the eye atlas

ALNEELAIN UNIVERSITYTHE FACULTY OF OPTICS &

VISUAL SCIENCES

Copyright: Asmaa Jamal, 2011

details

The Sclera

1Pg. 2

The Eye lies in the front half of the orbit surrounded by fat and connective tissue and is

supported by a facial hammock , It has an almost spherical shape with an average

diameter of 23 mm , The optic nerve, which connects the eye with the brain leaves the

orbit at its apex through the optic foramen in which it lies close to the ophthalmic artery.

The Eye ball surrounded by protective structures(orbit, lids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal

apparatus ) , the movement apparatus consisting of the extrinsic ocular muscles

and Tenon’s capsule , and supported by Ophthalmic artery .

Clinically, the eye can be considered to be composed of two segments:

1. Anterior segment – all structures from (and including) the lens forward .

2. Posterior segment – all structures behind the lens .

The FUNCTION of the eye is to form a clear image of objects in our environment.

These images are transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve and the posterior

visual pathways .

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The visual

pathway

1/The Layers

Or Coats

Outer fibrous protective layer

The cornea

The Sclera

Middle vascular layer (“uveal

tract”)

The Iris

The Ciliary muscles

The Choroid

Inner sensitive layer The Retina

2/The compartments

Anterior chamber

Posterior chamber

Vitreous chamber

3/intraocular fluids

Aqueous humor

Vitreous humor

The eyeball itself consists of three layers or coats,

three compartments and contains three fluids:

presspress

1Pg. 2 3

The anterior one-sixth of the fibrous layer of the eye is formed by the cornea. It is

avascular transparent convex portion & has an elliptical shape with the dimensions

10.6 mm vertically and 11.7 mm horizontally. It is approximately 1mm thick at the

limbus reducing to 0.52mm +/- 0.02mm centrally . At 43 diopters, the cornea is the

most important refractive medium in the eye.

It formed during the second month of embryonic development , & Histologically

the cornea consists of 3 layers and 2 membranes:

1- Epithelium (approx. 40-50 μm): consisting of five or six layers divided into;

Basal cell layer , Wing cells , & Superficial cells . It regenerates quickly when injured by

cell division .

2- Bowman’s membrane (approx. 8-14 μm): a thin structureless homogeneous layer ,

this layer is never replaced once destroyed .

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21Pg. 3

3- Stroma ( approx. 450-500 μm) : consists of approximately 90% of

total corneal thickness. Consists of lamellae of collagen aligned at 90°

to each other and the spacing of the collagen fibrils is highly ordered.,

Between the lamellae are found cells (keratocytes) responsible for the

production of collagen and ground substance Corneal transparency is

due to the regular arrangement and relative dehydration of the collagen

fibres within the stroma..

4- Descemet’s membrane (approx. 5-10 μm) : a thin elastic membrane

resistant to both infection and trauma and relatively strong membrane

but lost tissue is not regenerated .

5- Endothelium (approx. 4 μm) : a single layer of hexagonal not

regenerated cells

31Pg. 2

The primary function of the cornea is refraction (approx. 43 diopters).

The cornea is the eye window that allows to form a clear image .

The cornea is a protective layer to the inner components of the eye .

The water content of the cornea controlled by epithelium(prevent the

passage of fluid into the stroma) and endothelium (pump the fluids into

the aqueous) to provide corneal dehydration to keep its transparency.

The uniform arrangement of the lamellae of collagen fibrils in the

corneal stroma also help to maintain the corneal transparency .

The epithelium and the endothelium attach with the tear that give the

nutrition to the cornea .

1Pg. 2

The ScleraThe whitish opaque outer coat of the eye which form 5/6 of the outer

layer of the eye

formed by the sclera .

All six ocular muscles insert into the sclera .

The sclera is thickest (1mm) anteriorly at the limbus & thinnest

(0.3mm) beneath the insertions of the rectus muscles .

It joins with the :

* Cornea at the limbus ,

* Optic nerve enter the sclera at lamina cribrosa ,

* The angle of the anterior chamber , to form the trabecular network

and the canal of Schlemm .

XThe Sclera

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ScleraSclera

The Sclera

The sclera is fibrous , and consists of :

* layer of loose connective tissue deep to the conjunctiva, over laying

the sclera, called the episclera.

* A cellular connective tissue with a higher water content than the

cornea .

* Stroma consists of irregular lamellae of collagen fibers (this is the

cause of its whitish opaque appearance) .

The most important FUNCTION of the sclera is to protect the eye by

its rigid formation , & cut the light entering the eye off except from the

cornea .

XThe Sclera

The uveal tract is the middle highly vascular layer of the eye ,

consists of:

The uveal tract lies between the sclera and retina.

The real FUNCTION of this layer is to give the supply for some other

parts of the eye .

* The choroid* The Ciliary body* The Iris

1Pg. 2 3

It is a thin circular disc perforated centrally by the pupil.

The iris consists of two layers:

1- The anterior mesodermal stromal layer.

2- The posterior ectodermal pigmented epithelial layer ( an opaque and

protects the eye against excessive incident light).

Its variable pigmentation determines the 'colour' of eyes.

The color of the iris varies in the individual according to the melanin

content of the melanocytes (pigment cells) in the stroma and epithelial

layer.

Eyes with a high melanin content are dark brown, whereas eyes with less

melanin are grayish-blue .

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21Pg. 3

The collarette marks the division of the stroma into pupillary and ciliary

zones.

The ciliary zone in the iris attached peripherally to the anterior surface of

the ciliary body .

The pupil is surrounded by :

1-The circular sphincter muscle, which is supplied by parasympathetic

nerve fibers ( responsible for miosis & contraction ) .

2- The radial dilator pupillae muscle, supplied by sympathetic nerve

fibers ( responsible for mydriasis & dilatation ) .

As similar as fingermarks , the iris has its unique map that never reoccur

with another one .

31Pg. 2

The iris regulate the contraction and dilation of the pupil by its muscles,

so that, it may be regarded as the light regulator of the optical system of

the eye.

It acts as an aperture to improve the quality of the resulting image by

controlling the amount of light that enters the eye.

Sympathetic innervation of pupil

Parasympathetic innervation of pupil

1Pg. 2

The ciliary body extends from the root of the iris to the ora serrata,

where it joins the choroid & the retina .

It is triangular in cross section , which has two sides :

1- The outer side ; is the ciliary muscles .

2- The inner side ; divided into two zones :

A- The pars plicata forms the anterior 2mm and is covered by ciliary

processes .

B- The pars plana constitutes the posterior 4.5-mm flattened portion of

the ciliary body (this zone which continuous with the choroid and retina).

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The suspensory ligament, the zonule, extends from the pars plana and

the intervals between the ciliary processes to the lens capsule.

The ciliary body is covered by a bilaminar epithelium , which is

responsible for the production of aqueous humor.

The contraction of the ciliary muscle is responsible for

accommodation.

The epithelium layer covering the ciliary body produces the aqueous

humor.

The choroid is the middle tunic of the eyeball between the

sclera & the retina . It is highly vascularized, that, the blood flow

through the choroid is the highest in the entire body . In addition to

vessels, it also carries approximately 15–20 ciliary nerves.

The choroid consists of the following :

1- Bruch’s membrane 2 μm ; It consists of basement membrane of

retinal pigmented epithelium cells & elastic and collagenous layers .

2-The choriocapillaris whish supplying the RPE & outer retina .

3- Layer of larger choroidal blood vessels .

4- Pigmented cells .

The FUNCTION of choroid is to regulate temperature and supply

nourishment to the outer layers of the retina, it is the vein of life .

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Sclera

1Pg. 2

Is a transparent, bi-convex structure suspended from the ciliary body by the zonular fibres and

situated between the iris and the vitreous The lens is about 9mm in diameter and about 4mm thick

at the centre. The lens is comprised of 65% water and 35% protein .

Anatomically , the lens consists of :

1- A thick elastic capsule for protection (its elasticity decreases with aged) . The zonule inserts into it

near the equator to suspend the lens by ciliary body.

2- Layer of epithelial cells (just under the anterior capsule). It active metabolically to keep the lens

clean .

3- Lens fibres ; The central lens fibres are called the nucleus and the more peripheral fibres the

cortex .

4- Embryonic nucleus , forms by the growth of primary lens fibers then displaced toward the

center of the lens by the growth secondary one .

