the french revolution and napoleon 1789-1815. 1770s – france was divided into three social classes...
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Chapter 23The French Revolution and Napoleon1789-1815
Section 1The French Revolution Begins
The Estates• 1770s – France was divided into three social
classes (estates)
Estates
% of populati
on
% of land
owned
% of taxe
s
1st (Clergy
)<1 10 2
2nd (Noble
s)2 20 0
3rd
(Everyone else)
98 70 50
3rd Estate• Three groups:• Bourgeoisie – middle class; could be wealthy; paid very high taxes• Knew and embraced
Enlightenment ideals
•Workers• Peasants
• Highest taxed with the fewest privileges
Reasons for Change• Huge group made up the
lowest class• New ideas of
government• Enlightenment ideals + the American Revolution
• Economic problems• By the 1780s, France was starting to weaken• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette nearly double their debt
Louis XVI• In addition to being
extravagant, Louis XVI was indecisive
• He waited until they were nearly bankrupt to deal with it• Tried to tax the 2nd estate
• A meeting will be called with representatives from each estate (Estates-General) to discuss the tax
Beginning Revolution• The first 2 estates
traditionally outvoted the 3rd (1 vote per estate)
• Angered over the power of the first 2 estates, the 3rd estate created the National Assembly to become the new legislature• Took all the power away from the king• Tennis Court Oath was the first
act of “revolt” against the king, promising not to quit until a new Constitution was created
Bastille Day• The National Assembly
feared Louis using the military to dismiss them• Began collecting weapons
• Trying to find more weapons, a mob stormed the Bastille, a Parisian prison• Killed guards and paraded
through the streets with heads on pikes• Considered the French
“Independence Day” (July 14, 1789)
Great Fear• At the beginning of
revolution, panic swept out of Paris and through the countryside• Created chaos
• Louis and Marie Antoinette were forced to move back to Paris after attempting to flee the country
Warm-up #1 – write the number, what’s red, and the answer1. What percentage of people
belonged to the 3rd estate?2. What happened on Bastille
Day?3. Which group of people in
France most embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment? B____________
4. What prompted the meeting of the Estates-General during the reign of Louis XVI?
5. What group of people were hurt most by the tax system pre-Revolution in France?
1. 98%2. French mob
stormed a prison and killed all the guards (French Independence Day)
3. Bourgeoisie4. Louis XVI tried to
raise taxes on 2nd estate
5. 3rd estate
Section 2Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
The Assembly Reforms France• Out of fear, nobles and
clergy began to join the National Assembly
• First act was to eliminate the privileges of the 1st and 2nd estates
• By the end of the summer of 1789, they had created a set of rights just like the US Constitution• Ignored women
Church and King• Church was
nationalized• Land became “public” and officials were elected• Angered many peasants
• Louis XVI and his family tried to escape France• Caught and put under guard• Strengthened his opponents
A Government Forms• The National Assembly
debated a constitution for 2 years.
• The Final Product:• Constitutional monarchy• Created a Legislative Assembly• Could create laws but the
monarchy was responsible for enforcing them
Factions Develop• After gaining power, the
Legislative Assembly quickly divided into 3 groups• Radicals – wanted extreme
change (no king)• Moderates – wanted some
change• Conservatives – wanted few
changes
• Other groups sought to change policies from the outside• Emigres - nobles who had fled• San-culottes – commoners
who wanted greater changes
War• Other nations, fearing the
same would happen to them, encouraged Louis XVI to reclaim power
• Legislative Assembly declared war• Imprisoned the royal family• September Massacres resulted from mobs storming prisons and killing the imprisoned nobles
Jacobins• The most radical
politicians ended up with control• Became known as Jacobins
• Advocated the killing of ANYONE who supported the king
• Jan 21, 1793 – they try Louis XVI for treason and execute by guillotine
• Continued their war effort against growing enemies
Reign of Terror• Even the French people
feared the Jacobins• Maximilien Robespierre
will rise to power and sought to completely wipe out the past• Targeted the Church
• Became the dictator and began executing anyone that threatened his power• Nobody was safe• 85% were “friends” of the
Revolution
End of Terror• Fellow revolutionaries
finally arrested and executed Robespierre on July 28, 1794
• Following the Terror, people abandoned the idea of radical change and put the nobility back in control• Bicameral legislature• 5 person executive body (the Directory)
Warm-up #26. What kind of government
was created by the Constitution the National Assembly created?
7. Who was safe from the guillotine during the Reign of Terror?
8. What did the National Assembly do that angered the French peasants?
9. Who removed Robespierre from power?
10.Who took control of France following Robespierre’s death?
