the good, the bad and the ugly of technology: exploring ... … · the good, the bad and the ugly...
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THE GOOD, THE BAD AND THE
UGLY OF TECHNOLOGY:
EXPLORING VULNERABILITY TO
SCREEN MEDIATED HARM
DR. MARK DOYLE (C.PSYCH, FHEA)
SENIOR LECTURER IN PSYCHOLOGY &
COG. BEH. THERAPIST
SOLENT UNIVERSITY
MARK.DOYLE@SOLENT.AC.UK
@MARKODOYLE
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DR MARK M. DOYLE
Studied BSc(hons), Msc Applied Psychology (mental Health) and PhD in Psychosocial predictors of Child and Adolescent Mental Health @ Ulster University.
Studied PG Dip in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Adv. Level) – Uni. Of Southampton
Certificate in Complex Trauma and Childhood Abuse from NCS
Psychology Interests: Trauma, M. Health, Compassion Focused Therapy & CBT, secondary trauma
Non-Psychology Interests: Family, Running & Gaming/VR
Current Funded CREST Research project: Moral Injury and Belief Change in Police online investigators of childhood sexual abuse
CONTENTS
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THE GOOD…
RESEARCH LITERATURE
Review by Jerden, Grindle & van Woerden (2018): VR used to treat a range of anxiety disorders including social anxiety, ptsd, phobias. Reported as effective as in-vivo experiences.
Bouchard et al. (2017) observed an increased level of effectiveness for VRCBT over traditional CBT.
Also found to be effective as a distraction technique for pain management for burns, phantom limb pain, dental pain, neck& back pain and cystoscopy and kinesiophobia.
in Shah et al’s (2015) VR-based stress management program showed a decrease in the levels of depression and stress.
VR automatic Treatment of Psychosis (Freeman et al., 2019)
Schizophrenia and Avatar Therapy (Leff, Williams, Huckvale et al. 2014; Uvais, 2015)
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EXPERIENCES/APPS/PROGRAMS
Relaxation/Coping Experiences/Enjoyment/
Socialising
Exposure
Guided meditation VR Youtube VR/ Epic
Rollercoasters
Fear of Heights (Rickie’s Plank
Experience
Youtube VR (Relaxing 360
degree videos)
Pokerstars VR Fear of Public Speaking —
Personal Life app/ Speech
Trainer
Real VR Fishing Google Tilt Brush Fear of the Dark: theblu,
Arachnophobia
Beat Saber (active!) Museums Tours/Vrchat/ Rec
Room
360 degree videos
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CC BY-SA
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licensed under CC BY
VR currently in its therapeutic infancy …but rapidly expanding
Can be employed in a variety of ways to support therapy e.g. part of fear hierarchy, supporting coping mechanisms (refocusing activities), relaxation techniques
or more advanced auto-treatment like Freeman et al. (e.g. psychoeducation programmes, built in exposure and guidance)
What about the therapeutic relationship? Will it be the new cCBT?
More research is needed & more programmes required
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THE BAD…
RESEARCH LITERATURE
Influence of technology is not always positive: Social Media, Cyberbullying, promotion of hate speech, conspiracies and violence. Oculus quest 2 must have a facebook account.
Violent Media: Reduced Empathy & modelling of aggressive behaviours (Krahé & Möller, 2010)
Media Content: Horror and Neg. Responses (Clasen,
Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, & Johnson, 2018)
Secondary Traumatic Stress / Compassion fatigue in psychotherapists (Craig & Sprang, 2010) and social workers (Adams,
Boscarino & Figley, 2006)
Exposure to graphic details of abuse → PTSD, lack of empathy and burn out in police investigators of online sexual abuse (Bourke
& Craun, 2014; Evans, Coman, Stanley, & Burrows, 1993)
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EXPERIENCES/APPS/PROGRAMS
5 nights at Freddys
As graphics, agency and immersion increase → some individuals may be prone to significant distress from these experiences
Little to no ethical considerations from developers of content
Chronic Exposure to details can results in secondary traumatic stress / compassion fatigue → greater m. h. burden requiring trauma treatments
Effects of repeated exposure to horror media is under researched…
The effects of chronic reactivation of the HPA axis is consistently linked to a range of disorders from anxiety and PTSD to complex PTSD.
THE UGLY…
INTRODUCTION & MAIN AIMS
Increase in realism→ more distressing they may potentially become
Explore the potential effects of using virtual reality technology and observe if there are negative effects.
Vulnerable individuals → more prone to being distressed by threatening experiences
Why Horror? Schizotypy & belief in paranormal (Clasen,
Kjeldgaard & Johnson, 2020).
INTRODUCTION
Child trauma and HPA Axis/Cortisol responses (Perry, 2001)
Child trauma, insecure attachment and Mental health/Schizotypy (Doyle, Murphy and
Shevlin, 2016; Scheinbaum, Kwapil, Barrantes-Vidal, 2014)
Child trauma→ Adult Trauma and re-victimization (Brier, Elliot, Harris & Cotman, 1995)
Child trauma and vulnerability to PTSD in adulthood (Tolin and Foa, 2008)
METHOD
Each participant randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions (Video or Virtual reality group).
