the cold war

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The Cold War

Causes of the Cold War• 1) Capitalism vs. Communism

– US & Great Britain don’t like or trust communist ideas such as the rejection of private property & religion. Soviets wanted to destroy capitalism & overthrow democratic governments in Europe.

– USSR afraid US would attack them (they had before) & that they would rebuild Germany & Germany would attack USSR again.

The Cold War in Europe

• As WWII was ending, the Soviet army occupied all of Eastern Europe (except Yugoslavia)

• Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, & Albania became Soviet satellite countries

• The Iron Curtain

IRON CURTAIN

Soviet Threat in Europe; America Responds

• Fear of a Communist takeover of all of Europe led to The Truman Doctrine

• The Truman Doctrine: Encourage countries to resist Soviet Influence

• Containment: Do not allow communism to spread or expand to any more countries in the world.

Truman Doctrine in full effect• 1) $400 million

in aid to Greece & Turkey

• 2) The Marshall Plan: $12 billion in aid to help western European countries rebuild after the war

Germany• After the

war, the Allies divided up Germany into 4 zones Berlin

Berlin Airlift• Berlin

(capital of Germany, largest city) was in the Soviet Zone & the city itself was divided

Berlin Airlift

• Stalin blockaded West Berlin, trying to make the entire city part of East Germany.

• Truman ordered supplies to be airlifted to West Berlin.

• Stalin ended blockade, W. Berlin remained part of W. Germany.

Operation VittlesOperation Vittles

Berlin Wall• Many people

in East Berlin were very poor and ruled by a dictator, so they fled to West Berlin

• The Soviet Government was embarrassed by this, so they built a wall around West Berlin.

Cold WarCold War Alliances AlliancesNATO:NATO:

USAUSA

UKUK

FranceFrance

PortugalPortugal

W. GermanyW. Germany

ItalyItaly

GreeceGreece

TurkeyTurkey

NorwayNorway

Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

USSRUSSR

PolandPoland

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

HungaryHungary

E. GermanyE. Germany

RomaniaRomania

BulgariaBulgaria

AlbaniaAlbania

United Nations• League of

Nations…the Sequel

• Created in 1945

• Settle arguments between countries

• Humanitarian Aid (UNICEF, etc.)

1949… a scary year• Soviets successfully

test atomic bomb• Chinese

Communists led by Mao Zedong take over. China becomes a communist country

• US feels very threatened by International Communism

Superpowers

• The US & the Soviet Union are now the two most powerful countries on earth and they both have nuclear weapons

• They are the two superpowers

Communism in AsiaKorea

Was a Japanese colony for decades

Kim Il Sung very popular communist leader/resistance fighter

After Japanese surrender, USA & USSR divide Korea at 38th parallel.

North Korea = communist South Korea = capitalist

The Korean War

• June, 1950: North Korean troops cross 38th parallel, invade the South

• South Korean Army defeated quickly• UN sends military force to help South

Korea at Truman’s request• 16 countries involved, 80% of troops

from USA• Gen. Douglas MacArthur in

command

The War• North Korean forces almost win right away.

• MacArthur leads daring landing at Incheon

• North Korea retreats, MacArthur pursues

• Chinese enter the war, beat back Americans

• Armistice ends fighting in 1953

• Still technically at war, but no shooting

• Demilitarized Zone between two countries

• N. Korea still communist, S. Korea still capitalist

Another Red Scare

• Spies!

• 1953; The Rosenbergs arrested and eventually hanged for passing nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union

• Alger Hiss State Department official discovered spying for the Soviet Union

McCarthyism

Senator Joe McCarthy• Claimed to have a list of 205 known

communists working for the government

• Never showed anyone the list• For 4 years, McCarthy went around the

country “hunting communists”• Businesses questioned employees &

fired anyone they suspected of being a communist

• “Blacklists” in Hollywood and elsewhere

Censure• McCarthy held televised hearings. He looked like a bully

• The Senate censured him, he died of liver failure 3 years later

You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency sir,

at long last? Have you left no sense of

decency?

