the cultural geography of europe unit 4 – chapter 12
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The Cultural Geography of Europe
Unit 4 – Chapter 12
I. Section I
Population Patterns
A. Ethnic Diversity Ethnic Groups Europe is home to more than
160 separate ethnic groups Ethnic Tensions
The Balkan Peninsula has had lots of turmoil because of these tensions
Yugoslavia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo
Ethnic Cleansing – killing rival ethnic groups
As a result, many people become refugees – people who flee to a foreign country
Sources of Unity Europeans in recent years have
been striving towards more unity
B. Population Characteristics• Population Density
– Europe’s population density is greater than that of any other continent except Asia.
• Population Distribution– Compare maps on pg. 262 &
pg. 260• Why do people choose to live
where they do?
C. Urbanization
Urban Features About 75% of the population lives in the cities
What does this cause? Population Movements
During the 1800s & early 1900s, many Europeans migrated to the Americas and other areas
Since the mid-1900s, not many people have left Europe but many foreign people moved in (often to fill open jobs)
Later, when the economy slowed down, this caused tension
Europe’s overall population is shrinking Make sure you read pgs. 292-293
II. Section II
History & Government
A. The Rise of Europe Early Peoples
Fossils show that early people lived in Europe more than a million years ago!
Ancient Greece & Rome The 1st ancient civilization was the Greek
400s – 300s B.C. The 2nd was the Romans
27 B.C – A.D. 180 City-States were originally formed during this time
A Christian Europe In the late A.D. 300s, Christianity became the official
religion of the Roman Empire, and later one of the world’s major religions
The Middle Ages After the fall of Feudalism occurred during this
timeRome, Europe entered the Middle Ages (A.D. 500-1500)
B. Expansion of Europe
Crusades – a series of brutal religious wars – to win Palestine, the birthplace of Christianity, from Muslim rule
European Explorations In the 1400s, Europe
began exploring the rest of the world
Expansion of Europe (Cont.) Renaissance – during this
period, many Europeans developed a higher interest in the Arts The Reformation
movement occurred during this time
Lessened the power of the Roman Catholic church and led to the beginnings of Protestantism
C. Changing EuropeC. Changing Europe
Make sure you read this section (pg. 297-Make sure you read this section (pg. 297-300)!300)!
RevolutionsRevolutions– EnlightenmentEnlightenment – political & economic – political & economic
revolutionsrevolutions– Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism – an economic system – an economic system
in which business leaders used profits to in which business leaders used profits to expand their countriesexpand their countries
Under this system, new classes emergedUnder this system, new classes emerged– Social problems led to the birth of Social problems led to the birth of
communismcommunism – society based on economic – society based on economic equalityequality
C. (cont)C. (cont) Conflict & DivisionConflict & Division
– WWI – 1914-1918 – caused by WWI – 1914-1918 – caused by rivalries among European rivalries among European powers (for colonies and powers (for colonies and economic power)economic power)
ReparationsReparations – payment for – payment for damagesdamages
– WWII – 1939-1945 – because of WWII – 1939-1945 – because of unsolved problems from WWI unsolved problems from WWI and a worldwide depression, and a worldwide depression, Mussolini and Hitler gained Mussolini and Hitler gained control of Italy and Germanycontrol of Italy and Germany
They expanded their They expanded their countries’ control, which led countries’ control, which led to the warto the war– HolocaustHolocaust – major horror – major horror
of WWII – mass killing of of WWII – mass killing of over 6 million Jewsover 6 million Jews
WWII left Europe ruined and WWII left Europe ruined and divided – part was communist divided – part was communist (controlled by the Soviet (controlled by the Soviet Union) and part was Union) and part was democraticdemocratic– This division led to the This division led to the
Cold WarCold War
C. (cont – Holocaust) – Mass grave sites and mass killing of Jews
C. (cont – Holocaust) – Jewish children that were used for experiments
C. (cont)
The Cold War in Europe Cold War – a power struggle between the
communist world (led by Soviet Union) and the noncommunist world (led by U.S.)
A divided Germany became the “hot point” of the Cold War
A New Era for Europe From 1950s-1980s, revolts against communist
rule swept E. Europe The infamous Berlin Wall came down in 1990
and the two parts of Germany reunited 3 years later, Czechoslovakia split into two
separate countries 1990s – European Union (EU) was formed –
goal to unite countries – now contains 25 countries
1992 – Maastricht Treaty signed – common bank and currency
1999 – Euro – common currency launched
III. Section III
Cultures & Lifestyles
A. Expressions of Cultures
Languages About 50 different languages About 100 different dialects Language Family
Mostly Indo-European Slavic – Polish, Czech, etc. Baltic – Latvian, etc. Germanic – German, Dutch, English, etc. Romance Languages (comes from Latin) – Italian,
Spanish, Portuguese, French, Romanian Others – Greek, Albanian, Celtic
A. Expressions of Cultures(cont)
Religion Primarily Christianity
Mostly Roman Catholics
Pope is the head of this church
Where is he located?
Religion has caused many wars here
Northern Ireland – Catholics vs. Protestants
1998 - the Good Friday Peace Agreement
A. Expressions of Cultures (cont)
ArtsClose relationship between
religion and architectureRomanticism – arts focused on
emotionsRealism – arts depicting everyday
lifeImpressionism – experiences of
the natural world
B. Quality of Life
Differences Western Europe – more industrialized Eastern & Southern Europe – more struggles
Education Countries with more educated people = more
economic success State-Sponsored Human Services
Welfare States – offer complete social welfare to their citizens
Helps provide higher education, health care, and social security
C. Lifestyles Home Life
Extended families & family importance
Sports & Recreation Soccer is major sport Rugby Tennis Skiing Cycling
Celebrations Europeans celebrate many of the
same holidays as us but their holidays often include many traditions passed down through several generations
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