the european nature trust
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The European Nature Trust is dedicated to the protection and restoration of the last remaining wilderness and wild areas in Europe.
The European Nature Trust (TENT) is committed to the protection and restoration of threatened wilderness, wild habitats and the wildlife living within them.
In parallel with raising awareness through Youth Education and Outreach programmes, TENT is committed to making practical and financial contributions to ensuring that Europe’s rich biodiversity will be preserved for future generations. We seek to generate support for well founded initiatives across Europe, and to initiate the Trust’s own projects to achieve these goals.
paul listerFounder, The European Nature Trust
The European Nature Trust (TENT) is committed to the protection and restoration of threatened wilderness, wild habitats and the wildlife living within them.
In parallel with raising awareness through Youth Education and Outreach programmes, TENT is committed to making practical and financial contributions to ensuring that Europe’s rich biodiversity will be preserved for future generations. We seek to generate support for well founded initiatives across Europe, and to initiate the Trust’s own projects to achieve these goals.
paul listerFounder, The European Nature Trust
Wilderness is defined as a substantial area virtually untouched by the hand of man, lacking human infrastructure, where natural habitat and process remain almost wholly intact.
Wild areas by contrast are smaller, more fragmented and have undergone a greater degree of modification from grazing and forestry practice.
Wilderness and wild areas have unique biodiversity benefits, harbouring a range of key species that depend on remoter, more intact habitat. They often support substantial gene pools and offer potential for species to adapt or migrate in the face of climate change. They can also play a significant role in addressing climate change: enabling flood mitigation,
pollution alleviation and carbon sequestration – with undisturbed forest and wetlands having substantially greater carbon storage capacity than their managed counterparts.
More generally, they can bring significant economic, social and cultural benefits to local communities, landholders and society as a whole, particularly in remoter districts where sustainable livelihoods are less in evidence.
Perhaps their greatest and most intangible benefit lies in their intrinsic value: the aesthetic and spiritual qualities unique to wildness, together with the sense of awareness, of place, peace and belonging that it can provide.
toby aykroydTrustee, The European Nature Trust; Founder, Wild Europe; Trustee, BBC Wildlife Fund
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Wilderness is defined as a substantial area virtually untouched by the hand of man, lacking human infrastructure, where natural habitat and process remain almost wholly intact.
Wild areas by contrast are smaller, more fragmented and have undergone a greater degree of modification from grazing and forestry practice.
Wilderness and wild areas have unique biodiversity benefits, harbouring a range of key species that depend on remoter, more intact habitat. They often support substantial gene pools and offer potential for species to adapt or migrate in the face of climate change. They can also play a significant role in addressing climate change: enabling flood mitigation,
pollution alleviation and carbon sequestration – with undisturbed forest and wetlands having substantially greater carbon storage capacity than their managed counterparts.
More generally, they can bring significant economic, social and cultural benefits to local communities, landholders and society as a whole, particularly in remoter districts where sustainable livelihoods are less in evidence.
Perhaps their greatest and most intangible benefit lies in their intrinsic value: the aesthetic and spiritual qualities unique to wildness, together with the sense of awareness, of place, peace and belonging that it can provide.
toby aykroydTrustee, The European Nature Trust; Founder, Wild Europe; Trustee, BBC Wildlife Fund
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Areas of Activity
‘A society is defined not only by what it creates, but by what it refuses to destroy.’john sawhill (former President/CEO of the Nature Conservancy)
06 habitat09 An Eden Lost10 An Eden to Protect13 Preservation17 Restoration
18 species21 The Scottish Wildcat23 Red Squirrels25 A Wider Focus26 Dedicated Project Analysis
32 education
36 partner organisations
42 current research initiatives
44 operating principles
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Areas of Activity
‘A society is defined not only by what it creates, but by what it refuses to destroy.’john sawhill (former President/CEO of the Nature Conservancy)
06 habitat09 An Eden Lost10 An Eden to Protect13 Preservation17 Restoration
18 species21 The Scottish Wildcat23 Red Squirrels25 A Wider Focus26 Dedicated Project Analysis
32 education
36 partner organisations
42 current research initiatives
44 operating principles
5
It is estimated that thirteen million hectares of primary forests in the world are lost or modified each year. In Europe, TENT focuses on raising awareness and developing policy to ensure the protection of some of the last great wild areas such as the Carpathians.
Where widespread degradation has already occurred, in areas such as the Scottish Highlands, TENT will channel its efforts and resources towards adoption of innovative and scientifically developed restoration policies so that selected regions may support healthy, intact ecosystems once more.
Habitat:
‘Only after the last tree has been cut down. Only after the last river has been poisoned. Only after the last fish has been caught. Only then will you find that money cannot be eaten.’ native cree prophecy
It is estimated that thirteen million hectares of primary forests in the world are lost or modified each year. In Europe, TENT focuses on raising awareness and developing policy to ensure the protection of some of the last great wild areas such as the Carpathians.
Where widespread degradation has already occurred, in areas such as the Scottish Highlands, TENT will channel its efforts and resources towards adoption of innovative and scientifically developed restoration policies so that selected regions may support healthy, intact ecosystems once more.
Habitat:
‘Only after the last tree has been cut down. Only after the last river has been poisoned. Only after the last fish has been caught. Only then will you find that money cannot be eaten.’ native cree prophecy
Habitat:An Eden Lost – Restoration of the Scottish Caledonian Pine Forest
Whilst lower reaches of river systems enjoy the economic benefits of angling tourism, they would not exist without a healthy upper river;
this is where migratory fish spawn and new generations of nearly every riparian species
begin their life cycles.
As well as habitat degeneration, large scale hydro schemes and excessive commercial
sea fishing has contributed to river system deterioration.
Woodlands improve shelter and food supply for native species, and act as a natural flood
barrier. This leads to better survival of young fish and socio-economic circumstances within the local community are improved through increased
angling and eco-tourism.
Caledonian Pine forest is of great conservation importance as it supports some of the UK’s rarest species, including capercaillie, Scottish crossbill, wildcat, red squirrel and pine marten. Scotland’s native Caledonian Pine forest, which once covered an expanse of 1.5 million hectares, has been drastically reduced to just 16,000 hectares.
