the cell and its evolution

THE CELL AND ITS EVOLUTION

ANGIE LORENA MARTINEZ CAICEDOMEDICINE ESTUDENT

INTRODUCTIONresearches to find a way to be able to modify in the laboratory the conditions of one normal cell for another specialized according to the prupose, creating a kind of ‘assisted evolution’

This will allow progress in the fields of gene therapy, regenerative medicine and immunotherapy; necesary for the treatment various diseases that cause celuar degeneration. 

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. "Squeezing cells into

stem cells."  (11 January 2016.)

Stem cells are now at the cutting

edge of modern medicine. They

can transform into a cells of

different organs, offering new

ways to treat a range of injuries

and diseases from Parkinson's to

diabetes.

"Squeezing cells into stem cells."

 There are different types of stem cells, but the ones that are of particular medical interest are the so-called "induced pluripotent stem cells" or iPSCs. These are derived from mature, adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to behave like stem cells. iPSCs can then be regrown into a whole range of different cells types, e.g. liver, pancreatic, lung, skin etc.

"Squeezing cells into stem cells."

The approach uses a three-dimensional cell culture system. Normal cells are placed inside a gel that contains normal growth nutrients. "We try to simulate the three-dimensional environment of a living tissue and see how it would influence stem cell behavior," explains Lutolf. The cell reprogramming is also influenced by the surrounding microenvironment, in this case, is the gel.

How is this

posible?

"Squeezing cells into stem cells."

 The researchers discovered that they

could reprogram the cells faster and

more efficiently than current methods

by simply adjusting the composition --

and hence the stiffness and density --

of the surrounding gel. "Each cell type may have a 'sweet

spot' of physical and chemical factors

that offer the most efficient transformation," says Lutolf. "Once

you find it, it is a matter of resources

and time to create stem cells on a

larger scale."

STUDENT’S OBSERVATIONThese reserachs are importants because celular modifications have always been a pount of attention for the science medical. The Discovery of tecniques more simple manipulation and cretion of these cells creates a without number of opportunities to leverage their therapeutic properties. 

"Squeezing cells into stem cells."

Mayo Clinic. "Researchers reduce stem cell dysfunction, metabolic disease in aged mice." (4 January

2016.)  

"Our work supports the possibility that by using specific drugs that target senescent cells -- cells that contribute to frailty and disease associated with age -- we could stop human senescent cells from releasing toxic proteins that are contributing to diabetes and breakdowns in stem cells in older individuals," says James Kirkland, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Mayo Clinic.

"Researchers reduce stem cell dysfunction, metabolic disease in aged mice."

Researchers from the Center on Aging found that human senescent fat cells release a protein called activin A that impairs the function of fat tissue stem cells and fat tissue. They discovered an activin A increase in the blood and fat tissue of the aged mice.

"Researchers reduce stem cell dysfunction, metabolic disease in aged mice."

Treatment with Janus kinase (JAK)

inhibitor drugs in aged mice, decreased

the amounts of activin A and partially

reversed the fat tissue insulin resistance

that contributes to diabetes. In aged

mice to express a drug-activated gene in

their senescent cells (called INK-ATTAC

mice) treatment triggering the gene

removed senescent cells, decreased

activin A and increased the proteins that

promote insulin sensitivity and reduce

diabetes.

"Researchers reduce stem cell dysfunction, metabolic disease in aged mice."

 Dr. Kirkland says. "Our work suggests that targeting senescent cells or their products could be a promising avenue for delaying, preventing, alleviating or treating age-related stem cell and tissue dysfunction and metabolic disease."

STUDENT’S OBSERVATIONI think that this is a proof that the manipulation of stem cells is an important advance for science medical, give us opportunities to improve the treatment and rehabilitation of diseasea that cause celular degeneration and, although still it continues investigating, gives hope for more progress in regenerative medicine 

"Researchers reduce stem cell dysfunction, metabolic disease in aged mice."

MEDICAL UTILITY

A cell type of important medical have been stem cells, they have a capacity for self-renewal and produce daughters cells that through a process of differentiation are converted into specialized cells. 

MEDICAL UTILITY

In adition to the stem cell human

hematopoietic has recognized the

existence of stem cells in other

tissues and organs, some with

ability to generate specialized cells

of other lineages. 

MEDICAL UTILITY

Induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs are adult cells that have been modified genetically to reach an of an embryonic stem cell-like state, since they express genes and important factors in the maintenance of an embryonic stem ell characteristics. 

MEDICAL UTILITY

Although still are under investigation have revolutionized biology of stem cells and their use in the development of drugs, diseases and posible profits therapies in regenerative medicine. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. "Squeezing cells into stem cells." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 11 January 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160111135233.htm>.

2.  Mayo Clinic. "Researchers reduce stem cell dysfunction, metabolic disease in aged mice." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 January 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160104130429.htm>.

3.  Enrique Iáñez Pareja . ‘’Stem cells and therapeutic cloning’’. Departament of Microbiology and biotechnology Institute. UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA. <www.ugr.es/~eianez/Biotecnologia/clonembrion.htm#_Toc3643839> 4. The National Institutes of Health Resource for Stem Cell Research. ``Induced pluripotent stem cells’’.<www.geosalud.com/celulas_madre/pluripotenciales_inducidas.html> 

‘‘Wherever the art of medicine is loved, there

is also a love of humanity.’’

- Hipócrates.