the engineers role in urban regeneration

Chair Editorial Advisory PanelMunicipal Engineer

Eur Ing Ian JenkinsonBSc MBA CEng FICE FIMechE MCMI

The family of ICE Journals

Municipal Engineer started 1873

Stoke-on-Trent Association of EngineersNovember 2010

the engineer‟s role in urban regeneration

Sea-change in UK ...?

UK political landscape changed 2010

RDAs (AWM & RENEW) abolished

BURA placed in voluntary liquidation

Regional planning targets ended

LEPs created (including Staffordshire & Stoke LEP)

Locality agenda (draft Bill expected December 2010)

Big Society proposals (expected Nov 2010)

Regeneration, new fad or old idea?3

1853 a field

Garden

Manufactory

Housing

Car Park & Bus station

WilkinsonBall‟s Yard 1930 and 2010

Industrial revolution & city growth1

London grew by 1.8 million 1801-1861

English & Welsh cities grew 2.5%pa 1821-31

50% families live in single room (Newcastle upon Tyne)

1884 Army reject 30,000 from 64,000 for “physical weakness” (blamed upon poor housing, diet & work)

Lord Brabazon says he is a “head taller than stunted figures” when walking in East End

Consequences for whole of society2

1831 1st cholera epidemic (55K died)

1848 cholera epidemic (London 14K died)

1853 cholera epidemic

1853 „Great Stink‟ closes Parliament

1854 half of urban population without an independent water supply and toilet

1854 „Broad Street Pump Incident‟

1866 cholera epidemic

Governance as a driver for change2

1846 the „Cholera Act‟ (1832 Act assigned costs to Parish)

1847 Towns Improvement Clauses Act

1848 Public Health Act

1848 Sewers Act

1852 Metropolitan Water Act

1858 Local Government Act

1866 Sanitary Act

1867 Improvement Act

The role of the Engineer

John Frederic La Trobe Bateman, Manchester Corporation's water engineer

1851 Longdendale reservoirs

1891 Thirlmere 96mile aqueduct (gradient 20”/mile)

55M gallons/day

Bazalgette, not just a sewer ... 2

William Yates 1775 Map 3

OS map 1895 3

Population and density growth 3

Census data:

1801 = 4,600

1901 = 17,000

Population x3.7

Area of town similar 1801-1901

2001 = 4,453Hick Street 1948 & 2010 (next to Vue Cinema)

1852, Board of Health plans 3

Sewers: Ironmarket & High Street 3

Governance & Legal powers to... 1

Bazalgette‟s sewers displaced 100,000 people 1820-1888

Victoria, Charing Cross, Euston, St Pancras stations and lines displaced 120,000 people 1840-1900

1874 Glasgow, 77 acres with 15,000 homes demolished

1880‟s Glasgow city centre „urban renewal‟ displaces „tens of thousands‟

1895 Borough Surveyors office 3

Corporation Cottages built 1915 3

Interwar period Regeneration stalled 1936 (?) Bulls Bank now under the A34 dual c/way opposite St Giles Church 3

Focus changed post-war, NewTown

Overspill towns

Green-field development

Parker Morris Standards

N Staffs many new estates built

Renewal not regen

Renewal moved to re-development

1960 Buchanan Report = Hi-Rise & ring roads

Demolish & redevelop

Few survive today ...

Garden Festivals - a mixed outcome

Liverpool 84

Festival Park 86

1986

Liverpool

Multiple deprivation <10%, Wards 4

NDC launched 1998; £50M to 39 areas 10,000 population 5

£1.56B over 10 years

6 key outcomes:-

Place: crime, housing environment

People: worklessness, health, education

32of36 indicators +ve

18of24 better than national comparators

Salford

Oldham

Manchester

Liverpool

Knowsley

Birmingham A

Birmingham KN

Sandwell

Wolverhampton

Walsall

Luton

Coventry

Leicester

Norwich

Derby

Nottingham

Sheffield

Doncaster

Southampton

Bristol

Brighton

Rochdale

Hull

Bradford

Middlesbrough

Hartlepool

Newcastle

Sunderland

PlymouthIslington

Haringey

HackneyBrent

Newham

Lewisham

Tower Hamlets

Southwark

H'smith & Fulham

Lambeth

Regeneration, what programme? 7

How best to regenerate ?

Development or „greening‟ ?

Heritage versus demolish & rebuild ?

Large businesses or SME ?

Industrial versus Distribution ?

Commercial versus Retail Park ?

Residential, refurbish versus rebuild ?