On its 10,000 hectare test site at the Alladale Wilderness Reserve in the Scottish Highlands, TENT is raising awareness, demonstrating ‘knowledge to action’ principles and encouraging landowners to prioritize restoration of these forests.
Similarly, innovative plans have been implemented for the recovery of the river zonesthat have became totally degraded by overgrazing and bank erosion over the past 150 years.
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Habitat:An Eden Lost – Restoration of the Scottish Caledonian Pine Forest
Whilst lower reaches of river systems enjoy the economic benefits of angling tourism, they would not exist without a healthy upper river;
this is where migratory fish spawn and new generations of nearly every riparian species
begin their life cycles.
As well as habitat degeneration, large scale hydro schemes and excessive commercial
sea fishing has contributed to river system deterioration.
Woodlands improve shelter and food supply for native species, and act as a natural flood
barrier. This leads to better survival of young fish and socio-economic circumstances within the local community are improved through increased
angling and eco-tourism.
Caledonian Pine forest is of great conservation importance as it supports some of the UK’s rarest species, including capercaillie, Scottish crossbill, wildcat, red squirrel and pine marten. Scotland’s native Caledonian Pine forest, which once covered an expanse of 1.5 million hectares, has been drastically reduced to just 16,000 hectares.
On its 10,000 hectare test site at the Alladale Wilderness Reserve in the Scottish Highlands, TENT is raising awareness, demonstrating ‘knowledge to action’ principles and encouraging landowners to prioritize restoration of these forests.
Similarly, innovative plans have been implemented for the recovery of the river zonesthat have became totally degraded by overgrazing and bank erosion over the past 150 years.
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The Carpathian Mountains remain a refuge for a huge range of spectacular animal and plant life: Europe’s “Yellowstone” or “Serengeti”. In order to conserve a landscape that still remains relatively intact, it is necessary to urgently address the imminent threat to these forests; by contrast, the Scottish Highlands represent a stark reminder of how much can be lost if these Carpathian forests are destroyed. TENT is committed to conserving Carpathia’s natural environment by supporting projects and raising awareness in order to provide rapid protection of its priceless wild landscape and biodiversity before it is too late.
An Eden to Protect:Carpathia
‘If we do not permit the Earth to produce beauty and joy, it will in the end not produce food either.’joseph woodkrutch
The Carpathian Mountains remain a refuge for a huge range of spectacular animal and plant life: Europe’s “Yellowstone” or “Serengeti”. In order to conserve a landscape that still remains relatively intact, it is necessary to urgently address the imminent threat to these forests; by contrast, the Scottish Highlands represent a stark reminder of how much can be lost if these Carpathian forests are destroyed. TENT is committed to conserving Carpathia’s natural environment by supporting projects and raising awareness in order to provide rapid protection of its priceless wild landscape and biodiversity before it is too late.
An Eden to Protect:Carpathia
‘If we do not permit the Earth to produce beauty and joy, it will in the end not produce food either.’joseph woodkrutch
Habitat:Preservation
A study by Greenpeace revealed that there are only two areas in Europe remaining that have over 50,000ha of unspoiled forests - one of
them being Retezat National Park in Romania.
The Carpathian Mountains stretch across Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary. They are home to Europe’s largest area of old growth forests, boasting over half the continent’s population of bears, wolves and lynx.
Since the fall of communism, land ownership reforms have greatly increased both legal and illegal logging, destroying large areas of untouched habitat for mammals, birds, reptilians and amphibians. With restitution of former estates, many landowners are interested in selling their land; TENT is now seeking philanthropic and institutional funding to safeguard large tracts of forests and other wild areas.
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Habitat:Preservation
A study by Greenpeace revealed that there are only two areas in Europe remaining that have over 50,000ha of unspoiled forests - one of
them being Retezat National Park in Romania.
The Carpathian Mountains stretch across Romania, Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary. They are home to Europe’s largest area of old growth forests, boasting over half the continent’s population of bears, wolves and lynx.
Since the fall of communism, land ownership reforms have greatly increased both legal and illegal logging, destroying large areas of untouched habitat for mammals, birds, reptilians and amphibians. With restitution of former estates, many landowners are interested in selling their land; TENT is now seeking philanthropic and institutional funding to safeguard large tracts of forests and other wild areas.
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Conservation International estimates that up to 50% of species will become extinct due to habitat destruction alone between the years 2000 and 2050, at a rate of one every 20 minutes.
conservation internationalStop The Clock Campaign
Conservation International estimates that up to 50% of species will become extinct due to habitat destruction alone between the years 2000 and 2050, at a rate of one every 20 minutes.
conservation internationalStop The Clock Campaign
The restoration of degraded and fragmented habitats is essential to the future survival of key wildlife species.
In Scotland, TENT has seed funded a Kyle of Sutherland Fisheries Trust initiative to identify solutions to the crucial issue of upper tributary habitat degradation.
Building on cooperation between landowners, conservationists, Forestry Commission Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage, TENT has donated funds that have enabled a £1.5 million project which will see the planting of mixed tree species on an area of over 50 kilometres of riverbank.
This will dramatically enrich the biodiversity of the tributaries, improving spawning and feeding grounds for native fish, and providing natural barriers from flooding. Whilst lower stretches of river systems enjoy the economic benefits of angling, they would not exist without a healthy upper river.
Habitat:Restoration
Riverbank zones provide optimum habitat for a wide variety of wildlife and aquatic species. They also act as natural filters for clean water.
Newly created woodlands will improve shelter and feed supply for native species, act as a
natural flood barrier and lead to better survival of young fish. Socio-economic circumstances within local communities will be improved through increased angling and eco-tourism.
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The restoration of degraded and fragmented habitats is essential to the future survival of key wildlife species.
In Scotland, TENT has seed funded a Kyle of Sutherland Fisheries Trust initiative to identify solutions to the crucial issue of upper tributary habitat degradation.
Building on cooperation between landowners, conservationists, Forestry Commission Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage, TENT has donated funds that have enabled a £1.5 million project which will see the planting of mixed tree species on an area of over 50 kilometres of riverbank.
This will dramatically enrich the biodiversity of the tributaries, improving spawning and feeding grounds for native fish, and providing natural barriers from flooding. Whilst lower stretches of river systems enjoy the economic benefits of angling, they would not exist without a healthy upper river.
Habitat:Restoration
Riverbank zones provide optimum habitat for a wide variety of wildlife and aquatic species. They also act as natural filters for clean water.
