test results… how well did you prepare? re-read the packet, skim your notes, quiz yourself on...

Test Results…• How well did you prepare?• Re-read the packet, skim your notes, quiz

yourself on vocabulary, reread/correct the quizzes?

• IF you did not understand a concept, did you come to tutorials to ask me? (you should)

• Be more prepared for the next test, starting now. Complete the ch 3 vocab and Key Issue 1 and 2 notes over the weekend.

Chapter 3

Migration

An Introduction to Human GeographyThe Cultural Landscape, 8e

James M. Rubenstein

PPT by Abe Goldman

What is it?What is it?

• Right, the movement of people…almost

• Add the word permanent and you have it.

• The permanentpermanent movement of people from one location to another.

Key Issue Questions

• Why do people migrate?

• Where are migrants distributed?

• Why do migrants face obstacles?

• Why do people migrate within a country?

KI 1: Why Do People Migrate?

• Reasons for migrating– Push and pull factors

• Economic • Cultural • Environmental

– Intervening obstacles

• Distance of migration– Internal migration– International migration

• Characteristics of migrants– Gender– Family status

Reasons for migrating

• Economic Push and Pull Factors

• Cultural Push and Pull Factors

• Environmental Push and Pull Factors

Economic Push and Pull Factors

Average Wages in Average Wages in Mexico per hourMexico per hour

• Food worker – 4.62• Textiles – 2.98• Chem. – 4.97• Glass – 5.15• Mach. – 4.54

Average Wages in US Average Wages in US per hourper hour

• Food worker – 8.12• Textiles – 9.50• Chem. – 15.85• Glass – 14.26• Mach. – 11.32

All figures in US$.

Cultural Push and Pull Factors

• Forced Migration – Historical reasons

• 1. Slavery

• 2. Political instability/war

• Forced Migration – 20th century

• Political instability

Forced labor camps in Soviet Union--- called Gulags

The Berlin Wall– constructed to stop migration out of Communist Eastern Europe/USSR

Kurds have migrated for many reasons– political and cultural. Forced migration from Iraq under Saddam Hussein.

Other Cultural Push and Pull

• Civil Liberties

• Religion

• Language

• Food?

• Styles of clothing?

Environmental Push and Pull Factors

• Pull Factors– Mountains– Seasides– Warm Climates

• Push Factors– Water is usually

the main cause• Desertification• Weather

–Floods–Hurricanes–Tsunami

2004 Tsunami

Indonesia

• http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html

• What is a refugee?

• Does the US accept refugees? Do other countries?

• Why? Why not?

• http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=415

Refugees: Sources and destinations

Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

With your partner..

• Each student will create a visual representation of Push-Pull Factor.

• Organize it by Economic, Cultural and Environmental.

Ravenstein’s Migration Lawswrite these down.

• 1. Most relocate a short distance and remain within same country

• 2. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity

• 3. Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.

• 4. Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas.

• 5. Females are more migratory than males.

• 6. Economic factors are the main cause of migration.

Ravenstein’s Migration LawsImpact on Urban Areas

• There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent.

• There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption.

Key Issue 2: Where are Migrants Distributed?

• Global migration patterns

• U.S. migration patterns• -- Colonial immigration• --19th century immigration• -- Recent immigration

• Impact of immigration on the U.S.• -- Legacy of European migration• -- Undocumented immigration• -- Destination of immigrants within the U.S.

Global Migration Patterns

Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

Based on the demographic data you saw in Ch 2, what generalization can we make about global migration patterns?

Net Migration (per population)

Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1,000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

Afghanistan Afghanistan

SomaliaSomalia

U.S. Migration 1607 – 1840

• Two major sources

• European (2 million)

• Vast majority from British Isles – 90%

• England - Scotland -Wales

• Other prominent groups– Germans - Dutch– Swedes - Norwegian – French– African (600,000)

U.S. Immigration in the 1800s • Mainly from N. and W. Europe

• First Peak: 1840s and 1850s – German – Political instability– Irish – Environmental

• Second Peak: 1870 – 1890 – N & W Europe move into Stage 2

• Germans & Irish • Scandinavia (Norway and Sweden)

U.S. Immigration1900 – 1920s

• Third Peak 1895 – 1924• Southern & Eastern Europe enter Stage 2

• Nearly 1 Million a year• Peak 1907 w/ 1.3 million• In 1910 – 14% of U.S. population foreign-born or

had one parent who was foreign-born

• 25% - Italy• 25% - Russian• 25% - Hungary, Czech Rep, Slovakia, Poland,

Romania, Greece, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia

U.S. Immigration1920s – 1950s

• Massive Decline• Reaction to influx • Quota Act (1921)• National Origins Act (1924)• ---Set limits on who could immigrate for each

country that had native-born persons• ---2% could immigrate each year• ---Based on 1890 census • Depression and War (1930’s-40’s)

Recent U.S. Immigration1950 – 2000

• Asian• 1800 – 1970: 1 million• 1950 – 2000: 7 million • Largest group of immigrants 1970 - 1990• Latin American• 1820 – 1960: 2 million• 1960 – 2000: 11 million • Largest group of immigrants 1990 -

present

Migration to U.S., by region of origin

Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S. were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

Migration from Asia to the U.S.