5- Fetal nucleus (complete at birth) , & Infantile nucleus ( complete during the 1st and 2nd decades of life)

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The lens is one of the essential refractive media (10–20 diopters, depending

on individual accommodation) of the eye and focuses incident rays of light on

the retina .

Zonule filaments suspend the lens ciliary processes to the ciliary muscle .

When the muscle contracts the filaments relax allowing the lens to

become more convex with a shorter focal length for reading .

The gelatinous vitreous body consists of 98% water and 2%

collagen fibers and hyaluronic acid. It fills the vitreous chamber, which

composed approx. 2/3 of the total volume of the eye .

To provide mechanical stability , the 3-D network of collagen fibres &

hyaluronic acid molecules is attached to adjacent structures at the

following locations :

1- At the ligament of Wieger along the posterior capsule of the lens.

2- At the vitreous base at the ora serrata.

3- At the funnel of Martegiani (approximately 10 μm wide) surrounding the

periphery of the optic disk.

The FUNCTIONN of the vitreous body is to stabilizes the globe

although the eye can remain intact without the vitreous body .

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41Pg. 2 3

The retina is the innermost of three successive layers of the globe. It

comprises two parts:

1- A photoreceptive part (pars optical retinae), comprising the first nine of

the 10 layers of retina .

2- A nonreceptive part (pars caeca retinae), forming the epithelium of the

ciliary body and iris .

Thickness of the retina different from part to another , thinnest at ora

serrata & thickest at optic nerve .

Moving inward along the path of incident light, the individual layers of

the retina are :

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Pg. 421 3

1. Inner limiting membrane (glial cell fibers separating the retina from the vitreous body).

2. Layer of optic nerve fibers (axons of the third neuron).

3. Layer of ganglion cells (cell nuclei of the multipolar ganglion cells of the third neuron).

4. Inner plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the second neuron and dendrites of

the third neuron).

5. Inner nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the bipolar nerve cells of the second neuron, horizontal

cells, and amacrine cells).

6. Outer plexiform layer (synapses between the axons of the first neuron and dendrites of the

second neuron).

7. Outer nuclear layer (cell nuclei of the rods and cones = first neuron).

8. Outer limiting membrane .9. Layer of rods and cones (the actual photoreceptors).

10. Retinal pigment epithelium (a single cubic layer of heavily pigmented epithelial cells).

11. Bruch’s membrane (basal membrane of the choroid separating the retina from the choroid).

431Pg. 2

The most sensitive section in the retina is THE MACULAR :

The macula lutea (yellow spot); is a flattened oval area in the

center of the retina approximately 3–4mm(15 degrees)

temporal to and slightly below the optic disk with (1.7–2 mm)

diameter.

In its center; (the avascular fovea) , the sharpest visual

perception , which contains only cones cell .

41Pg. 2

The retina is the sensitive film of the eye , which receive the visible light

spectrum (wavelengths of 380–760 nm) to send it to the brain as Electric

signals .It has 4 types of Perceptions : Contrast, color, light and shape.

The retina has two types of photoreceptors :

1- The Rods (110–125 million rods) responsible for twilight and night vision,

they are about 500 times more photosensitive than the cones .

2- The Cones (six to seven million cones) responsible for say light vision ,resolution, and color perception & there are three types of cones:

1- Blue cones, 2-Green cones, 3- Red cones.

* There are nearly 20 rods to every cone.

The optic nerve extends from the posterior pole of the eye to the optic

chiasm with total length of (35–55mm) . The nerve consists of :

1- An intraocular portion (Optic Disk) .

2- An intraorbital portion.

3- An intracranial portion.

The optic disk normally has oval shape with area (approx. 2.7mm²) &

diameter (approx. 1.8mm) with yellowish orange color .

The optic cup is eccentric cavitation of the optic nerve with oval shape.

It is the brightest part of the optic disk.

The FUNCTION of the optic nerve is to send the electric signals of

light to the brain & suspend the globe in its place in the orbit .

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The eye adnexa is that parts whish surrounded the eye globe .

It consists of :

The adjacent eye adnexa very important for the safety of the

eye & its movement .

* The Eye Lids * The Lacrimal

System

* The Conjunctiva * Extra-OcularMuscles

1Pg. 2

The anatomy of an eyelid can be simplified into four layers :

1- Skin, which is formed by the epidermis and dermis .

2- Striated muscle, formed by the orbicularis oculi to close the eyelids.

3- Tarsal plate which gives the eyelid firmness and shape and

containing the Meibomian glands .

4- Conjunctival mucosa .

On the upper eyelid, approximately 150 eyelashes are arranged in three

or four rows; on the lower eyelid there are about 75 in two rows. As

eyebrows,the eyelashes help prevent dust and sweat from entering the eye.

Different types of muscle groups specialize in eyelid movements, whose

closing takes three forms:

- By blinking, - By reflex, - And consciously.

The superficiallayer

The deeplayer

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Normal width of the palpebral fissure ( the eye opening ) :

- The upper lid covers the superior margin of the cornea by about

(2mm).

- The lower lid close to the inferior margin of the cornea .

- The distance between upper & lower lids is normally (6–10mm) .

- The distance between the lateral and medial angles is (28–30mm) .

The FUNCTION of the eye lids is :

1- protect the eye globe .

2- It contains tear film, which is significant for corneal moisture & healthy

that distributed over the anterior surface by blinking .

1Pg. 2

The conjunctiva is a vascular mucous membrane that covers

the surface of the globe and the lids.

Anatomically, the conjunctiva has continuous regions consist

of :1-The palpebral conjunctiva : lines the posterior surface of the eyelids.

2-The forniceal conjunctiva : the link between palpebral & bulbar conj.

3-The bulbar conjunctiva : is loosely attached to the anterior of sclera .

4-The limbal conjunctiva : attached strongly to about 3mm from the

cornea .

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Histologically, the conjunctiva consist of :

1- The epithelium layer : contains basal, wing, and superficial cuboidal

layers . & contains goblet cells (mucous glands), langerhans cells, and

melanocytes cells .

2- The stroma : contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic .

The FUNCTION of the conjunctiva is to facilitate the movements of

the globe and lids while protecting the orbital contents from the external

environment.

1Pg. 2

The lacrimal system consists of two sections :

* Structures that secrete tear fluid ( lacrimal gland, Krause and Wolfring glands ).

* Structures that facilitate tear drainage (drainage system ).

The lacrimal gland lies above the outer corner of the eye beneath the

superior temporal margin of the orbital bone in the lacrimal fossa. The

accessory Krause and Wolfring glands located in the conjunctival fornices.

Anatomically, the lacrimal drainage system consists of :

1- The punta (2mm) : lie in papillae at the medial ends of the eyelids.

2- Canaliculi (8mm) : 70% of tears drain through the inferior and 30% through the

superior canaliculus .

3- The lacrimal sac : lies in the lacrimal groove formed by the lacrimal bone and the

frontal process of the maxilla.

4- Nasolacrimal duct (NLD) : is directed downwards, laterally and

backwards to empty into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity.

The Tear Film :Is a protein layer consists of three layers :

1- The outer oily layer (approx. 0.1 μm) : produced meibomian glands

and the sebaceous glands and sweat glands of the margin of eye lids . This

layer very important to stabilize the tear film and prevent evapration.

2- The middle watery layer (approx. 8 μm ) : is produced by the lacrimal

gland and the accessory lacrimal glands . It is important for sterilization,

cleaning the surface of the cornea & facilitation of blinking .

3- The inner mucin layer (approx. 0.8 μm) : is secreted by the goblet cells

of the conjunctiva and the lacrimal gland. It helps to stabilize the tear film

and protect the corneal epithelium .

The external ocular muscles (4 rectus, and 2 oblique) lie in the

fat of the orbit and help to move the eyeball in different

directions.

All the recti muscles attach to the eyeball anterior to the

equator (inserted into the sclera 5-8mm from the limbus) while

the oblique muscles attach behind the equator.

* Table OfFunction

* Anterior ViewOf Actions

* Location &Different view

* Nerve Supply

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It is an optically clear solution fills the space between the cornea and the

lens with about (0.3 ml.) in volume .

It contains a low concentration of proteins, and high concentration of

ascorbic acid .

It formed by ultrafiltration from the ciliary processes in the posterior

chamber.

Its flow system is :

1-Aqueous flows forward over the anterior surface of the lens .

2-The fluid enters the anterior chamber through the pupil .