Newly created woodlands will improve shelter and feed supply for native species, act as a
natural flood barrier and lead to better survival of young fish. Socio-economic circumstances within local communities will be improved through increased angling and eco-tourism.
17
The protection of species is intrinsically linked with restoring and preserving the habitats they require to survive, involving the healthy functioning of intact ecosystems of undisturbed forest and wetlands. The importance of viable species populations in our environment is paramount. Sadly, these precious species, and the habitats that exist to support them, have either disappeared or are fast doing so.
Species:
The European bison (Wisent) once roamed the great temperate forest that stretched from the British Isles, through most of Europe and into Siberia. Today, their population stands at just 1400.
The protection of species is intrinsically linked with restoring and preserving the habitats they require to survive, involving the healthy functioning of intact ecosystems of undisturbed forest and wetlands. The importance of viable species populations in our environment is paramount. Sadly, these precious species, and the habitats that exist to support them, have either disappeared or are fast doing so.
Species:
The European bison (Wisent) once roamed the great temperate forest that stretched from the British Isles, through most of Europe and into Siberia. Today, their population stands at just 1400.
Species:The Scottish Wildcat
Nicknamed the ‘Tiger of the Highlands’, they are a larger sub species of the European
Wildcat and are more heavily camouflaged.
The Scottish Wildcat is unique to the British Isles; there are now less than 400 left in the wild.
To ensure that this iconic felid is protected in our ecosystem and population numbers restored, TENT is researching methods to identify the most suitable way of extending the wildcat’s range. Initiatives include a captive breeding-for-release program, conducting research on remaining populations in the wild and prioritizing in-the-field conservation work with our partner, Oxford University’s WildCRU.
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Species:The Scottish Wildcat
Nicknamed the ‘Tiger of the Highlands’, they are a larger sub species of the European
Wildcat and are more heavily camouflaged.
The Scottish Wildcat is unique to the British Isles; there are now less than 400 left in the wild.
To ensure that this iconic felid is protected in our ecosystem and population numbers restored, TENT is researching methods to identify the most suitable way of extending the wildcat’s range. Initiatives include a captive breeding-for-release program, conducting research on remaining populations in the wild and prioritizing in-the-field conservation work with our partner, Oxford University’s WildCRU.
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Species:Reintroducing and Sustaining Red Squirrel Populations
Scotland retains 75% of the UK’s red squirrel population, with the Highlands being a key area
for their distribution and survival.
Red squirrels are being outcompeted by the grey squirrel, particularly as they contract parapox disease, which grey squirrels carry but do not
suffer from.
Natural land barriers have prevented the grey squirrel from spreading into the north
Highlands, making it an ideal conservation area to regenerate the red squirrel population.
With only approximately 140,000 red squirrels remaining in the UK compared to over 2.5 million of the invasive, and more destructive, grey species, the red squirrel is in decline and could very soon become extinct.
TENT is working to establish habitat corridors in Northern Scotland, and is assessing the impact of any changes that connecting woodlands would have on existing populations. Modeling the current and future genetic viability of red squirrel populations enables us to measure requirements for a reintroduction programme, targeted at strengthening the species and contributing to their continued survival.
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Species:Reintroducing and Sustaining Red Squirrel Populations
Scotland retains 75% of the UK’s red squirrel population, with the Highlands being a key area
for their distribution and survival.
Red squirrels are being outcompeted by the grey squirrel, particularly as they contract parapox disease, which grey squirrels carry but do not
suffer from.
Natural land barriers have prevented the grey squirrel from spreading into the north
Highlands, making it an ideal conservation area to regenerate the red squirrel population.
With only approximately 140,000 red squirrels remaining in the UK compared to over 2.5 million of the invasive, and more destructive, grey species, the red squirrel is in decline and could very soon become extinct.
TENT is working to establish habitat corridors in Northern Scotland, and is assessing the impact of any changes that connecting woodlands would have on existing populations. Modeling the current and future genetic viability of red squirrel populations enables us to measure requirements for a reintroduction programme, targeted at strengthening the species and contributing to their continued survival.
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Species:A Wider Focus
In Europe alone, the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) estimates there are currently 2,066 species vulnerable or seriously at risk. Europe still has viable populations of large carnivores such as wolf, bear, lynx and wolverine, whose habitats face destruction. Yet few Europeans realise the wealth of natural heritage on their own doorstep, nor how much of our remaining wild areas are imminently at risk.
As well as TENT’s current programme of work, of utmost importance are future plans to save key species in Europe that are threatened with extinction, for example the Iberian Lynx. We will work alongside our partners to raise awareness amongst both local and wider communities as to the benefits of species reintroduction and habitat preservation and restoration.
The Iberian lynx preys predominantly on the native European rabbit, which is well
adapted to the harsh dry climate of Spain and Portugal. However the rabbit population has been decimated by two diseases- myxomatosis
and viral hemorrhagic pneumonia which arrived in the 1980s. While the death rates
from both diseases are falling, habitat loss and increases in other predator species such as foxes, mongoose and genets are impeding
recovery of the rabbit population.
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Species:A Wider Focus
In Europe alone, the IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) estimates there are currently 2,066 species vulnerable or seriously at risk. Europe still has viable populations of large carnivores such as wolf, bear, lynx and wolverine, whose habitats face destruction. Yet few Europeans realise the wealth of natural heritage on their own doorstep, nor how much of our remaining wild areas are imminently at risk.
As well as TENT’s current programme of work, of utmost importance are future plans to save key species in Europe that are threatened with extinction, for example the Iberian Lynx. We will work alongside our partners to raise awareness amongst both local and wider communities as to the benefits of species reintroduction and habitat preservation and restoration.
The Iberian lynx preys predominantly on the native European rabbit, which is well
adapted to the harsh dry climate of Spain and Portugal. However the rabbit population has been decimated by two diseases- myxomatosis
and viral hemorrhagic pneumonia which arrived in the 1980s. While the death rates
from both diseases are falling, habitat loss and increases in other predator species such as foxes, mongoose and genets are impeding
recovery of the rabbit population.
25
Species:Dedicated Project Analysis
The additional ‘species’ projects detailed here are but a few of those to which TENT has also already committed funds or other support.