Participants randomized using an online number generator.
Each condition had their blood pressure taken 3 times prior to the condition and once immediately afterwards.
Heart rate belt and monitor also used.
Participants in the VR condition- played a horror vr experience called ‘The Visitor’. It presents the individual with a scenario where they are in bed and the visitor haunts the room.
The video condition is a recorded video of what the author viewed in his experience (Standardized).
Experimental Design:
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3: 1 WEEK
FOLLOWING
EXPERIMENTATTACHMENT
MENTAL
HEALTH
CHILDHOOD
TRAUMA
SCHIZOTYPY
EXPERIMENTAL
CONDITION
BLOOD PRESSURE
(3 READINGS
PRIOR, 1
FOLLOWING)
HEART RATE
AFFECTPOST-
TRAUMATIC
STRESS
Procedural Stages
N=83
N=63
N=83
AFFECT
MATERIALS-PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURES
Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE: Felitti et al., 1998)
Experiences in Close Relationships- Revised (ECR-R; Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2010).
Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS-SF; Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988)
General Health Questionnaire-12 (Goldberg et al., 1988)
Schizotypy Personality Questionnaire-Brief (Raine and Benishay, 1995)
Impact of Event Scale-Revised (Weiss, 2007)
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE VR CONDITION?
The video lasts just under 6 minutes. The VR condition can last much longer as the first jump scare is activated when you look to the right at a certain angle.
The video condition is a recorded video of what the author viewed in his experience (Standardized).
Each individual controls what they look at (and nothing else) so experiences are unique for the virtual reality condition.
and the visitor crawls along the roof and then jumps down at the participant and then the experience ends.
when a teddy bear appears exceptionally close to the participants face when you look back to centre;
The visitor is seen at different points but the 2 main jump scares are:
ETHICS
Project title included a warning about horror material
Information sheet warned individuals not to take part if they had a mental health problem or a heart problem
Participants could withdraw at any point throughout the study
I was present throughout the study for each participant and observed the participants for signs of distress.
Each participant was told to take the headset off if it became too distressing.
Debrief form for participants with supporting organisations (emailed).
RESULTS: SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS
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Mental Health 3+ n=47 Mean = 4
Schizotypy Mean = 8
PTSD Mean = 9 20+ n=9
Child trauma Mean = 2 4+ n=19
Adult trauma Mean = 1 2+ n=21
RESULTS
ANOVA: No Sig. differences
between VR and video on all psych. and
physical measures.
No relationship between physical
measures and any
psychological variable This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND
TRAUMA
FREQUENCIES
OF THE SAMPLE
Type of Trauma Frequency of
Endorsement
Humiliation/Intimidation 28 / 37.8%
Child Physical Abuse 16 / 21.6%
Child Sexual Abuse 8 / 10.8%
Psychological Neglect 17 / 23%
Physical Neglect 4 / 5.4%
Parents’ Separate or Divorce 31/ 41.9%
Domestic Violence 10/ 13.5%
Alcoholic Parent 19/ 25.7%
Parent(s) with Mental Health
Issues
22/ 29.7%
Parent went to jail 9 / 12.2%
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NC
PATHWAY MODEL OF VULNERABILITY TO DISTRESS
DISCUSSION
Why was there no link between physical measures and vulnerability? Or differences between VR and video
Frequency of Trauma = high
What do the correlations & Regressions mean?
What does the path model mean?
Child trauma-Cumulative
Lack of constant blood pressure monitoring throughout the entire experience (only before and after)
Heart rate monitors-at times refused to sync with the heart belt (n=72).
Initial idea was to explore immersion levels using pc’s as well however, not possible with the experience chosen.
Many participants=game development students (Graphics=laughable).
Reiterates the importance of trauma in mental health & vulnerability to further distress.
Individuals who have trauma experiences are likely to be re-victimised (Child-Adult).
Vulnerable individuals will put themselves into positions where they may potentially encounter a highly stressful scenario/experience (Sensation seeking) → neg. affect & Distress
The path model highlights a possible avenue from child trauma to distress through schizotypy and sensation seeking.
SUMMARY
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THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING…
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• This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
REFERENCES
• BOUCHARD, S., DUMOULIN, S., ROBILLARD, G., GUITARD, T., KLINGER, E., FORGET, H., ... & ROUCAUT, F. X. (2017). VIRTUAL REALITY COMPARED WITH IN VIVO
EXPOSURE IN THE TREATMENT OF SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER: A THREE-ARM RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL. THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY, 210(4), 276-283.