Town Centre renewal versus Leisure?

Exhibition venue: Brindley Place

Sporting venue: Olympic Park

150 years use & contamination

30Kt refuse & silt

90ML effluent

2.3M m3 treated

90% reused

4xHanley & Newcastle town

Remediation & Legacy, key issues12

Canary Wharf: world class but ... 11

Night-time economy ... 8,9

What role for the Engineer?

Part of the „Development‟ team

Masterplanning (technical gatekeeper)

Soil remediation (contaminated ground)

Infrastructure provision (size & AMP)

Structural design & street detail

Procurement & Project Planning

Construction management

Life-time maintenance & servicing

RENEW programme area 6

Knutton & Cross Heath NMP 6

Lymedale: distribution park

Chatterly Valley: high spec unit

Rowhurst Close: manufacturing

New housing and refurbishment

Town centre: Leisure & Retail

But central direction can lead to...

But: every cloud a silver lining ...

NDC outcomes, what happened 5

Leverage: £1 NDC+£9 other=£10 outcome

Easiest to change the place

Most change with: large areas, big projects wide-span Partnership Boards

Hardest to change the people outcomes

Least change in „traditional‟ areas at edge of non-core cities

Community capacity building vital but ... recognise resident vs professional tensions

Lessons from Brindley Place 10

1. Master planning is essential

2. Landscape design 1st; buildings 2nd

3. Transport linkages are crucial

4. Scheme must be „sensible‟ to stakeholders

5. Market conditions & timing are critical

6. Minimise delays (planning approval & build)

7. Flexibility with buildings & use consents

8. Major regeneration can‟t work everywhere

New Govt LEP=£1B; same agenda?

Sea-change in Govt policy but ... 13

West Mids vulnerable communities17

Localism = municipal renaissance ?

Where is the City Engineer? 11,13

As a non-statutory post the City Engineer & County Surveyor have disappeared

CSS renamed ADEPT (2010); TAG „a shadow‟

Regeneration requires dealing with „fuzzy-data‟, negotiation, partnership building

Few engineers have the „soft-skills‟ necessary for top management (Kellogg Business School, Oct 2010)

Engineers must rebalance their skill sets and embrace realpolitik to regain their position

References #1

1) Hunt T. Building Jerusalem (2004) Weidenfeld & Nicholson, UK

2) Fisher, Cotton, Reed. Public Health Reform: lessons from history (2006) Municipal Engineer 159(1)3

3) Staffordshire Archive Service http://www.views.staffspasttrack.org.uk (copyright maps & photo s)

4) DETR. Our Towns and Cities: the future (2000) HMSO, UK

5) Lawless P. NDC outcomes (2010) Sheffield Hallam University http://www.shu.ac.uk/research/cresr/sp_paul_lawless.html

6) RENEW (2010) http://www.renewnorthstaffs.gov.uk/

7) Bristow P. Using heritage in regeneration (2010) Municipal Engineer 163(3)139

8) Roberts M, Eldridge A. Planning the Night-time City (2009) Routledge, London

9) Thompson R. Alcohol disorder zone . www.robertthompsoncartoons.com

10) Latham I, Swenarton M. Brindleyplace: a model for urban regeneration (1999) Right Angle Publishing, London

11) Williams T . West Mids Regen Conference 10 Feb 2010, http://www.navigantconsulting.com

12) ODA, Olympic Park Plan (2010) ice.london@ice.org.uk

13) Centre for Cities, City Outlook 2009, www.centreforcities.org

14) Management World News and Views. Flattery‟s the Key (2010) Professional Manager 19(6)4

Reference #2

15 Costanza, R. 2000. Visions of alternative (unpredictable) futures and their use in policy analysis. Conservation Ecology 4(1): 5. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss1/art5/

16 Schumpeterian growth http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/images/Figure1.1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.naturaledgeproject.net/NAONChapter1.4.aspx&h=379&w=545&sz=58&tbnid=8PCds77_S9OZbM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwaves%2Bof%2Binnovation&zoom=1&q=waves+of+innovation&hl=en&usg=__d3zGuUdnhGeSPZyC-iQpHDAakU4=&sa=X&ei=UqLRTIWeM5Oj4Qa2n4XZDA&ved=0CB0Q9QEwAQ

17 AWM Vulnerable Areas (2009) http://www.wmro.org/resources/res.aspx?p=/CmsResource/resourceFilename/2713/AWM-Vulnerable-areas-for-web_V1.0_Presentation_KB.ppt