The fold-out also highlights a small selection of the key flora and fauna to be found, but all too often under threat, within Europe’s last remaining wilderness areas.
beaver reintroduction:Working in partnership with Scottish Wildlife Trust, TENT has contributed to the Scottish Beaver reintroduction programme, essential to restoration of healthily functioning wetlands and riparian ecosystems resulting in huge benefits for other native wildlife. Beavers are a “keystone” species that have been missing from UK shores since the 16th century.
european bison:TENT will assess the potential to reinforce the fragile genetic basis of the European Bison, the continent’s largest land mammal. Using the Alladale Wilderness Reserve as the test site for the project, it is planned to import European bison from gene pools where ecologists have identified slight genetic variance in order to assess opportunity for strengthening the breed.
golden eagle tracking:TENT supports the satellite tagging and tracking of young golden eagles to produce evidence of range patterns and hunting behaviour. Very little is known about the movements of juvenile golden eagles between fledging and adulthood around five years later.
iberian lynx:TENT is donating funds to assist the protection of the Iberian lynx. With only around 250 individuals left in the wild, this is the world’s most endangered felid. Habitat fragmentation plays an important role in its decline, as does disease among the rabbit, its main prey species, and a significant incidence of road deaths. Steps to recover the species include creating reserves, a captive breeding program, rabbit population restoration project work and public education programs.
Species:Dedicated Project Analysis
The additional ‘species’ projects detailed here are but a few of those to which TENT has also already committed funds or other support.
The fold-out also highlights a small selection of the key flora and fauna to be found, but all too often under threat, within Europe’s last remaining wilderness areas.
beaver reintroduction:Working in partnership with Scottish Wildlife Trust, TENT has contributed to the Scottish Beaver reintroduction programme, essential to restoration of healthily functioning wetlands and riparian ecosystems resulting in huge benefits for other native wildlife. Beavers are a “keystone” species that have been missing from UK shores since the 16th century.
european bison:TENT will assess the potential to reinforce the fragile genetic basis of the European Bison, the continent’s largest land mammal. Using the Alladale Wilderness Reserve as the test site for the project, it is planned to import European bison from gene pools where ecologists have identified slight genetic variance in order to assess opportunity for strengthening the breed.
golden eagle tracking:TENT supports the satellite tagging and tracking of young golden eagles to produce evidence of range patterns and hunting behaviour. Very little is known about the movements of juvenile golden eagles between fledging and adulthood around five years later.
iberian lynx:TENT is donating funds to assist the protection of the Iberian lynx. With only around 250 individuals left in the wild, this is the world’s most endangered felid. Habitat fragmentation plays an important role in its decline, as does disease among the rabbit, its main prey species, and a significant incidence of road deaths. Steps to recover the species include creating reserves, a captive breeding program, rabbit population restoration project work and public education programs.
wild boarSus scrofa
roe deerCapreolus capreolus
badgerMeles meles
chamois Rupicapra rupicapra
red foxVulpes vulpes
fallow deerDama dama
wildcatFelis silvestris
gray wolfCanis lupus lupus
wolverineGulo gulo
arctic foxAlopex lagopus
european bisonBison bonasus
european brown bearUrsus arctos
iberian lynxLynx pardina
iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica
european elkAlces alces
brown hareLepus europaeus
mountain hareLepus timidus
weaselMustela nivalis
polecatMustela putorius
pine martinMartes martes
european minkMustela lutreola
Species:Primary List
otterLutra lutra
eurasian beaverCastor fiber
water voleArvicola terrestris
eurasian crane Grus grus
natterer’s batMyotis nattereri
greater noctule bat Nyctalus lasiopterus
red squirrelSciurus vulgaris
lesser shrewSorex minutus
european souslikSpermophilus citellus
harvest mouseMicromys minutus
merlin Falco columbarious
griffon vulture Gyps fulvus
great grey owlStrix nebulosa
peregrine falconFalco peregrinus
mash harrierCircus aeruginosus
ospreyPandion haliaetus
hen harrierCircus cyaneus
red kiteMilvus milvus
kestrelFalco tinnunculus
northern goshawkAccipeter gentilis
sparrowhawkAccipter nisus
golden eagleAquila chrysaetos
white-tailed sea eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
common ravenCorvus corax
black grouseTetrao tetrix
snowy owlNyctea scandiaca
red-throated diverGavia stellata
capercaillieTetrao urugallus
black-throated diver Gavia arctica
corncrakeCrex crex
european cuckooCuculus canorus
barn owlTyto alba
european bee-eaterMerops apiaster
spotted flycatherMuscicapa striata
snow buntingPlectrophenax nivalis
scottish crossbillLoxia scotica
dipperCinclus cinclus
common kingfisherAlcedo atthis
adderVipera berus
slow wormAnguis fragilis
dice snakeNatrix tessellata
leopard rat snakeElaphe situla
common wall lizard Podarcis muralis
grass snakeNatrix natrix
natterjack toadBufo calamita
common tree frogHyla arborea
common european toad Bufo bufo
great crested newtTriturus cristatus
common frogRana temporaria
red-eared turtlePseudemys scripta
european salamanderSalamandra salamandra
smooth newtTriturus vulgaris
adonis blue butterflyLysandra bellargus
marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurina
nickerl’s fritillary butterfly Mellicta aurelia
purple emperor butterfly Aptura iris
chalkhill blue butterfly Lysandra coridon
large heath butterfly Coenonympha tullia
common hoverflySyrphus ribesii
white-tailed bumblebee Bombus lucorum
common carder bumblebee Bombus pascuorum
common green grasshopper Omocestus viridulus
swiss pinePinus cembra
scots pinePinus slyvestris
mountain pinePinus mugo
rowan treeSorbus aucuparia
common juniperJuniperuis communis
fly agaricAmanita muscaria
yellow lady’s slipper orchid Cypripedium calceolus
twin flowerLinnaea borealis
pasque flowerPulsatilla grandis
