text and hypertext
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Text and HypertextData dan Teknologi Multimedia
Sesi 03Nofriyadi Nurdam
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, the students will be able to:
Show how to use text and hypertext on multimedia application.
Course Outlines Text Definition Text Technology Font and Faces Font Editing and Design Tools Text Data Files Working with Text Hypertext and Hypermedia
What is Text Basic media for many multimedia systems
Text
Words
Sentences
Paragraphs
is used to communicate thoughts, ideas and facts in nearly every aspect of
our lives
What is Text Multimedia products depends on text for many things:◦to explain how the application
work◦to guide the user in navigating
through the application◦deliver the information for
which the application was designed
Text Technology Based on creating letters, numbers and
special characters. Text elements can be categories into:
◦ Alphabet characters : A - Z◦ Numbers : 0 - 9◦ Special characters : Punctuation [. , ; ‘ …] , Sign
or Symbols [* & ^ % $ £ ! /\ ~ # @ .…]◦ Also known Character Sets
May also include special icon or drawing symbols, mathematical symbols, Greek Letter etc.
Typefaces, Fonts and Points Typefaces
◦ The graphic representations of the alphabet, numbers and special character.
◦ Usually vary by type sizes and styles.
Fonts◦ Particular size of typefaces◦ Usually vary by type sizes and styles. ◦ The sizes are measured in points
One point is 1/72” or 0.0138 inc” ◦ Measuring distance from the top of a capital
letters (e.g. ‘A or P’) to the bottom of a descenders (e.g. ‘y , ‘p’ , ‘q’).
Typeface vs Font
Typefaces•Arial•Calibri•Courier•Tahoma•Times New Roman•Verdana
Fonts•Arial 12 point italic•Arial 8 point bold•Verdana 10 point underline
Fonts Effects A numbers of effects that are useful for
bringing viewer’s attention to content:◦ Case: UPPER and lower letter◦Bold, Italic, Underline, superscript or subscript◦Embossed or Shadow◦Colours
Font Anatomy
I D xhpBaseline
Serif
Shoulder
Counter
Mean line
Ascender
DescenderSet width
X-height
Cap height
Point size
Tracking, Kerning and Leading
Av vAUnkerned Kerned
Tracking, Kerning and Leading
Reading Line OneReading Line One
Leading
Ascender : an upstroke on a character Descender : the down stroke below the baseline of a
character Leading : spacing above and below a font or Line
spacing Tracking : spacing between characters Kerning : space between pairs of characters, usually as
an overlap for improvement appearance
Jaggies and Antialiasing
Jaggies are the jagged edges you see when a bitmapped image is resized
It is a consequence of the underlying array of pixels from which the image is composed
Antialiasing is a technique that can be used to eliminate jagged edges
Jaggies and Antialiasing
It substitutes additional pixels in other colours to fool the brain into thinking it is seeing continuous lines
The technique is used to blend the font into the background by transitioning the colour from the font colour to background.
This technique minimizes the jagged edges making for a smoother overall appearance.
Jaggies and Antialiasing
Types of Fonts Two classes of fonts: Serif or Sans Serif
A A
Serif
use decorative tips or flags at the ends of a
letter strokes
are usually used for documents or screens that
have large quantities of text
Sans Serif
don’t have these features
is considered better for computer displays because
of the sharper contrast
(This is because the serif helps guide the reader’s eye along the text)
Font Editing and Design Tools Fontographer Font Creator
Text Data Files The common data encoding schemes for text are:
Plain text (ASCII) is text in an electronic format that can be read and interpreted by humans
Rich text is similar but it also embeds special control characters into the text to provide additional features
Hypertext is an advance on rich text which allows the reader to jump to different sections within the document or even jump to a new document
Text Data FilesPlain textThis is plain text. It is readable by humans. It can contains numbers (01234) and punctuation (.,#@*&) since it uses the ASCII character set.
Rich textThis is <bold>rich text</bold>.<br><center>It is also readable by humans but contains additional tags which control the presentation of the text.</center>
HypertextThis is <a href=“http://www.w3c.org/”>hypertext</a>. It uses the rich text format shown above but adds the ability to hyperlink to other documents.<hr><img src=“logo.gif”>
Using Text in Multimedia
• For Titles and Headlines• For Menus• For Navigation• For Content
Working With Text Considerations and guidelines when we are working with text:◦Be Concise◦Use the appropriate typefaces and fonts◦Make it readable◦Consider type styles and colors◦Use restraint and be consistent
Make It Readable
Can you read me?Can you read me?
Make It Readable The buzzword being splashed around is Convergence and by it we mean the convergence of multimedia technology with the telecommunications industry.
The buzzword being splashed around is Convergence and by it we mean the convergence of multimedia technology with the telecommunications industry.
Working With Text Large amounts of text
◦Alternatives? - animation, video, narration.
◦Show a preview and allow user to request more Hyper linking Pop-up messages, scroll bars, drop-down
menus
How text can be used effectively
Communicating Data◦ Customer names and address◦ Pricing information of products
Explaining concepts and ideas◦ A company mission statement◦ A comparison of medical procedures
Clarifying other media◦ Labels on button, icons and screens◦ Captions and callouts for graphics
Advantages and Disadvantages of using texts
Advantages◦ Is relatively inexpensive to produce◦ Present abstract ideas effectively◦ Clarifies other media◦ Provides confidentiality◦ Is easily changed or updated
Disadvantages◦ Is less memorable than other visual media◦ Requires more attention from the user than
other media◦ Can be cumbersome
Hypertext and Hypermedia Hypertext
◦ Text based documents with the addition of static data such as images and tables.
◦ Cross referencing between sections via a keyword acting as an anchor, linked to another section.
◦ Consists of a network of nodes, connected via links that can be visited by the user.
Hypermedia◦ Multimedia data types stored in a hypertext
networked structure.◦ Each node is a presentation. Users can jump
from presentation to presentation.
A Small Hypertext Structure(having six nodes and nine links)
A
FED
CB
Hypertext Definition A link connects two nodes and is normally directed
◦ Source node◦ Destination node◦ Normally associated with specific part of source node
Anchor◦ Sometimes destination is part of a node
Source anchor Destination anchor
Most hypertext facilities have a backtrack facility Loops are possible Some hypertext systems give an indication that a link leads
to an already visited node
Definition Nodes + Links = Hyperdocument
◦ Information content
Hypertext system◦ Software which lets one read and write
hyperdocument
Hypertext◦ A hypertext system containing a
hyperdocument
Hypertext Navigation User should be able to follow links and never
encounter information that relies on information you haven’t read
Users of a hypertext may become disoriented◦ Easy to get lost◦ Even in small documents, users experience the ‘lost in
hyperspace’ phenomenon
Navigation of the user through a hyperdocument is influenced by◦ Hyperdocument structure◦ Navigation aids provided by hypertext system◦ Browsing strategy employed by user
Hypertext Navigation
Lost in hyperspace An interesting node may be hard to find
again in the future◦ Bookmarks
While browsing, you get confused about where you are◦ No directions in hyperspace◦ Fish-eye views
Shows only a limited part of a hyperdocument in detail◦ Birds-eye views
Detailed maps May be too large to view at one time
Q & A
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