the coordination system
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COORDINATIONNervous System and Endocrine System
Review: Detecting Stimuli• The five senses detect stimuli in the environment
Sight Smell Hearing
Response organ
Skin Ears Tongue
Stimuli Light Pressure, temperature, pain
Chemical substances
Chemical substances
The Coordination System
Coordination systems work together to process information received from stimuli and to produce appropriate responses.
Animals have two coordination systems: • the nervous system and • the endocrine system.
The Nervous System• The nervous system regulates the body’s activities and
responses. It works by means of specialized cells called neurons which transmit information in the form of nerve impulses.
Nervous System Responses
The Endocrine System• The endocrine system regulates and coordinates the
body functions by means of chemical substances called hormones. The endocrine system regulates functions which require maintained responses. These include changes during the metamorphosis of some animals, growth, and the production of milk in mammals.
Endocrine System Responses
Summary
• The coordination system tells the body how to respond to a stimulus. The body can coordinate a response quickly with a nerve impulse or over time as chemicals build up and break down in the blood stream.
Fill in the BlankNervous System Endocrine System
Type of messenger Nerve impulses
Transmission by Blood
Speed of response Rapid
Duration of response Brief
Regulation and coordination of functions
Functions which require rapid responses, such as locomotion
Functions which require _______ responses, such as growth, development, and metabolism
Review• How do messages travel in the nervous system?
• How do messages travel in the endocrine system?
• Which system controls how tall you will grow?
• Which system controls how fast your heart beats?
COORDINATIONResponding to Stimuli
Responsive Organs
There are two types of responses to stimuli:• Motor responses: the response is movement• Endocrine responses: the response is the release of
hormones
The responsive organs, or effectors, control motor and endocrine responses.
The motor and endocrine systems need to receive an instruction from the nervous system in order to respond.
Motor Responses in VertebratesMotor responses are controlled by organs in the motor system, which consist of:
• Skeletal system: bones support the body and act as levers during movement. The skeleton is internal.
• Muscular system: muscles are contractile organs attached to the bones by tendons.
Motor Responses in Invertebrates
Many invertebrates possess an exoskeleton, or hard outer shell, which protects them.
Motor Responses in Invertebrates
Insects need a more flexible, articulated exoskeleton because they make rapid movements. When insects grow, they shed their exoskeleton and grow a bigger one. This process is called ‘moulting.’
Motor Responses in Invertebrates
Animals which live fixed to a surface (coral) and slow moving animals (sea urchins, starfish) are covered with hard, protective shells.
Summary: Motor Responses
Some motor responses allow an animal to move toward or escape a stimulus. Muscles expand and contract and pull on the skeleton. The skeleton acts as a lever and moves the limbs. This is the same for vertebrates and fast-moving invertebrates with an exoskeleton.
Some animals can’t move quickly. Their motor response is to hide in their protective exoskeleton or to emerge when the environment is safe.
Review: Stimulus to Motor Response
Endocrine Responses
The endocrine response is a release of hormones.
Endocrine responses are controlled by glands in the endocrine system. These glands produce hormones which:• Are released into the blood• Control and coordinate activities throughout the body.
Both vertebrates and invertebrates have endocrine systems.
Glands control hormone secretion:
Hormones travel in the bloodstream:
Review: Path of a Hormone Response
Review: Which system is working?Stimulus Coordination
SystemResponse Time Response
Feeling a fire is hot
Eating a big meal
Being tickled
Hearing a loud noise
Forming a scar
Increasing the amount of sugar in the blood
Coughing
Running away
True or False?• Only vertebrates possess an endocrine system.
• Hormones are transported in the blood.
• The pancreas is part of the motor system.
• Responses from the endocrine system are immediate and rapid.
Nervous System or Endocrine System?
Nervous System or Endocrine System?
Nervous System or Endocrine System?
Nervous System or Endocrine System?
Nervous System or Endocrine System?
Nervous System or Endocrine System?
Review
When temperatures are cold, bears tend to hibernate and paralyze all activity to minimize energy use.• Stimulus• Response
Review
Earthworms flee from light and seek humidity, hiding under damp earth.• Stimulus• Response
Review
When a jellyfish comes into contact with another animal, it fires a filament and injects a stinging substance into the other animal.• Stimulus• Response
Review
When in the presence of a predator, a chameleon camouflages itself, taking on the same shade of the place where it is located.• Stimulus• Response
Review
When food smells good, it is often said to “make your mouth water.”• Stimulus• Response
Review
What are the names of the two coordination systems in animals? Could an animal exist without these two systems? Explain.
Review
In vertebrates, which organ in the body receives the information collected by the sense organs? What does this organ do with the information?
COORDINATIONResponding to a Stimulus: Plants
Coordination in Plants
Plants do not have a nervous system or an endocrine system. Responses to stimuli in plants are coordinated by hormones.
Hormones act as chemical messengers which enable plants to respond to many factors, such as light, gravity, water, and temperature.
Cells inside the plant detect stimuli, which are processed and analyzed slowly. Movement is limited and based on predetermined, automatic systems.
Movement in Plants
Plants can respond to stimuli on a permanent or temporary basis.• Tropism• Nastic movements
Tropism
Tropism is a type of response in plants which permanently changes the direction of a plant’s growth. There are two types of tropism:• Positive tropism is when the plant grows in the direction
of the stimulus.• Negative tropism is when the plant grows away from the
stimulus.
Tropism
Tropism is classified according to the source of the stimuli:
Geotropism Phototropism Hydrotropism Thigmotropism
Response to: Gravity Light Water Contact
Stem Runners make contact with an object and ____ themselves around it
Root
Nastic Movements
Temporary responses in plants, such as opening and closing, are called nastic movements. The plant later returns to its original position.
An example: carnivorous plants close their leaves when an insect lands on them.
Summary
Plants coordinate responses with hormones, which means they respond slowly to stimuli.
Tropism is a type of permanent response.
Nastic movement is a type of temporary response.
Review• What coordinates responses to stimuli in plants?
• Name three stimuli to which plants respond.
• What is the main difference between tropism and nastic movement?
Review
Why does jasmine open at night and close during the day?• Stimulus• Response• Duration of change
Review
Why do vine tendrils (runners) wrap around other stems and nearby objects?• Stimulus• Response• Duration of change
Review
Why do potatoes grow stems when left on the windowsill?• Stimulus• Response• Duration of change
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