3-Drains through the trabecular meshwork into the canal of Schlemm .

4-Then aqueous veins and the conjunctival episceral veins.

Its FUNCTION is to nourish the lens and cornea.

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Ametropia ●

Strabismus ●

● Eye Lids

● Lacrimal System

● Conjunctiva

● Cornea

● Sclera

● Uvea

● Lens

● Intra Ocular Pressure

● Fundus Visual Pathway Defects●

● Vitreous Body

● Red Eye

Emmetropia

Ametropia

Hypermetropia

Myopia

Anisometropia

Astigmatism

Presbyopia

Is an optical condition where light from distant beyond 6 m

focused in front of the retina when accommodation = 0

out of focus when accommodation = 0

Is an optical condition where light from distant beyond

6 m focused behind the retina when accommodation = 0

not focused the retina when accommodation = 0

focused on the retina when accommodation = 0

Is a difference in refractive power between the two eyes

usually > 3 diopters

Is a gradual loss of focusing power due to decreasing of the

elasticity of the lens with increasing age

1 Next→Pg. 2

2←Previous Pg. 1

Emmetropia & Ametropia●● Myopia

Hypermetropia●● Correction Of Myopia

Correction Of Hypermetropia●● Astigmatism

Presbyopia●● Types Of Astigmatism

Emmetropia & Ametropia

2←Previous Pg. 1

Hypermetropia

2←Previous Pg. 1

Correction of hyperopia(a) Correction with converging

lenses (plus lenses).

(b) Correction of aphakia with

cataract lens, contact lens (c),

anterior chamber intraocular

lens (d, blue) or posterior

chamber intraocular lens(d, red).

Correction Of Hypermetropia

2←Previous Pg. 1

The vision in presbyopic patient corrected by convex lens (+) for

near vision

Presbyopia

2←Previous Pg. 1

Myopia

2←Previous Pg. 1

Correction of myopia(a) Correction with

diverging lenses (minus

lenses).

(b) Correction with contact

(c) Correction by removing

the lens to reduce refractive

power of the eye.

Correction Of Myopia

2←Previous Pg. 1

Astigmatism

2←Previous Pg. 1

Types Of Astigmatism

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Hyperphoria & Hypophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

►play

Nystagmus: Bilateral involuntary

rhythmic oscillation of the eyes, may be

latent or manifest .

Nystagmus

►play

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

Esophoria: Latent inward deviation of

the visual axis .

Esophoria

►play

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

Exophoria: Latent outward deviation of

the visual axis .

Exophoria

►play

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

Hyperphoria & Hypophoria

Hyperphoria: latent upward deviation

of the visual axis .

Hypophoria: latent downward deviation

of the visual axis .

►play

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

Cyclophoria: latent rotation of one eye

around its visual axis .

Cyclophoria

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

Esotropia: Manifest convergent

deviation .

Esotropia

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

Exotropia: Manifest convergent

deviation .

Exotropia

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

Hypertropia: Manifest elevated

deviation .

Hypertropia

Esophoria●

Esotropia●

Hypertropia●

Exotropia●

Hypotropia●

Exophoria●

Cyclophoria●

Nystagmus●

Hypotropia: Manifest depressed

deviation .

Hypotropia

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

Total HomonymousHemianopia

Partial HomonymousHemianopia

HomonymousQuadrantopsia

CrossedQuadrantopsia

BinasalHemianopia

BitemporalHemianopia

AltitudinalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Normal Field

Hemianopia is typical binocular sector

defect .

L.E field R.E field

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Total Homonymous Hemianopia

L.E field R.E field

Is bilateral left or right sided contraction of the

visual field rather than depression.

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Partial Homonymous Hemianopia

L.E field R.E field

Is bilateral left or right sided defect that one-half of visual field of

each eye is blind or partial blind, congruous or in congruous .

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Homonymous Quadrantopsia

Is in reality, a form of partial homonymous hemianopia. It is

bilateral left or right sided defect, congruous or in

congruous

L.E field R.E field

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Crossed Quadrantopsia

Is a defect in visual field in which an upper quadrant of one

field is lost long with the lower quadrant in opposite side of

opposite field.

L.E field R.E field

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Binasal Hemianopia

Is not a true hemianoptic defect but due to more than one

lesion, irregular, & asymmetrical of the visual field of the

two eyes.

L.E field R.E field

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Bitemporal Hemianopia

Is a visual field defect in which a part or all temporal

fields is insensitive to the visual stimulus .

L.E field R.E field

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Altitudinal Hemianopia

Is a visual field defect which divided & bounded by

horizontal meridian, it is may be unilateral or

bilateral

L.E field R.E field

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Double Hemianopia

Relatively uncommon visual field defect result

from lesions of occipital area.

L.E field R.E field

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Macular Spared

Is the rule in instances of damage to the

visual cortex .

L.E field R.E field

1Pg. 2 Scotoma→

Normal Field

BinasalHemianopia

DoubleHemianopia

MacularSpared

MacularSplit

Macular Split

Is the difficult to fixation & shifting of fixation due to

lesion in post-chiasmal pathway, & damage to cortex .

L.E field R.E field

2←Hemianopia Pg. 1

Normal Field

Central Scotoma

Pericentral Scotoma

Paracentral Scotoma

Cecal Scotoma

Nerve Fiber BundleScotoma

Ring ScotomaScotoma is an area of partial or complete blindness within

the confines of a normal or relatively normal visual field .

Normal FieldR.E field

Normal Field

Central Scotoma

Pericentral Scotoma

Paracentral Scotoma

Cecal Scotoma

Ring ScotomaDefect of the fixation area & the field

immediately surrounding it are involved .

Central ScotomaR.E field

Normal Field

Central Scotoma

Pericentral Scotoma

Paracentral Scotoma

Cecal Scotoma

Ring Scotoma

Pericentral ScotomaR.E field

The fixation area clear & the field immediately

surrounding it shows a depressed visual acuity .

Normal Field

Central Scotoma

Pericentral Scotoma

Paracentral Scotoma

Cecal Scotoma

Ring Scotoma

Paracentral ScotomaR.E field

The area of depressed visual acuity is one

side of fixation, which is not involved .

Normal Field

Central Scotoma

Pericentral Scotoma

Paracentral Scotoma

Cecal Scotoma

Ring ScotomaDefect of blind spot area .

Cecal ScotomaR.E field

Normal Field

Central Scotoma

Pericentral Scotoma

Paracentral Scotoma

Cecal Scotoma

Ring ScotomaThe defect takes form around fixation from the blind

spot to the horizontal raphe in the nasal field .

Nerve Fiber Bundle ScotomaR.E field

Normal Field

Central Scotoma

Pericentral Scotoma

Paracentral Scotoma

Cecal Scotoma

Ring ScotomaIrregular circle defect that rings the fixation point at

varying distance & with more less completeness .

Ring ScotomaR.E field

1 Next→Pg. 2

Abcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'basal cell'

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Coloboma Cutaneoushorn

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

EntropionEdema Hemangioma

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Collection of pus with severe inflammation,

swelling, and subsequent fluctuation.

Abcess

1 Next→Pg. 2

BlepharitisAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Is scaly inflammation deposits of eyelids

margin in the roots of the eyelashes.

1 Next→Pg. 2

BlepharospasmAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Slight involuntary twitching of the eyelids.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Carcinoma'basal cell'Abcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Malignant skin tumor derived from the epidermal

basal cells & cells of the outer hair follicle sheaths.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Carcinoma'squamous'Abcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Is a malignant tumor, rapidly growing, &

destroys tissue.

1 Next→Pg. 2

ChalazionAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Is a nodular bulb result of obstruction of

the duct of a meibomian gland.

1 Next→Pg. 2

ColobomaAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

An incomplete eye lid fusion (cut

appearance).

1 Next→Pg. 2

Cutaneous hornAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

A yellow-brown growths of the Skin

consisting of keratin.

1 Next→Pg. 2

DeformityAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Abnormal or uncompleted growth of eye

1 Next→Pg. 2

Dermoid cystAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Is a benign mature teratoma.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Ductal cystAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Local fat metabolism disorder that

produces lipoprotein deposits.

1 Next→Pg. 2

EctropionAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Rotation of the eyelid margin

outwards.

1 Next→Pg. 2

EdemaAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Is a swelling of the eyelid due to abnormal

collection of fluid in the subcutaneous

tissue.