spear thistleCirsium vulgare
poet’s daffodilNarcissus poeticus
english bluebellEndymion non-scriptus
foxgloveDigitalis purperea
heath spotted orchidDactylorhiza maculata
melancholy thistleCirsium helenioides
wild boarSus scrofa
roe deerCapreolus capreolus
badgerMeles meles
chamois Rupicapra rupicapra
red foxVulpes vulpes
fallow deerDama dama
wildcatFelis silvestris
gray wolfCanis lupus lupus
wolverineGulo gulo
arctic foxAlopex lagopus
european bisonBison bonasus
european brown bearUrsus arctos
iberian lynxLynx pardina
iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica
european elkAlces alces
brown hareLepus europaeus
mountain hareLepus timidus
weaselMustela nivalis
polecatMustela putorius
pine martinMartes martes
european minkMustela lutreola
Species:Primary List
otterLutra lutra
eurasian beaverCastor fiber
water voleArvicola terrestris
eurasian crane Grus grus
natterer’s batMyotis nattereri
greater noctule bat Nyctalus lasiopterus
red squirrelSciurus vulgaris
lesser shrewSorex minutus
european souslikSpermophilus citellus
harvest mouseMicromys minutus
merlin Falco columbarious
griffon vulture Gyps fulvus
great grey owlStrix nebulosa
peregrine falconFalco peregrinus
mash harrierCircus aeruginosus
ospreyPandion haliaetus
hen harrierCircus cyaneus
red kiteMilvus milvus
kestrelFalco tinnunculus
northern goshawkAccipeter gentilis
sparrowhawkAccipter nisus
golden eagleAquila chrysaetos
white-tailed sea eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
common ravenCorvus corax
black grouseTetrao tetrix
snowy owlNyctea scandiaca
red-throated diverGavia stellata
capercaillieTetrao urugallus
black-throated diver Gavia arctica
corncrakeCrex crex
european cuckooCuculus canorus
barn owlTyto alba
european bee-eaterMerops apiaster
spotted flycatherMuscicapa striata
snow buntingPlectrophenax nivalis
scottish crossbillLoxia scotica
dipperCinclus cinclus
common kingfisherAlcedo atthis
adderVipera berus
slow wormAnguis fragilis
dice snakeNatrix tessellata
leopard rat snakeElaphe situla
common wall lizard Podarcis muralis
grass snakeNatrix natrix
natterjack toadBufo calamita
common tree frogHyla arborea
common european toad Bufo bufo
great crested newtTriturus cristatus
common frogRana temporaria
red-eared turtlePseudemys scripta
european salamanderSalamandra salamandra
smooth newtTriturus vulgaris
adonis blue butterflyLysandra bellargus
marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurina
nickerl’s fritillary butterfly Mellicta aurelia
purple emperor butterfly Aptura iris
chalkhill blue butterfly Lysandra coridon
large heath butterfly Coenonympha tullia
common hoverflySyrphus ribesii
white-tailed bumblebee Bombus lucorum
common carder bumblebee Bombus pascuorum
common green grasshopper Omocestus viridulus
swiss pinePinus cembra
scots pinePinus slyvestris
mountain pinePinus mugo
rowan treeSorbus aucuparia
common juniperJuniperuis communis
fly agaricAmanita muscaria
yellow lady’s slipper orchid Cypripedium calceolus
twin flowerLinnaea borealis
pasque flowerPulsatilla grandis
spear thistleCirsium vulgare
poet’s daffodilNarcissus poeticus
english bluebellEndymion non-scriptus
foxgloveDigitalis purperea
heath spotted orchidDactylorhiza maculata
melancholy thistleCirsium helenioides
wild boarSus scrofa
roe deerCapreolus capreolus
badgerMeles meles
chamois Rupicapra rupicapra
red foxVulpes vulpes
fallow deerDama dama
wildcatFelis silvestris
gray wolfCanis lupus lupus
wolverineGulo gulo
arctic foxAlopex lagopus
european bisonBison bonasus
european brown bearUrsus arctos
iberian lynxLynx pardina
iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica
european elkAlces alces
brown hareLepus europaeus
mountain hareLepus timidus
weaselMustela nivalis
polecatMustela putorius
pine martinMartes martes
european minkMustela lutreola
Species:Primary List
otterLutra lutra
eurasian beaverCastor fiber
water voleArvicola terrestris
eurasian crane Grus grus
natterer’s batMyotis nattereri
greater noctule bat Nyctalus lasiopterus
red squirrelSciurus vulgaris
lesser shrewSorex minutus
european souslikSpermophilus citellus
harvest mouseMicromys minutus
merlin Falco columbarious
griffon vulture Gyps fulvus
great grey owlStrix nebulosa
peregrine falconFalco peregrinus
mash harrierCircus aeruginosus
ospreyPandion haliaetus
hen harrierCircus cyaneus
red kiteMilvus milvus
kestrelFalco tinnunculus
northern goshawkAccipeter gentilis
sparrowhawkAccipter nisus
golden eagleAquila chrysaetos
white-tailed sea eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
common ravenCorvus corax
black grouseTetrao tetrix
snowy owlNyctea scandiaca
red-throated diverGavia stellata
capercaillieTetrao urugallus
black-throated diver Gavia arctica
corncrakeCrex crex
european cuckooCuculus canorus
barn owlTyto alba
european bee-eaterMerops apiaster
spotted flycatherMuscicapa striata
snow buntingPlectrophenax nivalis
scottish crossbillLoxia scotica
dipperCinclus cinclus
common kingfisherAlcedo atthis
adderVipera berus
slow wormAnguis fragilis
dice snakeNatrix tessellata
leopard rat snakeElaphe situla
common wall lizard Podarcis muralis
grass snakeNatrix natrix
natterjack toadBufo calamita
common tree frogHyla arborea
common european toad Bufo bufo
great crested newtTriturus cristatus
common frogRana temporaria
red-eared turtlePseudemys scripta
european salamanderSalamandra salamandra
smooth newtTriturus vulgaris
adonis blue butterflyLysandra bellargus
marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurina
nickerl’s fritillary butterfly Mellicta aurelia
purple emperor butterfly Aptura iris
chalkhill blue butterfly Lysandra coridon
large heath butterfly Coenonympha tullia
common hoverflySyrphus ribesii
white-tailed bumblebee Bombus lucorum
common carder bumblebee Bombus pascuorum
common green grasshopper Omocestus viridulus
swiss pinePinus cembra
scots pinePinus slyvestris
mountain pinePinus mugo
rowan treeSorbus aucuparia
common juniperJuniperuis communis
fly agaricAmanita muscaria
yellow lady’s slipper orchid Cypripedium calceolus
twin flowerLinnaea borealis
pasque flowerPulsatilla grandis
spear thistleCirsium vulgare
poet’s daffodilNarcissus poeticus
english bluebellEndymion non-scriptus
foxgloveDigitalis purperea
heath spotted orchidDactylorhiza maculata
melancholy thistleCirsium helenioides
wild boarSus scrofa
roe deerCapreolus capreolus
badgerMeles meles
chamois Rupicapra rupicapra
red foxVulpes vulpes