• BOURKE, M.L., & CRAUN, S.W. (2014). SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS AMONG INTERNET CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN TASK FORCE PERSONNEL: IMPACT, RISK FACTORS
AND COPING STRATEGIES. JOURNAL OF SEXUAL ABUSE, 26(6), 586-609. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1177/1079063213509411
• BRIERE, J., ELLIOTT, D. M., HARRIS, K., & COTMAN, A. (1995). TRAUMA SYMPTOM INVENTORY: PSYCHOMETRICS AND ASSOCIATION WITH CHILDHOOD AND ADULT
VICTIMIZATION IN CLINICAL SAMPLES. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE, 10(4), 387-401.
• CLASEN, M., KJELDGAARD-CHRISTIANSEN, J., & JOHNSON, J. A. (2018). HORROR, PERSONALITY, AND THREAT SIMULATION: A SURVEY ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SCARY
MEDIA. EVOLUTIONARY BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES.
• DOYLE, M. M., MURPHY, J., & SHEVLIN, M. (2016). COMPETING FACTOR MODELS OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD
PSYCHOLOGY, 44(8), 1559-1571.
• EVANS, B. J., COMAN, G. J., STANLEY, R. O., & BURROWS, G. D. (1993). POLICE OFFICERS’ COPING STRATEGIES: AN AUSTRALIAN POLICE SURVEY. STRESS MEDICINE, 9(4), 237-246. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1002/SMI.2460090406
• FELITTI, V. J., ANDA, R. F., NORDENBERG, D., WILLIAMSON, D. F., SPITZ, A. M., EDWARDS, V., & MARKS, J. S. (1998). RELATIONSHIP OF CHILDHOOD ABUSE AND
HOUSEHOLD DYSFUNCTION TO MANY OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN ADULTS: THE ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES (ACE) STUDY. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, 14(4), 245-258.
• FRALEY, R. C., WALLER, N. G., & BRENNAN, K. A. (2000). AN ITEM-RESPONSE THEORY ANALYSIS OF SELF-REPORT MEASURES OF ADULT ATTACHMENT. JOURNAL OF
PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 78, 350-365.
• FREEMAN, D., PUGH, K., VORONTSOVA, N., ANTLEY, A., & SLATER, M. (2010). TESTING THE CONTINUUM OF DELUSIONAL BELIEFS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY USING VIRTUAL
REALITY. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, 119(1), 83.
• GOLDBERG, D., & WILLIAMS, P. (1988). GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE.
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REFERENCES
• JERDAN, S. W., GRINDLE, M., VAN WOERDEN, H. C., & BOULOS, M. N. K. (2018). HEAD-MOUNTED VIRTUAL REALITY AND MENTAL HEALTH: CRITICALREVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH. JMIR SERIOUS GAMES, 6(3), E14.
• KRAHÉ, B., & MÖLLER, I. (2010). LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF MEDIA VIOLENCE ON AGGRESSION AND EMPATHY AMONG GERMANADOLESCENTS. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, 31(5), 401-409.
• LEFF, J., WILLIAMS, G., HUCKVALE, M., ARBUTHNOT, M., & LEFF, A. P. (2014). AVATAR THERAPY FOR PERSECUTORY AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS: WHATIS IT AND HOW DOES IT WORK?. PSYCHOSIS, 6(2), 166-176.
• PERRY, B. D. (2001). THE NEURODEVELOPMENTAL IMPACT OF VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD. TEXTBOOK OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY, 221-238.
• RAINE, A., & BENISHAY, D. (1995). THE SPQ-B: A BRIEF SCREENING INSTRUMENT FOR SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER. JOURNAL OF PERSONALITYDISORDERS, 9(4), 346-355.
• SHAH, L. B. I., TORRES, S., KANNUSAMY, P., CHNG, C. M. L., HE, H. G., & KLAININ-YOBAS, P. (2015). EFFICACY OF THE VIRTUAL REALITY-BASEDSTRESS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ON STRESS-RELATED VARIABLES IN PEOPLE WITH MOOD DISORDERS: THE FEASIBILITY STUDY. ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRICNURSING, 29(1), 6-13.
• SHEINBAUM, T., KWAPIL, T. R., & BARRANTES-VIDAL, N. (2014). FEARFUL ATTACHMENT MEDIATES THE ASSOCIATION OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA WITHSCHIZOTYPY AND PSYCHOTIC-LIKE EXPERIENCES. PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH, 220(1-2), 691-693.
• TOLIN, D. F., & FOA, E. B. (2008). SEX DIFFERENCES IN TRAUMA AND POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: A QUANTITATIVE REVIEW OF 25 YEARS OFRESEARCH. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA: THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE, AND POLICY, S(1), 37–85. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.37
• UVAIS, N. (2015). VIRTUAL REALITY APPLICATIONS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. INDUSTRIAL PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL, 24(2).
• WATSON, D., CLARK, L. A., & TELLEGEN, A. (1988). DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF BRIEF MEASURES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT: THEPANAS SCALES. JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 54(6), 1063.
• WEISS, D. S. (2007). THE IMPACT OF EVENT SCALE: REVISED. IN CROSS-CULTURAL ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA AND PTSD (PP. 219-238). SPRINGER, BOSTON, MA.
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