1 Next→Pg. 2

EntropionAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Rotation of eyelid margin inwards

(There trichiasis 'Inturned lashes' in image below) .

Entropion wih trichiasis 'Inturned lashes'

1 Next→Pg. 2

HemangiomaAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Is a benign neoplasm of blood

vessels.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Herpes simplexAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Acute, usually unilateral eyelid disorder

accompanied by skin and mucous membrane

vesicles.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Herpes zosterAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Is a facial rash caused by the varicella-

zoster virus.

1 Next→Pg. 2

HordeolumAbcess Blepharitis Blepharospasm

Carcinoma'squamous'

Chalazion

Deformity

Dermoidcyst

Ductalcyst

Ectropion

Herpessimplex

Herpeszoster

Hordeolum

Is the result of an acute bacterial infection

of one or more eyelid glands.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoaconthama Lagophthalmos

Molluscumcontagiosum

Louseinfestation

Neurofibroma Ptosis

Xanthelasma

A rapidly growing tumor with a central

keratin mass that opens on the skin surface.

Keratoaconthama

2←Previous Pg. 1

LagophthalmosIncomplete lid closure with

infrequent blinking.

Louseinfestation

Neurofibroma Ptosis

Xanthelasma

2←Previous Pg. 1

Louse infestation

Infestation of the margin of the eyelid with crab lice

as a result of poor hygienic conditions.

Louseinfestation

Neurofibroma Ptosis

Xanthelasma

2←Previous Pg. 1

Molluscum contagiosum

Is non-inflammatory contagious infection

caused by DNA viruses.

Louseinfestation

Neurofibroma Ptosis

Xanthelasma

2←Previous Pg. 1

NeurofibromaA congenital developmental defect of the

neuroectoderm gives rise to neural tumors and

pigment spots.

Louseinfestation

Neurofibroma Ptosis

Xanthelasma

2←Previous Pg. 1

PtosisPathological drooping of the upper

Louseinfestation

Neurofibroma Ptosis

Xanthelasma

2←Previous Pg. 1

XanthelasmaFlat yellowish tumors in the region of the medial

canthus, which are due to deposits of cholesterol in

macrophages.

Louseinfestation

Neurofibroma Ptosis

Xanthelasma

Acutedacryoadenitis

Acutedacryocystitis

Chronicdacryocystitis

Lacrimal ductanamolies

Lacrimal glandcyst

Lacrimal ducttearing

Chronicdacryoadenitis

A sudden unilateral tender swelling of the

lacrimal gland.

Acute dacryoadenitis

Acutedacryoadenitis

Acutedacryocystitis

Lacrimal glandcyst

Painless, slightly inflammatory swelling of

the lacrimal gland, unilateral or bilateral.

Chronic dacryoadenitis

Acutedacryoadenitis

Acutedacryocystitis

Lacrimal glandcyst

Partial or complete obstruction of the

nasolacrimal duct with inflammation.

Acute dacryocystitis

Acutedacryoadenitis

Acutedacryocystitis

Lacrimal glandcyst

ChronicdacryoadenitisCongenital or idiopathic obstructions

of the nasolacrimal duct.

Chronic dacryocystitis

Lacrimal duct anamoliesAcute

dacryoadenitis

Acutedacryocystitis

Lacrimal glandcyst

Acutedacryoadenitis

Acutedacryocystitis

Lacrimal glandcyst

Often occur together with lid & injuries, particularly

with injuries of the nasal canthus.

Lacrimal duct tearing

Acutedacryoadenitis

Acutedacryocystitis

Lacrimal glandcyst

This is a lacrimal gland fistulas.

Lacrimal gland cyst

1Pg. 2 Next→

Carcinoma Conjunctivalchemosis

Conjunctivalcyst

Conjunctivalhemangioma

Conjunctivalinjection

Conjunctivalxerosis

Conjunctivitis‘Allergic’

Conjunctivitis‘Bacterial’

Conjunctivitis‘Epidemic

Viral’

conjunctivitisGonoccocal'neonatal'

Conjunctivitis’Papillary’

Conjunctivitis‘Vernal’

Conjunctivitis‘Woody’

Dermoid

Carcinoma

Malignant tumor whitish, raised, thickened

areas of epithelial tissue.

Conjunctivitis‘Follicular’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Conjunctival chemosisSevere white glassy edema and

swelling of the conjunctiva.

Conjunctivalcyst

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Conjunctival cystCarcinoma Conjunctival

chemosisConjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

Harmless and benign Small, clear, fluid-

filled inclusions of conjunctival epithelium.

1Pg. 2 Next→

Conjunctival hemangiomaSmall cavernous proliferations of

blood vessels on the conjunctiva.

Conjunctivalcyst

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Conjunctival injectionBright red, clearly visible distended vessels that

move with the conjunctiva, decreasing toward the

limbus.

Conjunctivalcyst

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Conjunctival xerosisCarcinoma Conjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

Desiccation of the conjunctiva due to a

vitamin (A) deficiency.

1Pg. 2 Next→

Allergic conjunctivitisConjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the

surface of the eye & characterized by vascular dilation,

cellular infiltration, & exudation.

Conjunctivalcyst

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Bacterial conjunctivitisCarcinoma Conjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

Conjunctivitis is an inflammatory process involving the

1Pg. 2 Next→

Follicular conjunctivitisCarcinoma Conjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Epidemic viral conjunctivitisCarcinoma Conjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Gonoccocal 'neonatal‘ conjunctivitisCarcinoma Conjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Papillary conjunctivitisCarcinoma Conjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Vernal conjunctivitisCarcinoma Conjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Woody conjunctivitisCarcinoma Conjunctival

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

1Pg. 2 Next→

Dermoid

Is a round dome-shaped grayish yellow or whitish

congenital tumor. Generally it located on the limbus.

Conjunctivalcyst

Conjunctivalxerosis

Dermoid

Viral’

2←Previous 1Pg.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Leukoplakia Lymphoma

Malignentmelanoma

Melanosis Ocular-Mucocutaneous

syndromes

Oncocytoma Papilloma Pingueculum

Pterygium Subconjunctivalhemorrhage

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

Foreign bodyAny different floaters or other bodied

& deposits on the ocular surface.

2←Previous 1Pg.

GranulomaInflamed nodes of conjunctival stroma with

circumscribed areas of reddening and vascular

injection.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Hyperemia

Reddened eyes, non-inflammatory dilatation &

fillings of the conjunctival vessels.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Kaposi’s sarcomaIs a prominent, light to dark red tumor in the conjunctival

fornix or proceeding from the palpebral conjunctiva.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Leukoplakia

Keratinization of the epithelium, ''white

spot'' over the conjunctiva.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Lymphoma

Typical salmon colored conjunctival tumor

in the inferior fornix.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Malignent melanomaIs the arising of primary acquired

melanosis.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

MelanosisIs a pigmented thickening of the

conjunctival epithelium.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Ocular-Mucocutaneous syndromes

Are clinical syndromes that involve multiple toxic &

immunologic causative mechanisms.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Oncocytoma

Reddish or brownish degeneration of glandular

cells, occurs almost only in the caruncle.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

PapillomaGranuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

Is a viral origin (HPVs), and may develop

from the bulbar or palpebral conjunctiva.

2←Previous 1Pg.

Pingueculum

Harmless grayish yellow thickening of the

conjunctival epithelium in the palpebral fissure.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

PterygiumTriangular fold of conjunctiva that usually grows

from the medial portion of the palpebral fissure

toward the cornea.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Subconjunctival hemorrhageExtensive bleeding under the

conjunctiva.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Symblepharon

An abnormal adhesion of bulbar and tarsal

conjunctiva.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Tearing

Usually occur due to injury.Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

2←Previous 1Pg.

Trachoma

The most harmful type of conjunctivitis

''Chlamydial type'' lead to loss of eye in final stage.