fallow deerDama dama
wildcatFelis silvestris
gray wolfCanis lupus lupus
wolverineGulo gulo
arctic foxAlopex lagopus
european bisonBison bonasus
european brown bearUrsus arctos
iberian lynxLynx pardina
iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica
european elkAlces alces
brown hareLepus europaeus
mountain hareLepus timidus
weaselMustela nivalis
polecatMustela putorius
pine martinMartes martes
european minkMustela lutreola
Species:Primary List
otterLutra lutra
eurasian beaverCastor fiber
water voleArvicola terrestris
eurasian crane Grus grus
natterer’s batMyotis nattereri
greater noctule bat Nyctalus lasiopterus
red squirrelSciurus vulgaris
lesser shrewSorex minutus
european souslikSpermophilus citellus
harvest mouseMicromys minutus
merlin Falco columbarious
griffon vulture Gyps fulvus
great grey owlStrix nebulosa
peregrine falconFalco peregrinus
mash harrierCircus aeruginosus
ospreyPandion haliaetus
hen harrierCircus cyaneus
red kiteMilvus milvus
kestrelFalco tinnunculus
northern goshawkAccipeter gentilis
sparrowhawkAccipter nisus
golden eagleAquila chrysaetos
white-tailed sea eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
common ravenCorvus corax
black grouseTetrao tetrix
snowy owlNyctea scandiaca
red-throated diverGavia stellata
capercaillieTetrao urugallus
black-throated diver Gavia arctica
corncrakeCrex crex
european cuckooCuculus canorus
barn owlTyto alba
european bee-eaterMerops apiaster
spotted flycatherMuscicapa striata
snow buntingPlectrophenax nivalis
scottish crossbillLoxia scotica
dipperCinclus cinclus
common kingfisherAlcedo atthis
adderVipera berus
slow wormAnguis fragilis
dice snakeNatrix tessellata
leopard rat snakeElaphe situla
common wall lizard Podarcis muralis
grass snakeNatrix natrix
natterjack toadBufo calamita
common tree frogHyla arborea
common european toad Bufo bufo
great crested newtTriturus cristatus
common frogRana temporaria
red-eared turtlePseudemys scripta
european salamanderSalamandra salamandra
smooth newtTriturus vulgaris
adonis blue butterflyLysandra bellargus
marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurina
nickerl’s fritillary butterfly Mellicta aurelia
purple emperor butterfly Aptura iris
chalkhill blue butterfly Lysandra coridon
large heath butterfly Coenonympha tullia
common hoverflySyrphus ribesii
white-tailed bumblebee Bombus lucorum
common carder bumblebee Bombus pascuorum
common green grasshopper Omocestus viridulus
swiss pinePinus cembra
scots pinePinus slyvestris
mountain pinePinus mugo
rowan treeSorbus aucuparia
common juniperJuniperuis communis
fly agaricAmanita muscaria
yellow lady’s slipper orchid Cypripedium calceolus
twin flowerLinnaea borealis
pasque flowerPulsatilla grandis
spear thistleCirsium vulgare
poet’s daffodilNarcissus poeticus
english bluebellEndymion non-scriptus
foxgloveDigitalis purperea
heath spotted orchidDactylorhiza maculata
melancholy thistleCirsium helenioides
Giving young people the opportunity to experience and learn outdoors is one of the most effective educational tools that TENT can provide. With a hands-on approach, students are able to connect with nature and leave with a greater appreciation of the natural world that compliments work in the classroom. Showing future generations the value of wilderness and the impact of human activity upon them will affect a positive change for years to come.
Education:Youth & Community
‘A true conservationist is a man who knows that the world is not given by his fathers but borrowed from his children.’ audobon
Giving young people the opportunity to experience and learn outdoors is one of the most effective educational tools that TENT can provide. With a hands-on approach, students are able to connect with nature and leave with a greater appreciation of the natural world that compliments work in the classroom. Showing future generations the value of wilderness and the impact of human activity upon them will affect a positive change for years to come.
Education:Youth & Community
‘A true conservationist is a man who knows that the world is not given by his fathers but borrowed from his children.’ audobon
Education:The Scottish Highlands, Youth Challenge
Such outdoor challenge activities demonstrate to students an alternative path to success by
concentrating on life skills as an alternative to academic achievement.
According to the Department of Education and Skills, “Staying away for a few days or more
is a powerful way of developing key skills, building confidence, self esteem, communication
and team working.”
TENT in partnership with The Challenger Trust has conducted a successful pilot youth education program on the Alladale Wilderness Reserve involving over 500 student. Students are given the opportunity to spend four days wild camping in the Highlands to learn essential life-skills, including team-building, problem-solving and the essentials of conservation work. Participants assist rangers with their day-to-day activities and gain an insight to how the Reserve operates. TENT are seeking other landowners to extend this initiative throughout Scotland. It is planned to replicate the program in Romania from 2011.
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Education:The Scottish Highlands, Youth Challenge
Such outdoor challenge activities demonstrate to students an alternative path to success by
concentrating on life skills as an alternative to academic achievement.
According to the Department of Education and Skills, “Staying away for a few days or more
is a powerful way of developing key skills, building confidence, self esteem, communication
and team working.”
TENT in partnership with The Challenger Trust has conducted a successful pilot youth education program on the Alladale Wilderness Reserve involving over 500 student. Students are given the opportunity to spend four days wild camping in the Highlands to learn essential life-skills, including team-building, problem-solving and the essentials of conservation work. Participants assist rangers with their day-to-day activities and gain an insight to how the Reserve operates. TENT are seeking other landowners to extend this initiative throughout Scotland. It is planned to replicate the program in Romania from 2011.
35
01. worldwide fund for nature WWF mission is to stop the degradation of our planet’s natural environment and build a future where humans live in harmony with nature.
