the cold war abroad and at home angela brown chapter 26 section 2
Post on 17-Jan-2016
218 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
The Cold War Abroad and at Home
Angela BrownChapter 26 Section 2
WWII Costs
• WWII in Europe left 21 million people homeless.
• 20% Poland’s population died.• 1 out of 5 houses in France and
Belgium damaged.• Across Europe, Industry and
transportation in ruin (livestock and equipment lost).
Turning Point: The Marshall Plan
• The U.S. would help restore the war torn nations of Europe to create stable democracies and achieve economic recovery in order to avoid mistakes of Post-WWI.
• Truman Doctrine was one of two fundamental shifts in foreign policy - the Marshall Plan was the other.
• The Marshall Plan called for nations of Europe to draw up a program for economic recovery – The U.S. would then support the program with financial aid
• Unveiled by Sec of State George C. Marshall in 1947
• Soviet Union was invited to participate but refused and pressured satellite nations to do so.
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/catletgeorge/warnecke.gif
• Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov called Marshall plan a scheme to “buy its way” into European Affairs.
• 17 Western European nations joined plan:• 1948 Congress approved Marshall Plan –
Known in Europe as recovery program• U.S. sent $13 billion in grants and loans
to Western Europe over next four years.
The Berlin Airlift
• By 1948 America, Great Britain, and France convinced Stalin would not allow reunification of Germany – joined their three occupation zones to create Federal Republic of Germany or West Germany
• Hundreds of thousands of Eastern Europeans left their homes in Communist-dominated nations, fled to East Berlin – crossed into West Berlin – booked passage to freedom
http://www.cnn.com/US/9805/11/berlin.airlift/airlift.map.lg.jpg
• Stalin tried to close route by forcing Western powers to abandon West Berlin
• 1948 – dispute developed over using West German money in West Berlin – Soviets blocked all shipments through East Berlin – threatened to create severe shortages of food and supplies
• Truman did not want to risk war by using the military or give up West Berlin so began the Berlin Airlift – moving supplies into West Berlin by plane.
http://www.psywarrior.com/BerlinAirlift4.jpg
• For 15 months, U.S. and Great Britain military aircraft made more than 200,000 flights – 13,000 tons of food arrived in West Berlin daily
• Soviets gave up blockade in May 1949 – airlift ended in September
• Had achieved economic stability in Western Europe
• Berlin remained a focal point of East-West conflict
http://history.sandiego.edu/cdr2/USPics/58537.jpghttp://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/archives/MILK.JPG
http://www.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/020930-O-9999G-002.jpg
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/berlin_airlift/AP35G8.jpg
• Pilot, Gail Halvorsen, began to make airdrops of chocolate bars and chewing gum to crowds of West Berlin’s children.
• He was called “Uncle Wigglywings – signaled the children by rocking his planes wings as he approached the city.
http://www.zdf.de/ZDFde/img/77/0,1886,2696013,00.jpg
http://www.hill.af.mil/museum/history/halvorsen.jpg
http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/coldwar/G4/images/cs1_s6.jpg
http://img.search.com/thumb/0/01/Berlin_Tempelhof_Luftbrueckendenkmal.jpg/200px-Berlin_Tempelhof_Luftbrueckendenkmal.jpg
http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson_images/lesson688/Berlin_Airlift_Girl.jpg
NATO
• Soviet Unions frequent use of its veto power in the Security Council prevented the UN from effectively dealing with a number of postwar problems.
• Clear that Western Europe would have to look beyond U.N. for protection
• In 1946,Canadian foreign Minister Louis St. Laurent proposed creating an “association of democratic peace-loving states “to defend Western Europe.
• Truman did not want the U.S. to be the only nation in Western Hemisphere pledged to defend Western Europe
• April 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed “an attack against one = an attack against all”
• Collective Security – principle of mutual military assistance = U.S. actively involved in European Affairs
• 1955 – Soviet Union responded to formation of NATO by creating the Warsaw Pact – a military alliance with satellites in Eastern Europe
• In 1955, The Civil Defense Administration (CDA) staged first nationwide nuclear air raid drill, dubbed “Operation Alert 55”.
• 60 cities underwent mock hydrogen bomb attacks and were evacuated.
http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/pwerth/Europemap-1955.jpg
Communist Advances The Soviet Atomic Threat
• September 1949 Truman announced Soviets successful test of atomic bomb jolted Americans.
• Truman responded in 1950 by approving development of hydrogen or thermonuclear bomb.
• First successful thermonuclear test in 1952
• Federal Civil Defense Administration – flooded nation with posters and other info. to survive a nuclear attack
• Included plans for building bomb shelters and instructions for holding air raid drills in school.
• Privately experts ridiculed these programs as almost totally ineffective.
• People built backyard bomb shelters – students had “duck and cover” drills at school.
http://intranet.dalton.org/ms/8th/students/decades99/Muffins1950/Images/bombshelter.gif
China Falls to the Communists
• Civil War between Communist Mao Zedong and Jiang Jieshi prewar leader.
• 1947 Mao forces occupied most of countryside – Jieshi ask Truman for additional aid – Truman considered China lost – focused on Western Europe
• 1949 Capital Peking (now Beijing) fell to communists.
• Mao proclaimed creation of People’s Republic of China.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/images/mao-zedong-2.jpg
• Jiang and followers withdrew to island of Taiwan, off Chinese mainland.
• They continued as the Republic of China – claiming to be the legitimate government of the entire Chinese nation.
• With U.S. support, the Republic of China held on to China’s seats in the UN’s General Assembly and Security Council.
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/asian.superpower/view.from.taipei/taiwan.taipei.lg.jpg
top related