the digestive system chapter 16. function of the digestive system to break down food into a...
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The Digestive SystemThe Digestive SystemChapter 16Chapter 16
Function of the Digestive System
To break down food into a “usable” (absorbable) form
To supply our cells with the nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water) they need for energy, growth & repair
Organs of the Digestive System Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) – continuous passageway which contains the food from the time it enters the body, until it leaves; organs include:
mouth (oral cavity), pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
Accessory organs - participate in digestive processes; organs include:
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Processes of Digestion
1. Ingestion
2. Movement along GIT
Voluntary – e.g. swallowing
Involuntary – e.g. peristalsis
3. Secretion – release of water, enzymes, acids, buffers, mucous, etc. into GIT for physical (mechanical) & chemical digestive processes
Processes of Digestion4. Digestion
Mechanical processing – physical breakdown of food; e.g. mastication, emulsification, mixing waves, segmentation
Chemical digestion – chemical breakdown of food; disassembling of organic molecules into their component parts; requires enzymes
carbohydrates (polysaccharides) disaccharides monosaccharides
proteins amino acids
lipids (triglycerides) fatty acids
Processes of Digestion
5. Absorption – movement of nutrients from GIT into blood capillaries (monosaccharides, amino acids, H2O, vitamins, minerals) or lymphatic capillaries (fatty acids)
6. Excretion (Defecation) – removal of waste products from GIT
Histology of the GIT epithelium – stratified squamous or simple columnar
lamina propria – loose CT
muscularis mucosa – smooth muscle
Mucosa
SubmucosaCT with BV’s, nerves & lymphatics
Muscularis externaSkeletal muscle at beginning & end of GIT, smooth muscle (inner circular; outer longitudinal layer) from lower esophagus to rectum
Serosa (a.k.a. visceral peritoneum)
4 layers of tissue surround the lumen of the GIT
Peritoneum & Mesenteries
The abdominal cavity is lined with parietal peritoneum & many of the organs within are covered with visceral peritoneum
Folds of peritoneum called “mesenteries” attach some organs to others
greater omentum
lesser omentum
mesentery proper
Mouth (oral cavity) Regions include the vestibule & oral cavity proper Roof comprised of hard & soft palate; floor primarily comprised of tongue Mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized)
Tongue –
intrinsic & extrinsic muscles
papillae
filiform
fungiform
circumvallate
Mouth (oral cavity)
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
Salivary glands – secrete saliva – made of H2O, salts & “salivary amylase”
Teeth –
involved in “mastication”
Pharynx
nasopharynx
uvula
oropharynx
epiglottis
laryngopharynx
Common passageway for air & food
oropharynx & laryngopharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium (nasopharynx lined with PSCC)
uvula & epiglottis protect airway when swallowing (“deglutition”)
Esophagus muscular tube extending from pharynx, posterior to trachea, down thoracic cavity, through “esophageal hiatus” of diaphragm, to lower esophageal (a.k.a. cardiac) sphincter at junction of stomach
functions in “deglutition” through action of peristalsis
mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium
variations in muscularis externa – begins as skeletal muscle at upper 1/3, mixed skeletal & smooth muscle in middle, smooth muscle by lower 1/3
Stomach - Gross Anatomy
Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
Stomach - Histology
Rugae – folds of mucosa & submucosa to allow for expansion of stomach
Mucosa of simple columnar epithelium with mucous cells
Gastric pit leading to gastric glands
Stomach – Histology (cont)
- Secrete mucus to protect epithelial cells from enzymes & acid
- Secrete HCl (for protein digestion)
- Secrete pepsinogen which gets converted to “pepsin” when mixed with HCl; for protein digestion
(Peptic)
Stomach Modifications in stomach include 3 layers of smooth muscle in muscularis externa – outer longitudinal, middle circular, innermost oblique layer
polypeptidespepsin
HClproteins
Functions of stomach include: temporary storage of food mechanical breakdown of food to “chyme” through
powerful mixing waves start of chemical digestion of proteins –
Small Intestine - Anatomy- connects stomach to large intestine; 15-20’ long; 1” diameter; held together in abdominal cavity by “mesentery proper”
- site for completion of chemical digestion & absorption of nutrients
- comprised of three regions:
Duodenum – 10” in length; receives chyme from stomach, secretions from liver, gallbladder & pancreas
