care, social security
“The Good” – productivity growth
“The Ugly”or
What Just Happened?
Events Leading up to the Financial Crisis
1977 Carter signs the Community Reinvestment Act. Designed to provide credit to “under-served populations,” i.e. those with poor credit
1995 Clinton Administration amends CRA to increase access
Amendments provide for the securitization of “subprime” mortgages
1996 Clinton Administration directs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to allocate 42% of mortgage financing to borrowers with income below the median for their area.
This is later raised above 50% by Bush Administration
Events Leading up to the Financial Crisis
Late 1990s- early 2000s
Low interest rates and large foreign inflows help fuel the housing bubble.
2004-2006 Few realize the real risk. The risk premium on sub-prime mortgages is just an extra 1.3 percentage points
Credit agencies give the mortgaged backed securities good ratings.
2005-2006 40% of all home purchases are for speculation or as vacation homes
Timeline of the Last 14 Months
8/9/07 Liquidity crisis – Fed and European Central bank begin injecting capital
3/08 Fed rescues Bear Stearns
9/8/08 Treasury nationalizes Fannie and Freddie
9/15/08 Lehman Brothers files for bankruptcy – largest in U.S. history ($600 billion in assets)
9/16/08 Fed makes bridge loan to A.I.G., the largest insurance company in the world.
10/3/08 Government passes bailout – authorizes Treasury to spend up to $700 billion
10/31/08 Dow is down 34% since its peak last October
Didn’t Any Officials Foresee the Crisis?
From the NY Times September 11, 2003:
The Bush administration today recommended the most significant regulatory overhaul in the housing finance industry since the savings and loan crisis a decade ago. Under the plan, a new agency would be created within the Treasury Department to assume supervision of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac… Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been criticized by rivals for exerting too much influence over their regulators.
Among the groups denouncing the proposal today were the National Association of Home Builders and Congressional Democrats who fear that tighter regulation of the companies could sharply reduce their commitment to financing low-income and affordable housing. ''These two entities -- Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac -- are not facing any kind of financial crisis,'' said Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts, the ranking Democrat on the Financial Services Committee. ''The more people exaggerate these problems, the more pressure there is on these companies, the less we will see in terms of affordable housing.''
The Lesson for the Next President:
Good intentions are not enough
The best of intentions (extending home
ownership to low income individuals) has led
to the worst of crises. Everyone, especially
low income individuals, will be much worse
off as a result.
The Fallout
The Bubble Bursts
1 in 6 homeowners owes more on mortgage than the house is worth
Foreclosures have climbed dramatically, jumping 71 % in the 3rd quarter of 2008 relative to year earlier
Worldwide credit markets have seized up
– no one trusts anyone else’s balance sheet
The stock market has plunged
The Effects Spread
Credit Markets Seize Up
Source: Shiller, updated to Oct. 24, 2008
050
010
0015
00
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000year
S&P 500 Stock Price Index
The Stock Market Crashes
01
002
003
004
00
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000year
S&P 500 Stock Price IndexAdjusted for inflation, in percentage terms
- 34%, 2 yrs to recover peak
- 67%, 20 yrs to recover peak
- 81%, 29 yrs to recover peak - 53%, 16 yrs
to recover peak
- 46%, has not recovered peak
- 27%, 4 yrs to recover peak
- 39%
Source: My calculations based on Shiller’s data.
Employment has been declining since Jan. 2008
Employment is expected to plummet in the October report.
What can the government do?
•The attempts by the Treasury and the Fed to provide liquidity to financial markets and recapitalize banks are the best hope.
•The potential effects of more fiscal stimulus are uncertain. Consider the effects of the recent tax rebate:
The Effects of the Recent Tax Rebates
9000
1000
011
000
2006 2007 2008month
01
23
45
savr
t
2006 2007 2008month
After-tax income
Consumer expenditures
Tax rebate
Saving rate
We will probably have a moderate to severe recession
because of the fallout from the subprime mortgage
debacle.
If government feels compelled to try a stimulus
package, infrastructure investment would be best. At
least spending on infrastructure would have some side
benefits, even if it didn’t stimulate the economy.
Bottom Line on Current Crisis
Income Inequality
Health Care
Social Security and Medicare
Global Warming (I won’t have time to discuss)
Some Long-term Economic Challenges
There has been a dramatic increase in income inequality in the U.S. since the late 1970s.