02. foundation carpathiaTENT trustees are among the founding members of the Carpathia Foundation, where a 50 wilderness reserve is currently being established as a conservation model for Romania.
03. fundatia adeptFundatia ADEPT is a charity involved with agricultural development, environmental protection and youth education in Romania.
04. kyle of sutherland fisheries trustThe Trust works to advance public education and support research conservation initiatives that benefits freshwater fish resources and associated habitat of the region; a valuable part of Scotland’s natural heritage.
05. wildcru – oxford universityWildCRU is a charity that achieves practical solutions to conservation problems through original scientific research which is used worldwide to advise environmental policy-makers.
06. the challenger trustChallenger Trust helps young people from around the UK reach their potential, develop life-skills and improve their academic and employment prospects, through challenging outdoor experiences.
07. forestry commission scotlandThe commission’s goal is to protect and expand Scotland’s forests and woodlands and increase their value to society and the environment. Currently the commission is grant aiding many new habitat restoration initiatives across Scotland under the Scottish Rural Development Programme .
08. scottish natural heritageFunded by the Scottish Government. Their purpose is to promote, care for and improve the natural heritage; help people enjoy it responsibly; enable greater understanding and awareness of it and promote its sustainable use, now and for future generations.
09. scottish wildlife trustSWT is a registered charity that aims to advance the conservation of Scotland’s biodiversity for the benefit of present and future generations.
10. highland foundation for wildlifeThe Foundation is dedicated to wildlife conservation and research, with a special emphasis on species recovery projects and the restoration of natural ecosystems.
Partner Organisations
01 Worldwide Fund for Nature
02 Foundation Carpathia03 Fundatia ADEPT04 Kyle of Sutherland Fisheries Trust05 WildCRU – Oxford University06 The Challenger Trust07 Forestry Commission Scotland08 Scottish Natural Heritage09 Scottish Wildlife Trust10 Highland Foundation for Wildlife
TENT – The Board
Paul ListerPaul gained his deep passion for nature and conservation as a result of a childhood visiting wild and obscure places. After 20 years in the furniture business he founded and endowed The European Nature Trust and purchased the Alladale Wilderness Reserve in the Scottish Highlands.
Toby AykroydWith a background in development economics, business and political lobbying, Toby is founder of the Wild Europe initiative to promote protection and restoration of wild areas, and trustee of the BBC Wildlife Fund.
Robert DolmanRobert Dolman is a senior partner of the London firm of solicitors Wedlake Bell and is an expert in trust, tax and charity law. He is a trustee of many charities and private trusts.
Director, Hugh Fullerton-SmithNew Zealand born land-based project developer with 35 years experience in the UK, North America and Mongolia. Nuffield Farming scholar and Fellow of the Royal Agricultural Society.
37
01. worldwide fund for nature WWF mission is to stop the degradation of our planet’s natural environment and build a future where humans live in harmony with nature.
02. foundation carpathiaTENT trustees are among the founding members of the Carpathia Foundation, where a 50 wilderness reserve is currently being established as a conservation model for Romania.
03. fundatia adeptFundatia ADEPT is a charity involved with agricultural development, environmental protection and youth education in Romania.
04. kyle of sutherland fisheries trustThe Trust works to advance public education and support research conservation initiatives that benefits freshwater fish resources and associated habitat of the region; a valuable part of Scotland’s natural heritage.
05. wildcru – oxford universityWildCRU is a charity that achieves practical solutions to conservation problems through original scientific research which is used worldwide to advise environmental policy-makers.
06. the challenger trustChallenger Trust helps young people from around the UK reach their potential, develop life-skills and improve their academic and employment prospects, through challenging outdoor experiences.
07. forestry commission scotlandThe commission’s goal is to protect and expand Scotland’s forests and woodlands and increase their value to society and the environment. Currently the commission is grant aiding many new habitat restoration initiatives across Scotland under the Scottish Rural Development Programme .
08. scottish natural heritageFunded by the Scottish Government. Their purpose is to promote, care for and improve the natural heritage; help people enjoy it responsibly; enable greater understanding and awareness of it and promote its sustainable use, now and for future generations.
09. scottish wildlife trustSWT is a registered charity that aims to advance the conservation of Scotland’s biodiversity for the benefit of present and future generations.
10. highland foundation for wildlifeThe Foundation is dedicated to wildlife conservation and research, with a special emphasis on species recovery projects and the restoration of natural ecosystems.
Partner Organisations
01 Worldwide Fund for Nature
02 Foundation Carpathia03 Fundatia ADEPT04 Kyle of Sutherland Fisheries Trust05 WildCRU – Oxford University06 The Challenger Trust07 Forestry Commission Scotland08 Scottish Natural Heritage09 Scottish Wildlife Trust10 Highland Foundation for Wildlife
TENT – The Board
Paul ListerPaul gained his deep passion for nature and conservation as a result of a childhood visiting wild and obscure places. After 20 years in the furniture business he founded and endowed The European Nature Trust and purchased the Alladale Wilderness Reserve in the Scottish Highlands.
Toby AykroydWith a background in development economics, business and political lobbying, Toby is founder of the Wild Europe initiative to promote protection and restoration of wild areas, and trustee of the BBC Wildlife Fund.
Robert DolmanRobert Dolman is a senior partner of the London firm of solicitors Wedlake Bell and is an expert in trust, tax and charity law. He is a trustee of many charities and private trusts.
Director, Hugh Fullerton-SmithNew Zealand born land-based project developer with 35 years experience in the UK, North America and Mongolia. Nuffield Farming scholar and Fellow of the Royal Agricultural Society.
37
“When one tugs at a single living thing in nature one finds it attached to the rest of the world.”
john muir
“When one tugs at a single living thing in nature one finds it attached to the rest of the world.”
john muir
01. wild boar as a management tool for woodland regenerationWild boar’s characteristic “rooting” behaviour is to turn up the soil in order to find truffles, tubers etc. Such impacts are now proving effective for preparing ground for planting, aiding natural regeneration of woodland, or controlling invasive plant species such as bracken. Since 2006 TENT has worked with WildCRU to determine how wild boar can be used effectively in the Highlands.