Granuloma Hyperemia

Kaposi’ssarcoma

Foreign body

Malignentmelanoma

syndromes

Symblepharon

Tearing Trachoma

1 Next→Pg. 2

Arcus senilis Burning Bandkeratopathy

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Cornealulcer-abscess

Foreign body

Hematocornea Injury Keratoconus

Keratoglobus DifferentBetween

Keratoconus &Keratoglobus

Arcus senilisIs a grayish-white ring-shaped fatty deposit near the

limbus that can occur at any age but usually appears

in advanced age.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

BurningInjury due to alkali, acid, or

Chemical burning from hot aluminum

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Band keratopathy

Deposition of calcium in the region of the lid

fissure at the level of Bowman's Membrane.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Bullous keratopathy

Opacification of the cornea with epithelial bullae

due to loss of function of the endothelial cells.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Macular stromal dystrophy

Granular stromal dystrophy

Central Crystalline Dystrophy

Fuch’s corneal dystrophy

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Corneal dystrophiesA group of corneal metabolic dysfunctions that

always lead to bilateral opacification of the various

layers of the cornea.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Corneal edema

Hydration of the cornea due to enabling of

pumping the water out of the cornea.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Corneal opacity

Loosing of corneal transparency.

Corneal opacity due to conjunctivitis

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Corneal ulcer-abscess

Is the swelling of the cornea.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Any different small particles, deposits, &

dust rest on the corneal surface.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Hematocornea

Is a breakdown of hemoglobin and other

products of the erythrocytes.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Injury

Scaring or scratching of the cornea.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

KeratoconusConical, usually bilateral central deformation, dystrophy

with development of a defect of the collagen in

Bowman's membrane & central corneal thinning.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

KeratoglobusA congenital deformation resulting in hemispherical

protrusion that tends to produce myopia, & flattening of

the cornea that tends to produce hyperopia.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Bullouskeratopathy

Cornealdystrophies

Cornealedema

Cornealopacity

Foreign body

Different Between Keratoconus & Keratoglobus

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratitis‘Acanthamoeba’

Keratitis‘Bacterial’

Keratitis‘Fungi’

Keratitis‘Viral’

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

Keratitis ‘Acanthamoeba’Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused

by infection, trauma, dry eyes, ultraviolet exposure,

contact lens overwear, or degeneration.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

Keratitis ‘Bacterial’Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

Keratitis‘ Fungi’Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

Keratitis ‘Viral’Keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused

Herpes simplex keratitis

following use of steroid eye drops

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

Laser-assisted in intrastromal in situ keratomileusis

Laser epithelium keratomileuais (LASEK) used to correct

the refractive error with preservation of Bowman's layer.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

KeratoplastyThis is a corneal grafting involves replacement of

diseased corneal tissue with a full thickness corneal

tissue.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

Keratoplasty process

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

KeratotomyCorrection of myopia by flattening the central dome of

the cornea with four to sixteen radial incisions extending

through as much as 90% of the thickness of the cornea.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Keratoplastyprocess

LAISK Keratoplasty

Keratotomy

UV Keratopathy

This is injury due to UV radiation

Superficial punctate keratitis

(stained with fluorescein)

Atrophy Episcleritis Injury

Scleritis‘Diffuse’

Scleritis‘Necrotizing’

Scleritis‘Nodular’

Scleritis‘Scleromalacia

perforans’

Staphyloma & Ectasia‘B-scan’

Staphyloma & Ectasia‘Ophthalmologic Image’

Atrophy

Not a pathology but a fatigue sclera.OculodermalMelanocytosis

perforans’

Episcleritis

OculodermalMelanocytosis

An inflammation of the episclera (connective tissue

between sclera and conjunctiva).

perforans’

Injury

Rupture & injury of the sclera

usually due to truma.

perforans’

Oculodermal melanosis ‘Ota’s nevus’

Is characterized by unilateral (very rarely bilateral)

increased melanocytic pigmentation of the lids,

conjunctiva, sclera, iris, ciliary body, and choroid

Scleritis is a diffuse or localized

inflammation of the sclera.

perforans’

Scleritis ‘Diffuse’

perforans’

Scleritis ‘Necrotizing’

perforans’

Scleritis ‘Nodular’

perforans’

Scleritis ‘Scleromalacia perforans’

perforans’

Staphyloma & Ectasia ‘Ophthalmologic Image’

Staphyloma is a bulging of the sclera with uveal thinned or

degenerated.

Ectasia is a thinning and bulging of the sclera without uveal

involvement.

perforans’

Staphyloma & Ectasia ‘B-scan’

Staphyloma is a bulging of the sclera with uveal thinned or

degenerated.

Ectasia is a thinning and bulging of the sclera without uveal

involvement.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Fundus’

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Choroiditis ColobomaOf Choroid

Heterochromia Hyphema

Hypopyon Iridocyclitis& iritis

Iridodialysis

Iridoschisis Iridotomy

Albinism ‘Fundus’Albinism is a congenital metabolic disease that leads to

hypopigmenation of the eye due to melanin deficiency.

•The fovea is aplasia which results in significant reduction

in visual and nystagmus.

Choroidal vessels(arrowhead)

Retinal vessels(arrow)

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Albinismb ‘Iris’Albinism is a congenital metabolic disease that leads to

hypopigmenation of the eye due to melanin deficiency.

•The iris become light blue &appears reddish under

retroillumination due to fundus reflex.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Aniridia

Is the absence of the iris.

The ciliary (arrow) and the lens are

visible under slit lamp retroillumination

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Ciliary InjectionIs peripheral hyperemia of the anterior ciliary vessels which

produces a deep red or rose color of the corneal stroma, and must

be distinguished from hyperemia of the conjunctival vessels.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Choroidal DetachmentIs the separation of the choroid from

the sclera.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Choroidal Osteoma

Is an ossified lesion occurring in the second

to third decade, mainly in women.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Choroidal RuptureIs crescentic concentric choroidal

tears.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Multifocal choroiditis Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Choroiditis

The inflammation of the choroid.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Coloboma of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Coloboma Of ChoroidCongenital anomaly results from incomplete fusion of the

optic fissure during embryogenesis (5th-8th weeks)

causing limited to part of the uveal Tract.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Coloboma Of IrisCongenital anomaly results from incomplete fusion of the

optic fissure during embryogenesis (5th-8th weeks)

causing limited to part of the uveal Tract.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Heterochromia

A congenital or acquired difference in

coloration between the left and right iris.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Hyphema

Bleeding in the anterior chamber.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Hypopyon

Collection of pus in the anterior chamber.

(There is cataract in image below).

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Iridocyclitis & iritis

Inflammation of the iris and ciliary Body

(It appears as red eye & small pupil).

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Tearing of the root of the iris.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Iridoschisis

Separation of the iris stroma.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

IridotomyA small hole is created by laser in the iris without

opening the eye to allow the passing of aqueous

humor.

1 Next→Pg. 2

Iris Bicolor

CiliaryInjection

ColobomaOf Iris

Albinism‘Iris’

Aniridia

ChoroidalDetachment

ChoroidalOsteoma

ChoroidalRupture

Iridodialysis

Iris Bicolor

Unilateral or bilateral, hyperpigmentation

or hypopigmentation of the iris.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Choroid’

Melanoma ‘B-Scan’

Melanoma‘Ciliary body’

Melanoma‘Iris’

Melanosis Panuveitis

RubeosisIridis

SerpiginousChorioretinopathy

SphincterTear

SympatheticOphthalmia

Synechia ToxoplasmosisRetinochoroiditis

Uveal Metastasis ‘Choroid’

Uveal Metastasis'Iris & Ciliary Body'

Choroidal Melanoma

Pigmented lesions & tumors of the choroid which

may be benign 'nevus' (a), or malignant (b).

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Choroidal Melanoma

Choroidal melanoma with typical mushroom shape;

ultrasound appearance (a), and cross section (b) . .

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Ciliary Body MelanomaPigmented tumors of the ciliary

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Iris Melanoma

Pigmented tumors of the iris .

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Melanosis

A dark pigmentation of one iris ( It is a

type of Heterochromia ).

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

PanuveitisSimultaneous anterior and posterior

uveitis.

2←Previous Pg. 1

fluorescein angiogram

shown Rubeosis iridis

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Rubeosis Iridis

The neovascularization of the iris

2←Previous Pg. 1

Fluorescence angiography in

the early phaseActive lesion (arrow)

Fluorescence angiography: diffuse

leakage (arrow) in the late phase

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Serpiginous Chorioretinopathy

Is a rare bilateral

asymmetric to symmetric,

slowly progressive disease

that leads to gradual loss of

the retinal pigment

epithelium and the

choriocapillary layer.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Sphincter TearTear in the sphincter pupillae with

elongation of the iris.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Sympathetic OphthalmiaSpecific bilateral inflammation of the uveal tract due to

chronic irritation of one eye, caused by a perforating

wound to the eye or intraocular surgery.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Synechia

Adhesions of the iris and cornea (Anterior synechia)

or adhesions of the iris & lens (Posterior synechia).

