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The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction
of bivalvesSofia SARAIVA1,3, Jaap VAN DER MEER1,2, S.A.L.M. KOOIJMAN2, T.
SOUSA3
Sofia.Saraiva@nioz.nl
1. Royal NIOZ, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg , The Netherlands2. Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3. Instituto Superior Técnico. Environment and Energy Section, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
April 2009
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organization
DEB2009 Symposium
April 2009
April 2009
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
AimCouple a size-structured population model for several bivalve
species to a hydrodynamic and biogeochemical model
Individual Based Population Model
Integrated Modelling ToolTo simulate properties evolution in estuaries and coastal areas where bivalves are abundant (natural or cultured populations)
Set of couple models
www.mohid.com
Dynamic Energy Budgets theoryHydrodynamic, eulerian and lagrangian advection-
diffusion, sediment transport and biogeochemical/ecological models
Bivalve activity over the pelagic system
Influence of different climate scenarios in the production and distribution of different bivalve species
April 2009
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Why do we need an ecosystem Model?
Estuaries and Coastal Areas
Ecological Processes
Ecosystem Model
Organisms
Tide, WindFresh Water DischargesDensity driven currents
FoodTemperature
Predation
Hydrodynamics
FoodAvailability
Particulate MatterErosion/Deposition
Residence TimeLight
Nutrients (N/P)Temperature
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Bivalve model AND Ecosystem Model
DEB
DEB
DEB
DEB
Cohorts
PhytoplanktonZooplanktonParticulate Organic MatterSedimentsNutrients (N and P)
FILTRATION
INORGANIC FLUXESFAECESPSEUDOFAECES
Bivalve StructureBivalve ReservesBivalve Reproduction BufferBivalve Maturity
INGESTIONASSIMILATION
FOOD QUALITYFOOD QUANTITY
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Standard DEB Model
FOOD
GROWTH
k 1-k
FAECES
MOBILIZATION
MATURITY MAINTENANCE
SOMATIC MAINTENANCE
REPRODUCTIONBUFFER
RESERVES
STRUCTURE
REPRODUCTION
SPAWNING GAMETES
MATURITY
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
CO2
H2O
O2
NH3
PO4• structures/ reserves• isomorph• k-rule• maturity concept• maintenance
ASSIMILATION
FILTRATION
FAECES
FOOD
PSEUDOFAECES
INGESTION
ZooplanktonPhytoplanktonOrganic Matter
Sediments
Variable Compositi
on
DEB Model
Variable Compositi
on
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Feeding Processes in Bivalves
FILTRATION INGESTION ASSIMILATION
RESERVES
…
PSEUDOFAECES FAECES
( )i inX F
( )i outX FiX F
J
PFiP F
J FiP IJ
iX IJ
iE AJ
ZooplanktonPhytoplankto
nOrganic Matter
Sediments
Synthesizing Units
SequentialSubstitutable
SequentialSubstitutable
ZOOPLANKTON
STRUCTURERESERVES
Yield Coefficient
PHYTOPLANKTON
STRUCTURE
Yield CoefficientRESERVES
ParallelComplementary
DETRITES Yield Coefficien
t
-Any property can be processed independently from the others-The binding of each property is affected by the presence of others
-A specific ratio N/C is needed-No interaction at binding level
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Parameters in Feeding Processes
FILTRATIONASSIMILATION
FILTRATIONINGESTION
ASSIMILATION
Maximum surface area-specific filtration rate, m3d-
1cm-2Maximum surface area-specific uptake rate, molCd-
1cm-2
Yield coefficient of reserves on food,
molC(reserves)/molC(food)
Maximum surface area-specific filtration rate, m3d-
1cm-2Maximum surface area-specific uptake rate, molCd-
1cm-2Yield coefficient of reserves
on food, molC(reserves)/molC(food)
Maximum surface area-specific property i ingestion
rate, m3d-1cm-2
One more parameter
for each type of food
“measure” of the bivalve selectivity for
each type of food
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Model vs. Observations
Mussels - 6cmTemperature – 6.5 oCSeveral lab experiments with increasing silt and detritus concentration in the waterMeasurements in filtration and pseudofaeces
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Model vs. Observations
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Model vs.
Observations
-Filtration, Ingestion and Pseudofaeces computed by the model follow the main patterns of observations
- Some differences can be found but many assumptions had been made
-Not all the model capacities were tested
-More work in the calibration and validation of the model has to be done
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
“Playing with the model”Test the influence of food quantity and quality in the bivalve feeding, growth and reproduction
-2 Types of food (A and B)-Same concentration, constant-High concentration (1mgC/l)-Constant temperature
No selection (same affinity)
Selection for food A (different affinity)
-At high food concentration the ingestion of each type of food is only limited by the bivalve selectivity-Without selectivity there is no production of pseudofaeces but with selectivity some of the “less selected” type of food will be rejected-If concentrations are the same in the water column, selectivity can lead to lower growth rate and lower length-Low food, low growth, low reproduction buffer, less spawning events
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
“Playing with the model”-2 Types of food (A and B)-Same concentration, constant-Low concentration (0.05mgC/l)-Constant temperature
No selection (same affinity)
Selection for food A (different affinity)
-The ingestion is limited by filtration and there is no selectivity by the bivalve-The bivalve ingestes everything that is filtered and there are no production of pseudofaeces
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Still “playing with the model”: a more realistic scenario
Temperature and Food Algae N/C ratio? NutrientsLightTemperature
Nutrients Uptake
Lightα Temperature
CarbonUptake
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Constant vs. Seasonal N/C algae ratio
-Seasonal changes in algae N/C ratio => difference in the nitrogen uptake => differences in assimilation => differences in growth-Algae N/C ratio changes could be important to explain bivalve performances in different places
The model presented is based on:
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organizationDEB2009 Symposium
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Conclusions
To simulate food quality an extension of the standard DEB model is needed
Food quality and quantity is a key factor for mussels growth/performance
Filtration/Ingestion/Assimilation as different processesSynthesizing units mechanism
Pseudofaeces and Faeces productionSeveral types of food
Food quality (ex. algae N/C ratios) can have significant influence in bivalve’s growth and variations should be consider when comparing different populations in different locations
Model results globally agree with patterns described in literature but more work could be done in calibrating/validating the model using more data sets (if available)
Useful model and conceptually a good approach to deal with the bivalves food quality changes at the ecosystem scale
The effect of food composition on feeding, growth and reproduction of bivalves
Sofia SARAIVA1,3, Jaap VAN DER MEER1,2, S.A.L.M. KOOIJMAN2, T. SOUSA3
Sofia.Saraiva@nioz.nl
1. Royal NIOZ, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg , The Netherlands2. Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3. Instituto Superior Técnico. Environment and Energy Section, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal April 2009
DEB Theory: 30 years of research for metabolic organization
DEB2009 Symposium
April 2009
Thank you!!
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