Economists attribute the increase to factors such as technological change and globalization.
Income Inequality
Real Wage Growth by Education Level - Males
From Autor, Katz, & Kearney (2005). Composition-adjusted full-time weekly earnings.
Real Wage Growth by Education Level - Females
From Autor, Katz, & Kearney (2005). Composition-adjusted full-time weekly earnings.
Caveats
(1) Recent research suggests that the real wage growth of low income households has been faster than we think.
The price of goods bought by low-income people have increased much less than the general rate of inflation. Adjusting for this effect eliminates 2/3 of the increase in inequality.
(2) Time use studies show that those with higher education levels now work longer hours and have less leisure than those with less education. On average a high school dropout has 9 hours more leisure per week than someone with a graduate or professional degree.
Historical Perspective: Income Share of the Top 10% of the Income Distribution, 1917 - 2006.3
.35
.4.4
5.5
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
excluding capital gains including capital gains
Comparison of France and US
How Did France Prevent the Rise in Income Inequality?
•High minimum wages
•Highly regulated labor markets
•Generous unemployment benefits
•Powerful unions
But at what cost?
46
81
01
2
1980 1990 2000 2010Year
US France
Unemployment Rate Trends in France vs. the U.S.
Wage inequality has risen significantly since the 1970s
However, the well-being of lower wage individuals may be understated.
Trying to decrease wage inequality through labor market restrictions might lead to higher unemployment.
Obama’s tax reforms do more to reduce inequality than McCain’s reforms.
Bottom Line on Wage Inequality
The U.S spends more than 15% of GDP on health care
For the privately insured: in 1960, 62% of expenses were paid out-of-pocket; in 2006, only 22% were paid out-of-pocket
16% of the population is without health insurance
27% of the population is covered by government health insurance
Health Care
0 5 10 15
United StatesUnited Kingdom
SwitzerlandSweden
SpainPortugal
OECDNorway
NetherlandsJapan
ItalyGermany
FranceDenmark
CanadaBelgium
Health Expenditures as a Share of GDP, 2006
Public Private
Source: OECD
Source: OECD
Would we be better off with a national health insurance system?
Some Comparisons of U.S. and Canada
Current spending per person on health care:
U.S. $5,700 Canada $3,000.
All evidence points to gross inefficiencies in the U.S. health care system.
Other countries have flaws in their systems,
but they seem to be able to produce similar health outcomes at much lower cost.
Reforming health care is one of the most difficult challenges facing our next president.
Neither candidate has suggested the overhaul
we really need.
Bottom line on Health Care
The basic problems:
Too many retirees per worker (due to longer life expectancies and reduced fertility)
- In 1960, 9 workers paid the bill for each retiree’s Social Security Benefits- By 2030, there will be only 2 workers available to pay the benefits for each Social Security recipient
Medicare costs are rising dramatically
Social Security and Medicare
Social Security and Medicare have dramatically cut the poverty rates of the elderly.
A SUMMARY OF THE 2008 ANNUAL REPORTS
Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees
A MESSAGE TO THE PUBLIC:
“The financial condition of the Social Security and Medicare programs remains problematic. Projected long run program costs are not sustainable under current financing arrangements.”
Projected Tax Income Shortfall, Percentage of GDP
Source: Social Security and Medicare Board of Trustees
Either taxes must be raised or benefits must be cut.
The problem with raising taxes is that it could discourage work.
One way to cut benefits is to raise the retirement age.
McCain has indicated that entitlements must be cut, Obama hasn’t indicated that he will try to address this problem.
Bottom Line on Social Security and Medicare
The U.S. is still a leader in
productivity, which is the ultimate
source of increases in standards of
living.
The “Good”
Recent US Productivity Growth has Outperformed
Other G-7 Countries
Relative Labor Productivity, G-7 in 2007
Country Productivity
(US = 100)
Canada 81.4
France 100.9
Germany 91.8
Italy 73.7
Japan 71.0
UK 81.2
US 100.0
Conclusion – the next president faces many economic challenges
The Good – The US continues to lead in productivity.
The Bad – Income inequality, the health care system, and the future of Social Security and Medicare are major challenges
The Ugly – the current financial crisis
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