Cloverleaf pupil appears in image

due to posterior synechia

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Toxoplasmosis RetinochoroiditisIs the most common form of posterior uveitis which caused by

infection with the protozoon toxoplasma gondii that often lead to

bilateral chorioretinal scarring (Appear in the central of image).

2←Previous Pg. 1

Choroidal metastatic breast

carcinoma in an elderly

female patient.

(a) Colour photo.

(b) Fluorescein angiogram.

(c) Ultrasound B-scan

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Choroidal Metastasis

Is the result of a wide variety of cancers

including breast and lung cancer.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Melanoma‘Iris’

RubeosisIridis

SphincterTear

Iris & Ciliary Body Metastasis

Is the result of a wide variety of cancers

including breast and lung cancer.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Congenital’

Cataract‘Cortical’

Cataract‘Dermatogenous’

Cataract‘Hypermature’

Cataract ‘Lamellar-zonular’

Cataract‘Mature’

Cataract‘Nuclear’

Cataract‘Secondary’

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Congenital Cataract

An expression of genetic changes, ocular malformations,

intrauterine damage, or metabolic disorders.

Cataract is the reduction of the lens

transparency, or any opacity in the lens .

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Cortical Cataract

Cortical cataracts as nuclear one but

patients tend to have acquired hyperopia.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Dermatogenous Cataract

Cataract occurs with chronic neurodermatitis, less

frequently with other skin disorders.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Hypermature cataract

Is the complete liquification of the cortex where the

dense brown nucleus will subside within the capsule.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Lamellar-zonular Cataract

Opacities are located in one layer of lens

fibers as 'riders'.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Mature Cataract

The lens is diffusely white due to complete

opacification of the cortex.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Nuclear Cataract

Yellowish brown opacities of the lens

nucleus.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Secondary cataract

Cataract occurring due to other eye diseases or after

extracapsular cataract extraction.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Toxic cataract

Cataract occurs due to prolonged topical or

systemic therapy.

posterior capsule opacity due to Cortisone therapy

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Traumatic Cataract

Is a traumatic lens opacity.

Crystalline Lens

Entering the anterior chamber with

a keratome from temporal side

Circular opening of the anterior

lens capsule (capsulorhexis)

A posterior chamber intraocular

lens is implanted in the capsular

Ultrasonic destruction of the lens

nucleus in the capsular sac

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Cataract Extraction

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Deposits

May be foreign bodies, deposits of pseudoexfoliation

material, cholesterol crystal (appear below) & others.

Crystalline Lens

IOL implant within capsular bag

appear after dilation of pupil

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Intraocular Lens

Crystalline Lens

Lens dislocation may

Subluxation (partial dislocation);

The partially partially

suspension of the lens

within the hyaloid fossa

due to partial tearing.

Luxation (complete dislocation);

The lens is torn

completely free and has

migrated into the

vitreous body or,

anterior chamber .

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Lens Dislocation

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

Lenticonus

Is a circumscribed conical protrusion of the anterior pole

(anterior lenticonus) or posterior pole (posterior lenticouns) 'seen

in image associated with a posterior subcapsular opacity'.

Crystalline Lens

Cataract‘Toxic’

Cataract‘Truma’

CataractExtraction

Deposits

IntraocularLens

Lens Dislocation

Lenticonus

Spherophakia

The lens has a spherical shape that the lens equator

is visible at the edge of the pupil as shown in image.

Vitreous Body

VitreousHemorrhage‘Mechanism’

VitreousHemorrhage

VitreousDetachment

Vitrectomy‘Solution’

Vitrectomy‘Gas & Oil’

Endophthalmitis

AsteroidHyalosis

Deposits

Are numerous yellowish round particles in the

vitreous which move together with ocular

movements.

Asteroid Hyalosis

Vitreous Body

VitreousHemorrhage

VitreousDetachment

Endophthalmitis

AsteroidHyalosis

Deposits

Calcium deposits & dead cells (common), or may be

foreign body (rare). 'Retinal detachment appear in image'.

Deposits

Vitreous Body

VitreousHemorrhage

VitreousDetachment

Endophthalmitis

AsteroidHyalosis

DepositsEndophthalmitis

Inflammatory changes in the posterior uvea extend

into the vitreous (Any intraocular inflammation).

Vitreous Body

Use of gas and silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery

VitreousHemorrhage

VitreousDetachment

Endophthalmitis

AsteroidHyalosis

Deposits

Surgical removal & replacement of the vitreous body

with Ringer's solution, gas, or silicone oil.

Vitrectomy ‘Gas & Oil’

Vitreous Body

VitreousHemorrhage

VitreousDetachment

Endophthalmitis

AsteroidHyalosis

Deposits

Surgical removal & replacement of the vitreous body

with Ringer's solution, gas, or silicone oil.

Vitrectomy ‘Solution’

Vitreous Body

Complete posterior vitreous detachment (arrows)

VitreousHemorrhage

VitreousDetachment

Endophthalmitis

AsteroidHyalosis

Deposits

- Complete or partial detachment of the

vitreous body from its underlying tissue.

Vitreous Detachment

Vitreous Body

VitreousHemorrhage

VitreousDetachment

Endophthalmitis

AsteroidHyalosis

Deposits

Bleeding into the vitreous chamber or a

space created by vitreous detachment.

Vitreous Hemorrhage

Vitreous Body

VitreousHemorrhage

VitreousDetachment

Endophthalmitis

AsteroidHyalosis

DepositsVitreous Hemorrhage ‘Mechanism’

1 Next→Pg. 2

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

Atrophy OfOptic Nerve

Coats Disease CystoidMacular Edema

DegenerativeMyopia

DegenerativeRetinoschisis

DiabeticRetinopathy

Hemangioma HypertensiveRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies(2)

MacularDystrophies

Melanocytoma MyelinatedNerve Fibers

Oblique Insertion

Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Dry ARMDWet ARMD

Hard DrusenSoft Drusen

Progressive degeneration of the macula in elderly

patients (Drusen-deposits of protein & lipid containing

material beneath the retinal pigment epithelium).

1 Next→Pg. 2

AIDS-Related Retinal Disorders

Cytomegalovirus retinitis

Retinal disorders in AIDS involve either AIDS-

associated microangiopathy or infection.

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Astrocytoma

A benign tumor of optic disc appears as

white reflecting ‘mulberry tumor’ .

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Atrophy Of Optic Nerve

Primary atrophyThe optic disk is well

defined and pale.

Secondary atrophyThe optic disk is

elevated and pale due to

proliferation of

astrocytes.

Irreversible loss of axons in the region of the third neuron

(from the retinal layer of ganglion cells to the lateral

geniculate body).

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Coats Disease

Typical vascular changes of telangiectasia (arrow)

accompanied by exudative retinal detachment with

numerous lipid deposits (arrowheads).

A congenital retinal vascular anamoly that

affects mostly boys .

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Cystoid Macular Edema

Same old Pt. with cystoid macular edema in the left

eye. (a)Fundusoscopy

imaging(b) infrared imaging

(c) FluorescenceAngiography.

OCT shown cystoid macular edema

Originates in a disturbance of vascular permeability in the perifoveal

capillaries and/or in the retinal pigment epithelium that appears as an

accumulation of fluid in the outer plexiform layer of the retina

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Degenerative Myopia

The fundus in degenerative myopia is characterized

by abnormal chorioretinal atrophy (arrows in image)

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Degenerative Retinoschisis

A frequently bilateral split in an inner and

outer layer of the retina.

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Diabetic Retinopathy

Proliferative DR with neovascularization(arrows)

Nonproliferative DR with hard exudates (arrows)

Is an ocular microangiopathy.

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Hemangioma

A hemangioblastoma (arrow) With hard exudate (arrowhead).

Capillary hemangiomas or hemangioblastomas

occur in angiomatosis retinae (von Hippel-Lindau

disease).

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Hypertensive Retinopathy

Cotton wool (arrow)

Arterial changes in hypertension are primarily

caused by vasospasm; in arteriosclerosis they are the

result of thickening of the wall of the arteriole.

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Macular Dystrophies

Stargardt Disease

Best’s vitelliform dystrophy Cone Dystrophy

Macular dystrophies are disorders of the macula

that usually occur bilaterally and manifest

themselves between the ages of 10 and 30.