Cold War Conflict Chart• Draw this chart in your notes

Region or Country

Issue or Conflict Superpower Actions

Africa & AsiaIssue:

• After WWII many colonies began demanding and fighting for their independence

Superpower ActionsSuperpower Actions

US grants independence to the US grants independence to the Philippines Philippines

In Africa the US and Soviet Union gave $ In Africa the US and Soviet Union gave $ & weapons to opposing sides in many & weapons to opposing sides in many civil wars (Angola, Somalia, Ethiopia)civil wars (Angola, Somalia, Ethiopia)

Pakistan became an ally of the US, India Pakistan became an ally of the US, India stayed neutral, but took $ & weapons stayed neutral, but took $ & weapons from the US & USSRfrom the US & USSR

Cuba• Issue: In 1959 Fidel Castro led a

successful communist revolution in Cuba

Superpower Actions (part 1)Superpower Actions (part 1)

• The Bay of Pigs InvasionThe Bay of Pigs Invasion: The Soviet : The Soviet Union gave Cuba a lot of $ and support. Union gave Cuba a lot of $ and support. President Kennedy & the CIA trained a President Kennedy & the CIA trained a group of Cuban exiles to invade Cuba & group of Cuban exiles to invade Cuba & overthrow their government. The overthrow their government. The invasion was a total failure and invasion was a total failure and embarrassed the US.embarrassed the US.

Superpower Actions (part 2)Superpower Actions (part 2)

• The Cuban Missile Crisis:The Cuban Missile Crisis: USSR begins USSR begins building missile bases in Cuba. Nukes building missile bases in Cuba. Nukes threatened the US. JFK warned that he threatened the US. JFK warned that he would stop any Soviet boat carrying would stop any Soviet boat carrying missiles to Cuba. The USSR backed missiles to Cuba. The USSR backed off.off.

• The closest the world has ever come to The closest the world has ever come to total nuclear wartotal nuclear war

“The Button”

Other Parts of Latin America

• Issue: Many parts of Latin America were desperately poor. They thought becoming communist countries might help stop their suffering

Superpower ActionsSuperpower Actions

• US provides aid to many Latin American countries: Alliance for Progress, Peace Corps

• US intervenes militarily to overthrow suspected communist leaders in Honduras, Guatemala, Dominican Republic, Panama, Chile, Grenada, El Salvador

Arms Race

• By the 1950’s The US & USSR both had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other several times over

• 1957 USSR launches 1st ever satellite: Sputnik.

• “Space Race” begins, NASA is created• Both countries develop rocket technology

Kennedy Assassination• On November 22, 1963 President John F.

Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas. • The man found guilty of his murder was Lee

Harvey Oswald• Oswald was assassinated by Jack Ruby• Lyndon Johnson (LBJ) became President

Vietnam

• Vietnam was a French colony

• Vietnamese communists led by Ho Chi Minh (Uncle Ho) defeated the French in 1954

• International Peace Conference divided Vietnam into 2 countries

• North Vietnam (Communist) {USSR}

• South Vietnam (Capitalist) {USA}

Things go South in the South

• South Vietnam led by corrupt leader (Diem)

• Communist Guerrillas (Viet Cong/Viet Minh) begin fighting in South Vietnam

• USA worried that Vietnam would become a communist country

• Domino Theory: when one country “falls” to communism, countries near it will fall to communism as well.

US Involvement

• During the 1950’s & 1960’s, both Presidents Eisenhower & Kennedy sent “military advisors” to Vietnam

• 1964: Gulf of Tonkin Incident leads to US escalation in Vietnam.

• By 1968 there were over 50,000 American soldiers in Vietnam

Insurgent War• American troops were fighting a difficult,

insurgent war in the jungle

• They couldn’t tell friend from foe.

• Draft was instituted

• 1st TV war led to decreasing popularity of draft & war at home

• Tet Offensive 1968 = turning point for the Viet Cong & North Vietnam

Protests at home• Massive

demonstrations and protests against the Vietnam war took place

• “Hippies” and college students staged protests and burned their draft cards

The End of the War

• Protests led to fighting between pro & anti war demonstrators

• Anti-war demonstrators killed by national guard at their college in Kent State, Ohio

• Longest, most unpopular war in US history

• US forces left Vietnam in 1975• Vietnam is now a communist country

The End of the Cold War• Beginning with the Nixon

administration, the US pursued less hostile relations with the USSR (Détente)

• The policy of détente led to agreements

• SALT I & SALT II: Strategic

• Arms • Limitation • Talks

End of the Cold WarEnd of the Cold War• Building more and more weapons to Building more and more weapons to

keep up with the USA crippled the keep up with the USA crippled the Soviet economySoviet economy

• It collapsed in 1991 despite attempts by It collapsed in 1991 despite attempts by GorbachevGorbachev to make structural changes to make structural changes

• By 1992, the Berlin wall had fallen, By 1992, the Berlin wall had fallen, Eastern European became independent Eastern European became independent (satellites no more!)(satellites no more!)

• USA! USA! USA! USA! ...USA! USA! USA! USA! ...

Communism ends in RussiaThe Soviet Union breaks up