02. restoration management and food plantsAn area often neglected in restoration is the role of food plants. Through TENT’s early research work with WildCRU, it has become clear that in many areas wild boar cannot survive a Highland winter. The lack of cover and naturally occurring foodstuffs is central to the problem. TENT plans a study of this topic which should enable restoration projects to be designed around provision of an appropriate food source structure, thus providing a higher carrying capacity for many species of wildlife.
03. management of american mink in the northern highlandsThe American mink is an invasive species which escaped from fur farms in the last century and devastated the delicate ecosystems in and around the UK’s waterways. Much research is required to identify the best ways of managing, and potentially removing, this exotic species to ensure the continued survival of other native populations. In partnership with Scottish Natural Heritage, the Environment Agency, WildCRU and the People’s Trust for Endangered Species, a targeted mink survey was carried out across the Scottish Highland’s during 2008.
04. protection of old growth forests in bulgariaTENT is funding a trial project to assess old growth forest remaining in isolated valleys across Bulgaria. These are now threatened, and there is urgent need to assess the remaining habitat, along with its key species, for development and representation of protection plans.
Current Research Initiatives
01 Wild Boar as a Management Tool for Woodland Regeneration02 Restoration Management and food plants03 Management of American Mink in the Northern Highlands04 Protection of Bulgarian old-growth forest
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01. wild boar as a management tool for woodland regenerationWild boar’s characteristic “rooting” behaviour is to turn up the soil in order to find truffles, tubers etc. Such impacts are now proving effective for preparing ground for planting, aiding natural regeneration of woodland, or controlling invasive plant species such as bracken. Since 2006 TENT has worked with WildCRU to determine how wild boar can be used effectively in the Highlands.
02. restoration management and food plantsAn area often neglected in restoration is the role of food plants. Through TENT’s early research work with WildCRU, it has become clear that in many areas wild boar cannot survive a Highland winter. The lack of cover and naturally occurring foodstuffs is central to the problem. TENT plans a study of this topic which should enable restoration projects to be designed around provision of an appropriate food source structure, thus providing a higher carrying capacity for many species of wildlife.
03. management of american mink in the northern highlandsThe American mink is an invasive species which escaped from fur farms in the last century and devastated the delicate ecosystems in and around the UK’s waterways. Much research is required to identify the best ways of managing, and potentially removing, this exotic species to ensure the continued survival of other native populations. In partnership with Scottish Natural Heritage, the Environment Agency, WildCRU and the People’s Trust for Endangered Species, a targeted mink survey was carried out across the Scottish Highland’s during 2008.
04. protection of old growth forests in bulgariaTENT is funding a trial project to assess old growth forest remaining in isolated valleys across Bulgaria. These are now threatened, and there is urgent need to assess the remaining habitat, along with its key species, for development and representation of protection plans.
Current Research Initiatives
01 Wild Boar as a Management Tool for Woodland Regeneration02 Restoration Management and food plants03 Management of American Mink in the Northern Highlands04 Protection of Bulgarian old-growth forest
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Geographic Range: From the Carpathian Mountains, Europe’s “Yellowstone” and “lost Eden”, in the south-east to the Scottish Highlands, Europe’s most blemished wild upland ranges in the north-west.
Seed Funding: Using TENT funding as seed corn to gear up larger amounts for species support, protection and restoration of habitat, awareness raising, youth involvement/education, research, policy development and capacity building.
Coordination of a multi-disciplinary approach: Playing a lead role as coordinator in formulation, promotion and development
of multi-party projects, with leverage of additional funding. Organising field trips that include potential donors, sponsors, carbon specialists, conservation professionals and business executives.
Model Projects: Preference for model projects with potential for expansion, replication or gaining support though matched funding or specialist contribution.
Policy Development: Building on Wild Europe’s protection and restoration initiatives, TENT’s focus will be to support capacity building, policy representation and identification of fundraising opportunities.
TENT: Operating Principles
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Geographic Range: From the Carpathian Mountains, Europe’s “Yellowstone” and “lost Eden”, in the south-east to the Scottish Highlands, Europe’s most blemished wild upland ranges in the north-west.
Seed Funding: Using TENT funding as seed corn to gear up larger amounts for species support, protection and restoration of habitat, awareness raising, youth involvement/education, research, policy development and capacity building.
Coordination of a multi-disciplinary approach: Playing a lead role as coordinator in formulation, promotion and development
of multi-party projects, with leverage of additional funding. Organising field trips that include potential donors, sponsors, carbon specialists, conservation professionals and business executives.
Model Projects: Preference for model projects with potential for expansion, replication or gaining support though matched funding or specialist contribution.
Policy Development: Building on Wild Europe’s protection and restoration initiatives, TENT’s focus will be to support capacity building, policy representation and identification of fundraising opportunities.
TENT: Operating Principles
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A Call for Action!
It is only through the generosity of corporates, philanthropists and donors that we are able to undertake all of our projects to help protect and restore Europe’s last truly wild places and support the vulnerable species that live within them. The European Nature Trust43 High StreetMarlowBuckinghamshireSL7 1BAEngland
t. +44 (0)7701 026984 +44 (0)1628 475 714e. hugh@theeuropeannaturetrust.comw. www.theeuropeannaturetrust.com
Call Hugh Fullerton-Smith, Director, on +44 (0)7701 026984
or donate online at www.justgiving.com/europeannaturetrust
the european nature trustRegistered in England and Wales, Registered Charity Number 1091283.
acknowledgement: the lister charitable trust:It is with great pleasure that The Lister Charitable Trust will underwrite the modest operating costs of The European Nature Trust for the next five years. David Collingwood, LCT trustee.
imagery:The European Nature Trust are greatly indebted to the following organizations and individuals who supplied the images within this brochure free of charge:
Wild Wonders of Europe – www.wild-wonders.comNorthshots – www.northshots.comInnes MacNeillChristoph & Barbara PrombergerAlan RussellChris Sandom
design: The English Group – www.theenglishgroup.co.uk
This brochure is printed on think4 Bright: cover - 300gsm and content - 170gsm supplied by Howard Smith Paper. think4 Bright is Carbon Balanced – where the carbon intensity has been measured through the production and distribution process and an equivalent carbon credit (offset) has been purchased through the World Land Trust. This paper is made from 50% recovered fibre, diverting waste from landfill and contains material sourced from responsibly managed forests together with recycled fibre, certified in accordance with the FSC (Forest Stewardship Council).
CBP000551005104406
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