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Macular Dystrophies

The Macular Degeneration of Myopia

Pattern Dystrophy

Macular dystrophies are disorders of the macula

that usually occur bilaterally and manifest

themselves between the ages of 10 and 30.

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

MelanocytomaA benign pigmented, deep black, prominent

abnormalities in the region of the disc & extending

beyond it .

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Myelinated Nerve Fibers

Whitish, striated appearing of nerve fibers & can

simulate segmental blurring of the margin .

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

1 Next→Pg. 2

Oblique Insertion Of Optic Disc

It typically seen as a tilting of optic disc in

an inferior or inferonasal direction.

Age-Related Macular

Degeneration

AIDS-RelatedRetinal

Disorders

Astrocytoma

DegenerativeMyopia

DiabeticRetinopathy

MacularDystrophies

Oblique Insertion

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

Optic Neuropathy‘Anterior Ischemic’

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinalArterialOcclusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Optic Disc ColobomaAn incomplete closure of the optic cup in

the region of the optic nerve.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Optic Disc DrusenYellowish deposits of mucopolysaccharides

nucleic acids & calcium in the disc tissue .

2←Previous Pg. 1

Same patient with left sided

Papillitis (where the optic disc

& cupping become obscured)

(a) Funduscopy image

(b) IR image

(c) Fluorescein angiography

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Optic NeuritisOptic neuritis is an inflammation of the optic nerve that

may occur within the globe (papillitis) or posterior to it

(retrobulbar optic neuritis).

2←Previous Pg. 1

Old patient with R.E

Anterior Ischemic Optic

Neuropathy

(a) Funduscopy image

(b) IR image

(c) Fluorescein angiography

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Optic Neuropathy ‘Anterior Ischemic’

An acute disruption of the blood supply to

the optic disc .

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Optic PitIs a round or oval grayish an anatomical defect in

the papilla tissue, and is usually located near the

temporal margin of the optic disc.

2←Previous Pg. 1

a b(a) Early phase of papilledema: The nasal margin of the optic disk is partially obscured. The optic disk is hyperemic due to

dilatation of the capillaries, and the optic cup is still visible.

(b) Acute stage: The optic disk isincreasing elevated & has a

gray to grayish red color. Radial hemorrhages around the margin of the optic disk & grayish white

exudates are observed.

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Papilledema

Bilateral optic disk edema secondary to

increased intracranial pressure.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

PseudopapilledemaIs due to a narrow scleral canal. Because of the constriction, the

nerve fibers are tightly compressed. The optic disk is elevated &

the full circle of the margin obscured. The optic cup is absent.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO)

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Retinal arterial occlusion

Retinal infarction due to occlusion of an artery in

lamina cribrosa or a branch retinal artery occlusion.

Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachment

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Retinal DetachmentIs the separation of the neurosensory retina from

the underlying retinal pigment epithelium, to which

normally it is loosely attached.

a- Fundus imaging

b- Cross section of

the eye show retinal

detachment

c- B-scan c

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Retinal Hemorrhage

Is the bleeding of the retina .

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Retinal VasculitisIs an inflammation of the retinal

vasculature.

vitreous infiltrates (arrow).

2←Previous Pg. 1

Branch Retinal Vein

Occlusion (BRVO)

Central Retinal Vein

Occlusion (CRVO)

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

RetinalVein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Retinal vein occlusion

Is the result of circulatory dysfunction in

the central vein or one of its branches.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Is a pigment deposits that lead to progressive loss of

visual acuity, visual field defects, & night blindness.

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

A malignant tumor of early childhood that

develops from immature retinal cells .

2←Previous Pg. 1

Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Tilted Disc

Is a congenital anomaly in which the optic

nerve enters the globe obliquely .

2←Previous Pg. 1

Acute grayishwhite chorioretinal

focal lesion(arrow) and

brownish whitechorioretinal

scars (arrowhead).Toxoplasmosis

RetinalVasculitis

TiltedDisc

Pseudopapilledema

Optic DiscDrusen

Papilledema

OpticNeuritis

Optic Pit

Optic DiscColoboma

RetinalDetachmen

RetinalHemorrhage

Retinalvein

Occlusion

RetinitisPigmentosa

Retinoblastoma

Toxoplasmosis

Is a focal choroioretinal inflammation

caused by infection .

A Glaucoma A GlaucomaTypes

CongenitalGlaucoma

GlaucomatousOptic Disc

SecondaryGlaucoma

Primary OpenAngle Glaucoma

Primary AngleClosure Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a disorder in which increased

intraocular pressure damages the optic

nerve. This eventually leads to blindness in

the affected eye.

• Primary glaucoma: refers to glaucoma that is

not caused by other ocular disorders.

• Secondary glaucoma: may occur as the result

of another ocular disorder or an

undesired side effect of medication or other

therapy.

A Glaucoma

A Glaucoma TypesA Glaucoma A Glaucoma

CongenitalGlaucoma

SecondaryGlaucoma

Congenital GlaucomaA Glaucoma A Glaucoma

CongenitalGlaucoma

SecondaryGlaucoma

Any abnormal

increase in

intraocular

pressure during

the first years of

life will cause

dilatation of the

wall of the globe,

and especially of

the cornea

(buphthalmos) .

The optic disc is sharply demarcated and pale (a sign of

tissue atrophy). The optic cup is enlarged and almost

completely covers the disc. The blood vessels abruptly

plunge into the deep cup, indicated by their typical

bayonet shaped kinks in the image (arrow).

Glaucomatous Optic DiscA Glaucoma A Glaucoma

CongenitalGlaucoma

SecondaryGlaucoma

closed angles

Acute angle closure

Primary Angle Closure GlaucomaA Glaucoma A Glaucoma

CongenitalGlaucoma

SecondaryGlaucoma

pupillary block

Acute episodic increase in intraocular pressure to several

times the normal value (10–20mm Hg) due to sudden

blockage of drainage.

open angles

b- cup/disc ratio 1.0

Simple chronic glaucoma characterized by intraocular pressure greater

than 21 mmHg, an open chamber angle(a), characteristic disc cupping(b),

with visual field defects(c), & nerve fiber layer defect (d).

Primary Open Angle GlaucomaA Glaucoma A Glaucoma

CongenitalGlaucoma

SecondaryGlaucoma

Phacolytic glaucoma with

mature cataractGlaucoma with hyphema and

hematocornea

Glaucoma with anterior

chamber lens Neovascularization glaucoma

This glaucoma is caused by other ocular diseases of

factors such as inflammation, trauma, bleeding, tumors,

medication, and physical or chemical influences.

Secondary GlaucomaA Glaucoma A Glaucoma

CongenitalGlaucoma

SecondaryGlaucoma

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

ScleritisMarginalKeratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

EpiscleritisBlepharitis

Acute GlaucomaAcute angle-closure glaucoma is a sudden

elevation in intraocular pressure that occurs

when the iris blocks the eye's drainage channel

(the trabecular meshwork).

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

Allergy

Allergic red eye occur when the body’s

immune system over reacts to a substance in the

environment that is normally harmless.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

ConjunctivitisConjunctivitis is an inflammatory process

involving the surface of the eye & characterized

by vascular dilation, cellular infiltration,

exudation.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

KeratitisKeratitis is an inflammation of the cornea

caused by infection, trauma, dry eyes, ultraviolet

exposure, contact lens over wear, or

degeneration.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

Endophthalmitis

Endophthalmitis is an infection of

the inside of the eye.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

Anterior UveitisAnterior uveitis (iritis, iridocyclitis)

is an inflammation of the iris and

ciliary muscle.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

EpiscleritisEpiscleritis is a focal inflammation of

the deep subconjunctival (episcleral)

tissue.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

Marginal Keratitis

Marginal keratitis is a

Staphylococcal hypersensitivity

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

Scleritis

Scleritis is a focal or diffuse

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

Corneal AbrasionCorneal abrasion is a medical

condition involving the loss of the

surface epithelial layer of the cornea

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

Foreign BodyAirborne foreign bodies & metal

splinters from grinding or cutting disk,

or other particular cause eye redness.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

Subconjunctival HemorrhageSubconjunctival hemorrhage occur due

to burst of the weak-walled conjunctival

vessels, especially in the elderly.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

BlepharitisBlepharitis is a diffuse inflammation

of the sebaceous glands or lash

follicles of the eyelids.