Jejunum – 8’ long; most digestion & absorption occurs here
Ileum – 12’ long; connects to cecum of large intestine at iliocecal valve (sphincter)
Small IntestineModifications in mucosa & submucosa of intestinal wall designed to increase functional surface area:
Plicae circulares
Plicae circulares (circular folds) – large transverse ridges; most abundant in jejunum
Villi – small finger-like projections of mucosal folds across surface of intestine
Small IntestineVilli
Villi lined with “absorptive cells” - mucosal epithelium of simple columnar epithelium with microvilli “brush border” . These cells also produce enzymes (disaccharidases & peptidases) for final digestion of carbs and proteins
Submucosa of each villus contains a capillary network & a “lacteal” (lymphatic capillary) for absorption of nutrients
Pancreas
Stomach
Head
Body
Tail
Retroperitoneal elongated organ, deep to stomach, from duodenum to spleen Both endocrine (pancreatic islets of Langerhans – secretes insulin & glucagon) & exocrine gland (pancreatic acini – secrete pancreatic juice aka pancreatin)
Pancreaticduct
Duodenum
PancreasPancreatic juice – mixture of enzymes & buffers (sodium bicarbonate) secreted by acinar cells into pancreatic duct & released into duodenum
pancreatic amylase
Starch (polysaccharide) maltose (disaccharide) lipase
Lipids (triglycerides) fatty acids + monoglycerol
proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase)
Proteins & polypeptides small tripeptides & dipeptides
nucleases – digest RNA & DNA
sodium bicarbonate – neutralizes acidic chyme because enzymes in small intestine need an alkaline pH
Liver - Anatomy Largest organ within the body
Comprised of 4 lobes:
Large right & left lobes divided by falciform ligament; small caudate & quadrate lobes
Lobes of liver functionally divided into microscopic lobules
Liver - Histology Lobules comprised of rows of Hepatocytes arranged radially around a central vein
Hepatocytes surround blood sinusoids (capillary structures) which are partially lined with phagocytic Kupffer (aka stellate reticuloendothelial) cells
hepatocytes central vein sinusoids
Liver Hepatocytes produce bile, which gets secreted into bile canaliculi of lobule
Bile canaliculi merge to form bile ducts which eventually merge to create the right & left hepatic ducts
Liver & gall bladder Right & left hepatic ducts unite to form common hepatic duct which merges with cystic duct of gall bladder to form common bile duct which enters the duodenum
Gall bladder – hollow muscular sac under right lobe of liver; stores & concentrates bile
Bile released into duodenum functions in emulsification of lipids, absorption of fats (due to presence of bile salts), & excretion of bilirubin
Left hepatic ductRight hepatic duct
Liver - FunctionsThe liver has over 200 functions including:
Bile production & excretion
Metabolic regulation –
storage of glycogen, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins & minerals
interconversion of nutrients (“gluconeogenesis”)
detoxification & removal of drugs, toxins & hormones
hematological regulation –
phagocytosis of worn-out RBCs, bacteria & other pathogens
synthesis of plasma proteins
Blood Supply to LiverIn order for the liver to perform all of its functions, it receives blood through 2 vessels:
Hepatic artery - delivers oxygenated blood into sinusoids of liver
Hepatic Portal vein – delivers de-oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs to sinusoids of liver
Liver uses O2 & nutrients within blood of sinusoids & then blood drains into central veins of lobule & eventually into IVC
Large Intestine Begins at the ilium & ends at the anus; 5’ long; 3” in diameter
Rectum
ileumIleocecal sphincter
Cecum
Vermiform appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Anal canal
Rectum
Rectum
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter
Anal canal
Anus
3 regions: cecum - blind pouch; has appendix attachedcolon – ascending, (hepatic flexure), transverse, (splenic flexure), descending, sigmoidrectum – last 1” known as “anal canal”
Hepatic (rt. Colic) flexure
Splenic (lt. colic) flexure
Large Intestine
Simple columnar epithelium in mucosa, except at anal canal (strat. Squam.)
No plicae circularis or villi
Modifications in muscularis externa & serosa :
longitudinal muscle layer forms bands called “taeniae coli” which create puckers known as “haustra”
serosa forms “epiploic appendages”
haustra
taeniae coli
epiploic appendages
main functions – H2O re-absorption; absorption of some vitamins & minerals; formation & temporary storage of fecal material
no chemical (enzymatic) digestion but some bacterial
Overview of digestion & absorption
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