Fig. 3-5: Migration in 2001. The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Migration from Latin America to the U.S.

Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

U.S. States as Immigrant Destinations

Fig. 3-8: California is the destination of about 25% of all U.S. immigrants; another 25% go to New York and New Jersey. Other important destinations include Florida, Texas, and Illinois.

With your partner, again.

• Create a visual representation of the waves of US immigration.

• Use Key Issue 2.

• Homework: Finish notes/outlines of Key Issues 1 and 2, complete the Ch 3 vocabulary into your notes.

Wednesday 11-09-2011

• On your desk: Ch 3 Notes (key issues 1 and 2). Pen/pencil.

• Study your push-pull and your immigration pages. You may NOT use these on the quiz.

• Quiz will begin shortly.• Warm-up: discuss with your neighbor when

your ancestors immigrated, and from where? Do you know?

After the quiz…

• Read and begin taking notes from Key Issue 3 & 4.

• Complete the vocabulary for all of Ch 3 into your notes.

• Next class we are doing a DBQ poster (Document Based Question)

• Please bring markers, scissors, glue if you can.

Key Issue 3: Why do Migrants Face Obstacles?

• I. Immigration policies of host countries– A. U.S. quota laws– B. Temporary migration for work– C. Time-contract workers– D. Economic migrants or refugees?

• II. Cultural problems living in other countries– A. U.S. attitudes to immigrants– B. Attitudes to guest workers

• Historical obstacles: ocean, mountain, etc.

• Present obstacles: border issues, government permission, hostile attitudes.

US Quota Laws

• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

• Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)

• Quota Act (1921)

• National Origins Act (1924)

• Immigration Act of 1965

• Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)

What is brain drain?

• Large scale emigration by talented people.

• Countries often give preference to skilled/educated workers.

• Think of the countries that send young people to get educated at US colleges…they often stay here, therefore “draining” their own country of and intellectual person.

Guest Workers in Europe

Fig. 3-9: Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe.

What status do guest workers have?

• Often very low status.

• Guest workers often work the lowest level, low-skilled jobs that local people would rather not do. (trash collection, construction, etc)

Emigration from China

Fig. 3-10: Various ethnic Chinese peoples have distinct patterns of migration to other Asian countries.

Refugee or Economic Migrant?• How can countries distinguish these?

• Historically it has been difficult.

• 1959 Cuban revolutionCommunism• 1980 Castro released many people (political

prisoners, criminals,etc)• 1980 Haitians came claiming economic

push/pull reasons. US denied them• Vietnam War ended in 1975 Communism• Many Vietnamese left on boats in hopes of

becoming refugees.

Migration of Vietnamese Boat People

Fig. 3-11: Many Vietnamese fled by sea as refugees after the war with the U.S. ended in 1975. Later boat people were often considered economic migrants.

Happy Friday 11-11-11• On your desk: Ch 3 notes, pen/pencil.

• Warm-up: introduce yourself to your group….

• Share an experience with your group of a time in your life when you felt totally misjudged and mistreated.

• What were the circumstances? Why did it happen? What was your reaction? What was the outcome?

Key issue 4: Migration within a Country

• I. Migration between regions of a country (interregional)– A. Migration between regions within the U.S.– B. Migration between regions in other countries

• II. Migration within one region (intraregional)– A. Rural-urban migration– B. Urban-suburban migration– C. Migration from metropolitan to non-metropolitan regions

Center of Population in the U.S.

Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the population migration west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

Other Major Interregional Shifts in US history

• African Americans migrating from the South to Northern and Western urban areas (1915 – 1945)

• Growth of West Coast economy (1940 – 1980)

Interregional Migration in the U.S.

Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2000.

-What was a leading cause of this migration pattern in the 1990s?

• http://www.forbes.com/2010/06/04/migration-moving-wealthy-interactive-counties-map.html

Interregional Migration in other countries

• How have these countries experienced or encouraged interregional migration?

• Russia• Brazil• Indonesia• Europe• India

Russian policy put factories near raw materials rather than existing population centers

Russia

To increase the attractiveness of the interior, the government moved its capital from Rio to Brasilia in 1960.

Brazil

Indonesia

Since 1969 the Indonesian government has paid for the migration of more than 5 million people, primarily from the island of Java, where nearly 2/3rd of the people live, to less populated islands.

Europe

During the Cold War migration from Eastern Europe to Western Europe was effectively blocked by the “Iron Curtain.”

With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, movement has been from east to west.

India

An example of restricting interregional migration is found in India.Indians require a permit to migrate – or even visit – the State of Assam. The restrictions are designed to protect the ethnic identity of Assamese.

Intraregional Migration in the U.S.

Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

QUIZ NEXT CLASS OVER Key Issues 3 and 4. Be prepared with

full notes and vocabulary.