Endoph-thalmitis

Keratitis

Uveitis

Foreign Body

Abrasion

Pterygium

Conjunctivitis

Subconjunctival

Hemorrhage

PterygiumPterygium is a fibrovascular proliferation of the

nasal (rarely, temporal) bulbar conjunctiva that

grows toward the cornea and eventually over its

surface.

Fundus Photography●

Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopes●

● External Photography

● Slit Lamp Biomicrography

● Corneal Topography

● Confocal Microscopy

● Anterior Segment (OCT)Optical Coherence Tomography

- Specular Micrography

Optical Coherence Tomography●- Gonioscopy

● Ultrasonography

● Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

● Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Ultrasonography●

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)●

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)●

Angiography -

Is the use of a conventional camera to photograph

external ocular & surrounding features .

SLR (Single lens Reflex) Camera

Types of External Photography :

①Close-up photography of the eye

& ②Its adnexa

③Binocular photography④Portraiture.

❹❸

←Back

Parts of the Slit Lamp Biomicrography

1.Cable guide.

2.Flash housing.

3.Flash intensity changer for

background illumination.

4.Objective tube.

5.Camera body.

6.Eye-piece with double cross hair

reticle.

7.Mirror housing.

8.Background illumination.

9.Mirror and Diffusion filter.

10.Cold light source.

11.Shutter release bar.

12.Photo control unit.

Parts of the Slit Lamp Biomicrography

Is the photography of the

structures of the eye with a

specially designed horizontally

mounted microscope.

Diffuse illumination

Blue filter

Indirect illumination Retro-illumination

Sclerotic scatter

Direct illumination

Retina

Illumination

techniques

in slit lamp

←Back

Tangential

illumination

←Back

Is a special instrument used to observe the corneal

endothelial cells .

Corneal endothelial cells image

obtained by specular microscopy:

a- Wide angle view

b- Magnified view a b

Is the using of goniolens in conjugate with slit lamp or

operating microscope to observe the iridcorneal angle .

←Back

Image of normal angle structures

obtained by using of goniolens

Observing by

goniolens

(a) Indirect gonioscopy

(b) Direct gonioscopy

Placido Topographer

Is a noninvasive medical imaging technique for mapping the

surface curvature of the cornea & the outer structure of the eye.

It gives; the axial curvature, tangential curvature, and elevation.

Placido

Corneal

surface

Regular corneal astigmatism in a normal cornea

Irregular corneal astigmatism in keratoconus ←Back

Confocal microscope

An optical imaging

technique used to

increase optical

resolution and contrast of

a micrograph by using

point illumination and a

spatial pinhole to

eliminate out of focus

light in specimens that

are thicker than the focal

plane.

Epithelium Bowman’s lamina

Stroma Endothelium

Corneal layers images by confocal microscpe←Back

Optical coherence tomographer

Anterior segment

optical coherence

tomography (OCT) is

a non-contact optical

method allowing

cross-sectional and

3D imaging at a high

resolution of the

cornea and anterior

segment of the eye

←Back

images showing :

(a) Anterior chamber

(b) Crystalline lens

Ultrasound Scanner

Is the using of high frequency mechanical pulses (sound waves more than

20,000 Hz) to produce pictures for anterior eye segment by calculate the time

for the reflected sound (Echo)

A-scan ultrasonography measures the optical axis as corneal thickness,

anterior chamber depth, lens thickness and axial length.

B-scan ultrasonography scans ocular structures . press

←Back

Anterior chamber imaging by Ultrasound Scanner

Computerized tomographer

Is the Emitting of

several simultaneous

X-rays from different

angles.

X-rays which have

high energy, short

wavelength and able to

pass through tissue;

passed through the

body creating a cross-

sectional image.

←Back

(a) CT of a retrobulbar cavernoushemangioma on the left.

(b) CT image of a patient withGraves’ disease.

(c) CT of a fracture of the rightorbital floor and medial orbital wall;opacity of the maxillary sinus andethmoid cells due to hemorrhage .

Magnetic resonance imager

Is the using of

electromagnetic waves

combined with the

reception of weak radio

signals to record the

density or concentration

of hydrogen (or other)

nuclei in the body to get

high resolution image .

(a) MRI of head section across

the ocular globe .

(b) High resolution scan of the

eyes .

(c) MRI of a lacrimal gland

tumor on the left . ←Back

Fundus Camera

Is the

photographing

of the ocular

fundus .

Fundus camera imaging

shown:

(A) Colour photo of

Choroidal metastatic

breast carcinoma .

(B) Same image with

Red-free photo

(C) Fundus mosaicC←Back

C←Back

The stages of fluorescein (A) and indocyanine green (B)

angiography in a patient with idiopathic choroidal vasculopathy

Is the study of blood vessels by injecting a dye (e.g. fluorescein,

indocyanine green “useful in observing choroidal circulation” ) .

Optos Panoramic200 Ophthalmoscope

Optos Panoramic200Is a scanning laser ophthalmoscope that uses a wide ellipsoidal mirror to

image the retina through an undilated pupil . It is very useful in peripheral

retinal lesions imaging which is difficult to image with conventional retinal

cameras .

Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT)Is a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope that provides objective

quantitative measurements of the optic nerve head and surrounding retinal

nerve fiber layer. it gives high quality stereo photographs of the optic disc .

Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph

Panoramic200 simulated colour (a), green (retinal layers – (b)), and

red (choroidal layers – (c)) of a healthy fundus.

←Back

Heidelberg Retinal

Tomographer image

of the optic disc

Is a non-invasive optical method allowing cross-sectional imaging

through the retinal layers, particularly in the macular region .

OCT imaging showing :

(a) Cystoid macular edema

(b) A retinal slice

(c) 3D composite of 50 slices

←Back

Is the using of high frequency mechanical pulses (sound waves more

than 20,000 Hz) to produce pictures of the eye by calculate the time

for the reflected sound (Echo)

A-scan ultrasonography measures the optical axis as axial length.

B-scan ultrasonography scans ocular structures .

Ultrasound Scanner

Ultrasound Images(top)

Shape of Echos(bottom)

←Back

Cornea Lens

Orbital

tissues

ScleraRetina

1- A Textbook of Clinical Ophthalmology: Ronald P. Crick, Peng T. Khaw, 3rd Ed,

World Scientific Publishing Co. Ltd. , London, New Jersey, Singapore, Hong Kong,

2003 .

2- Color Atlas of Ophthalmology: Arthur L. Ming, Ian J. Constable, 3rd Ed, World

Science .

3- Common Eye Diseases and their Management: N. R. Galloway, W. M. K.

Amoaku, P. H. Galloway, and A. C. Browning, 3rd Ed, Springer Verlag London Ltd. ,

UK, 2006 .

4- Fluorescence Angiography in Ophthalmology: S. Dithmer, F. G. Holz, Springer

Verlog Heidelberg, 2008 .

5-Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy: Anne M. R. Agur, Arthur F. Dalley, 12th Ed, Wolters

Klumer, Lippincott Williams & Wilikins Co. , 2009 .

Pg. 1 2 3

6- Medical Retina: Frank G. Holz, Richard F. Spadia, Springer Verlag Heidelberg,

2005 .

7- Miracle in the Eye: Harun Yahya, Michael Daventry translation, 3rd Ed, Istanbul,

2006 .

8- Ophthalmic Imaging: James Wolffsohn, Elsevier Ltd. , 2008 .

9- Ophthalmic Pathology an illustrated guide for Clinicians: K. Weng Sehu, William

R. Lee, Blackwell publishing Ltd. , 2005 .

10- Ophthalmology a short textbook: Gerhard K. Lang, George Thieme Verlag,

New York , 2000 .

11- Ophthalmology at a Glance: J. Oliver, L. Cassidy, Blackwell Science Ltd. , 2005 .

Pg. 1 2 3

12- Pocket Atlas of Ophthalmology: T. Schlote, J. Rohrbach, M. Grueb, J. Mielke,

George Thieme Verlag, New York, 2006 .

13- Slit lamp imaging guide: Haag – Streit International , slit lamp BX 900® .

14- Textbook of Medical Physiology: Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, 11th Ed, Elsevier

Saunders, Philadelphia, 2006 .

15- The Visual Fields a Textbook and Atlas of Clinical Perimetery: David O. Harrington, 5th

Ed, Mosby Co. , London, 1981 .

16- www.aao.org

17- www.eyeatlas.com

NoImage

Pg. 1 2 3

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