6. Constitutional monarchy
7. Nobody8. Took away the
Church’s land and ability to elect their own officials
9. His fellow revolutionaries
10. The nobles
Section 3Napoleon Forges an Empire
Taking Power• Born in 1769, Napoleon
was raised to be a military leader• Promoted quickly when he
protected the government (1795)
• Soon after (1799), he seized an opening to take over (coup d’etat)
• His resistance to Britain, Austria, and Russia led to him being recognized as the soul leader
Ruling France• Using a plebiscite, or vote
of the people, Napoleon became the sole leader under a new constitution
• Kept many of the reforms of the revolution
• Rebuilt the economy through fair taxes
• Ended much of the corruption in government• Established government run
schools (lycees) to train government employees
Napoleonic Reforms• Responding to the people,
he re-established a relationship with the Church (concordat)• Kept the Church out of political affairs
• Created the Napoleonic Code• Uniform set of laws• Promoted order over liberty
• His popularity led to him being crowned emperor in 1804 (symbolism of crowning himself)
Napoleon’s Empire• Sought to expand• All of Europe and take back
the Americas
• Needed Haiti• A civil war fought by slaves had
liberated Haiti 10 years earlier• France lost (disease)
• After losing Haiti, Napoleon abandoned the West and sold Louisiana to the US in 1803• Money, cut losses,
anger/weaken Britain
Focusing on Europe• Having had early
successes, Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden joined against Napoleon• His bold/unpredictable strategy gave Napoleon the advantages initially
• Britain will be the only enemy left when Russia, Austria, and Prussia sign treaties
Ruler of Europe• Initially Napoleon seemed
unstoppable• In 1805, at the Battle of
Trafalgar, the British navy destroyed Napoleon’s fleet at the Strait of Gibraltar• Granted the British naval
supremacy for the 1800s• Napoleon had to give up on
England
• By 1812, Napoleon controlled nearly all of Europe• The size was also the reason it
was so difficult to maintain
Warm-up #311.What were some of
Napoleon’s reforms?12.What were the reasons
for Napoleon selling Louisiana?
13.What were the consequences of the Battle of Trafalgar?
14.What word describes a vote of the people?
15.What institution did Napoleon compromise with after coming to power?
11.Government run schools, legal code, fairer taxes
12.Raise money, cut losses in America, anger/reduce the power of Britain
13.Napoleon gave up conquering Britain and naval supremacy
14.Plebiscite15.The Church
Section 4Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Mistake #1: Continental System
• Napoleon tried to “starve” Britain by closing (blockade) all continental ports
• Britain responded by creating its own blockade•Worked better because of their navy• Caused the US to declare war (War of 1812)
Mistake #2: Peninsular War• Trying to control
Portugal, Napoleon angered Spain into a 6 year war against peasant fighters (guerillas)• Used ambush tactics, which Napoleon could not fight• Britain joined Spain
• Napoleon’s actions renewed nationalist feelings
Mistake #3 (the big one):Russian Invasion
• In 1812, Napoleon, angry at Russia’s refusal to obey the blockade against Britain, invaded Russia
• Russian Czar, Alexander I, used a scorched-earth policy to prevent the French from getting anything (including Moscow)
• When they started their retreat, the Russians picked them off• The French army went from
420,000 to 10,000
Napoleon’s Downfall• Napoleon’s enemies
seized their opening• He was able to raise
an army again but they were untrained and lost easily
• April 1814, Napoleon surrendered and was exiled to Elba
100 Days• Napoleon was replaced by
the unpopular Louis XVIII• After escaping Elba and
returning to France, Napoleon was welcomed by the people, who quickly joined his army• He was emperor again within
days of landing
• His final defeat came at Waterloo in June of 1815. This period of rule was known as the Hundred Days• He was exiled (for good) to St.
Helena
Warm-up #416.What did Britain do in
response to the Continental System?
17.What strategy did Czar Alexander I use to defeat Napoleon?
18.Name of the period where Napoleon returned to power in France.
19.Name of the conflict between Spain/Portugal and France during the reign of Napoleon.
16.They organized their own blockade
17.Scorched-earth policy
18.100 days19.Peninsular War
Section 5Congress of Vienna
Origins• Following Napoleon’s
domination of Europe, leaders wanted peace and stability.• A series of meetings will be held in Vienna, Austria
• Most decisions will be made behind closed doors by the 5 “great powers”• Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France
Klemens von Metternich• Most influential person at the
Congress• Prince of Austria
• Felt that Napoleon’s example showed all the problems of democracy
• Had 3 goals• Prevent French aggression by
weakening France and strengthening its neighbors• Balance the power of all nations• Restore the monarchies• Legitimacy was a principle that
restored to power all the people removed by Napoleon
Other Political Changes• While governments
reverted to pre-Napoleon era, those governments were different from each other• Britain and France – Constitutional Monarchies• Central/East – conservative• Russia, Prussia, and Austria – absolute monarchs
Conservative Europe• Many European
leaders agreed to protect each other•Holy Alliance and Concert of Europe both protected member nations in the event of a revolution
• Sought to turn back the French Revolution but it was too late
Legacy of the Revolution• Latin American nations
who had tasted democracy were unwilling to surrender it back
• The Congress of Vienna established a balance of power in European nations
• Nationalism had become a driving force for future revolutions across Europe and the Americas
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