the civil rights movement the roots of the civil rights movement
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTThe Roots
of the Civil
Rights Movement
13th, 14th, 15th AMENDMENTSRECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
13TH AMENDMENTOUTLAWED SLAVERY
14TH AMENDMENTMADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENS
GUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW15TH AMENDMENT
GUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTE
13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS,VOTE
The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments were supposed to
protect the rights of African Americans under the U.S.
Constitution…But they did not because of a ruling by the U.S. Supreme
Court…
PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)
Homer Plessy
U.S. Supreme Court case that made
segregation legal in the United States
Established the principle of “separate but equal”
PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)“Separate but equal”
meant that minorities were not allowed in the same places as whites
Southern states passed laws that legalized segregation known as “Jim Crow” laws
For the next 70 years, Jim Crow laws dominated
society in the South for African
Americans
Segregation became the way of life for blacks in
the South until…
BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION (1954)
African American girl sued for the right to go to the school of her choice – and WON!
Ruling overturned the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson case and outlawed segregation in public schools
BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATIONSupreme Court ruled
segregation of public schools was unconstitutional
Ruling gave improved educational opportunities to African Americans
BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATIONNAACP attorney
Thurgood Marshall (center) argued the
case to end segregation
Marshall later became the first African American on the U.S. Supreme Court
Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back
of the bus
The Movement Begins
Parks is arrested, leading to the…
Montgomery Bus BoycottOutraged over Park’s arrest, African
Americans organize a boycott of Montgomery’s Public Transportation
System in 1956
African Americans carpooled, took taxis, or walked to avoid taking the busAfter a year, the city of Montgomery was ordered to end its segregation policy
African Americans carpooling during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956
Montgomery Bus Boycott
A leader emergesThe person who led the Montgomery Bus
Boycott was a Baptist minister from Atlanta.
His name was Martin Luther King, Jr.
The boycott of the busing system of Montgomery gained
King national prominence MLK leaving a bus after the boycott ends
Martin Luther King, Jr.• Born in Atlanta, GA
• Southern Baptist Minister• Led Montgomery Bus Boycott• Leader of the Civil Rights
Movement • Often compared to Mohandas Gandhi• Advocated non-violent protests• Urged followers to disobey unjust laws• Was arrested 30 times
. . . there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression.
… I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong... -- MLK
King following his first arrest
Martin Luther King: A powerful speaker
Types of Protests
• Marches
• Sit-ins• Freedom Riders
Civil Rights MarchesMarches were the most
common form of protests used during the Civil Rights Movement
Protestors would march peacefully in attempt to draw national attention for their cause
Sit-insBlacks were denied
service at lunch countersThey sat at the counter until they were served or arrested
Sit-ins raised the awareness of the discrimination that
was occurring
Students who participated in the sit-ins refused to
become violent
Freedom RidersBlacks and whites
traveled into the South to draw attention to the
South’s segregation of bus terminals
When Freedom Riders arrived at various cities in the South, white mobs attacked them
Coming up next: Movement
gains national
attention…
…and also becomes violent
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTKey events
of the Civil
Rights Movement
Leaders of Civil Rights Movement
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Medgar EversMalcolm X
Stokley Carmichael Rosa Parks
“WE SHALL OVERCOME”“We Shall
Overcome” became the battle cry of the Civil
Rights Movement
Protestors often sang the song during civil
rights marches
Civil Rights Organization
s
NAACP
SCLC
SNCC CORE
National Association
for the Advancement
of Colored People
Southern Christian
Leadership Council
Student Non-violent
Coordinating CommitteeCongress of Racial
Equality
The movement gains national attention
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTClockwise, from
right, integration of Little Rock Central; bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church ; lynching of Emmitt Till; violence in Birmingham; murder of civil rights workers in Mississippi
Odyssey of Emmitt Till
Emmitt Till
Open casket at Emmitt Till funeral
Emmitt Till was a 14-year-old from Chicago whose murder in 1955 made national newsTill was lynched and murdered after he said
“bye baby” to a white woman who was the cashier at a store while visiting his
cousin in Money, Mississippi
Ending school segregationIn 1957, a federal court
ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High
Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sent in the National Guard to “keep the peace”
The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans
to attend the school
On their first attempt to enter the school, the black students
were denied entrance
Ending school segregationThe Little Rock
NineU.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called in
federal troops to enforce the Supreme
Court ruling
Only one of the “Little Rock Nine” graduated that year, but the
incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the
South
James Meredith enters Ole Miss
Ending school segregation
James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Miss
President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to
escort Meredith and make sure he was allowed to
attended classes
Wallace fights segregation
Ending school segregation
"The President wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations."
Alabama governor George Wallace blocks the
entrance to keep two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama
President Kennedy
sends federal marshals to enforce the federal law
George Wallace
Violence in Birmingham
At marches in Alabama, Birmingham police chief
Bull Connor used fire hoses and attack dogs to prevent
people from marching
The incident raised national
awareness about the
discrimination in the South
Violence in Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama, was regarded as the most segregated
city in the South
Because of all the bombings in the city, Birmingham was
nicknamed “Bombingham”
The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church
killed four innocent girls
Mississippi Burning murders
Michael Schwerner James Chaney Andrew Goodman
In the summer of 1964, dubbed -Freedom Summer - three civil rights
workers came up missing in, Mississippi
Weeks later, they were found dead after having been killed by members
of the Ku Klux Klan
March on Washington
To support to President Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill, Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a massive march on
Washington, D.C., as a show of support for the bill
On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators gathered peacefully at the nation’s capital
MLK: “I have a dream”It was during the March on
Washington in 1963 that Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech
Dr. King presented his dream of freedom and
equality for all Americans
The March on Washington and Martin Luther King’s
speech helped to lead to the…
Civil Rights Act of 1964Despite strong opposition
from Southern senators, President Lyndon B.
Johnson got Congress to pass the bill
Law gave Congress power to outlaw segregation in most
public places; gave minorities equal access to facilities such as restaurants and theaters
24th AmendmentThe 24th Amendment, ratified in
1964, helped to guarantee the right to vote for African Americans
It abolished poll taxes,
which were fees that had to be paid in order to vote in
national elections
SNCC and SCLC increased their
voter registration drives in the South
Selma March/Bloody Sunday
Voting Rights Act of 1965
"By the way, what's the big word?"
The violence in Selma infuriated President Johnson
and led to the federal government to step in again
Johnson to propose a new voting rights law and, in early August, the Voting Rights Act
of 1965 was signed into law
It authorized the Attorney General to send federal examiners to register qualified voters by bypassing local
officials who tried to keep blacks from voting
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTKey events
of the Civil
Rights Movement
Movement takes a different direction
Malcolm XMalcolm X was the Civil Rights Movement leader who advocated the use of violence to
gain African American rightsHe was assassinated in 1965 after
abandoning the beliefs of Black Panthers
The Black PanthersThe Black Panthers were the group during the Civil Rights Movement that urged African Americans to fight for their rights
The Black Panthers were led by former SNCC leader Stokley Carmichael
Martin Luther King assassinatedTragedy struck on April
4, 1968, when Martin Luther King was
assassinated
King was in Memphis, Tenn., for a march for
Sanitation Workers
The assassination of Martin Luther King marked the end of the civil rights movement
Coming up next: Other
groups fight for their rights
Latinos, Native Americans,
women
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