tesis pre final final(1)
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7/18/2019 Tesis Pre Final Final(1)
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CENTRO ESCOLAR DIÉSEL Y GASOLINA
INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA AUTOMOTRIZ
“ELABORACIÓN DE UN MODULO DE CONTROL DE EMERGENCIA PARA
MOTOR AVEO 1.6LT”
TESIS
QUE PARA OBTENER EL TITULO DE
INGENIERO MECÁNICO AUTOMOTRIZ
PRESENTA
JESÚS OMAR HERNÁNDEZ DÍAZ
JUAN GERARDO HERNÁNDEZ SÁNCHEZ
ASESORES
LIC. JOSÉ MANUEL FLORES MÉNDEZ
MC. JOAQUÍN IRIGOYEN
LIC. ERNESTO GARCÍA CABRERA
PUEBLA, PUE. 20!
0
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CENTRO ESCOLAR DIÉSEL Y GASOLINA
INGENIERÍA MECÁNICA AUTOMOTRIZ
“ELABORACIÓN DE UN MODULO DE CONTROL DE EMERGENCIA PARA
MOTOR AVEO 1.6LT”
TESIS
QUE PARA OBTENER EL TITULO DE
INGENIERO MECÁNICO AUTOMOTRIZ
PRESENTA
JESÚS OMAR HERNÁNDEZ DÍAZ
JUAN GERARDO HERNÁNDEZ SÁNCHEZ
ASESORES
LIC. JOSÉ MANUEL FLORES MÉNDEZ
MC. JOAQUÍN IRIGOYEN
LIC. ERNESTO GARCÍA CABRERA
PUEBLA, PUE. 20!
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CONTENIDO
I"#$%&'(()*"....................................................................................................................!
P$+-'/%......................................................................................................................
P/1"#1-)+"#%............................................................................................................
J'3#)4)(1()*"...........................................................................................................0
A/(1"(+3 5 /)-)#1()%"+3..........................................................................................
O6+#)7%3................................................................................................................2
O6+#)7% 8+"+$1/....................................................................................................2
O6+#)7% +39+()4)(%................................................................................................2
H)9*#+3)3................................................................................................................2
C19)#'/% M1$(% #+*$)(%..............................................................................................:
A"#+(+&+"#+3 5 -1$(% #+*$)(%.....................................................................................:
. A"#+(+&+"#+3......................................................................................................;
.. H)3#%$)1 5 +7%/'()*" &+ /1 )"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1...........................................;
.2 M1$(% #+%$)(%......................................................................................................<
.2. F'"3)*" 8+"+$1/ &+ /%3 -%&'/%3 +/+(#$%")(%3..............................................<
.2.2 F'"()%"+3 (%"#$%/1&13 9%$ /1 +('................................................................
.2.: M+6%$13 &+ '"1 +(' 9$%8$1-1/+................................................................=
.2.; C/13)4)(1()*" &+ -*&'/%3 3+8>" 3'3 4'"3)%"+3...........................................22
.2.! E"#$1&13 5 31/)&13 &+/ +(-..........................................................................2:.2.< S+"3%$+3......................................................................................................2;
.2. S+?1/+3 &+ /%3 &)4+$+"#+3 3+"3%$+3.............................................................2
.2. P$%(+31-)+"#% &+/ +(- &+ /1 )"4%$-1()*" @'+ $+()+ &+ /%3 3+"3%$+3.......2=
.2.= S)3#+-1 &+ )"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1.................................................................2=
.2.0 F'"()%"1-)+"#% &+/ 3)3#+-1 &+ )"5+(()%" +/+(#$%")(1...............................:0
C19#'/% 2 M1$(% (%"#+#'1/........................................................................................:2
2. M1$(% -+#%&%/*8)(%...........................................................................................::
2.2 M+#%&%/%81 &+ /1 )"7+3#)81()*".........................................................................::2.: D+4)")()*" &+/ 9$%/+-1......................................................................................::
2.; N+(+3)&1&+3.......................................................................................................:;
2.! D+3($)9()*" &+/ 9$%(+3% &+ &)3+?%.....................................................................:;
2.< D+#+$-)"1()*" &+ 71$)1/+3................................................................................:!
2.<. 1$)1/+ )"&+9+"&)+"#+................................................................................:!
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2.<.2 1$)1/+ &+9+"&)+"#+....................................................................................:!
2. D)3+?% &+/ +9+$)-+"#%......................................................................................:!
2. R+('$3%3 &)39%")/+3..........................................................................................:<
2.= C$%"%8$1-1 &+ 1(#)7)&1&+3................................................................................:
2.0 B>3@'+&1 &+ )"4%$-1()*".................................................................................:
2. D)3+?% (%"(+9#'1/............................................................................................:
2.2 D)3+?% &+ &+#1//+..............................................................................................:
ILUSTRACIONES
I/'3#$1()*" 9$%(+31-)+"#% &+ /1 )"4%$-1()*" &+/ ECM. ............................................I/'3#$1()*" 2 ($%"%8$1-1 &+ 1(#)7)&1&+3......................................................................
TABLAS
T1/1 3+?1/+3 91$1 +/ (%"#$%/ &+ )"5+(()*"................................................................
GRÁFICAS
G$4)(1 +6+-9/% &+ 3+?1/ 1"1/*8)(1...........................................................................G$4)(1 2 +6+-9/% &+ 3+?1/ &+ '" 3+"3%$ 1"1/*8)(% ....................................................G$4)(1 : +6+-9/% &+ '"1 3+?1/ &)8)#1/..........................................................................
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INTRODUCCIÓN
!
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INTRODUCCIÓN
E" /1 1(#'1/)&1& +"(%"#$1-%3 -%#%$+3 (%" &)7+$3%3 3)3#+-13 5 #)9%3 &+ )"5+(()*"
+/+(#$*")(1, /%3 ('1/+3 15'&1" 1 -+6%$1$ +/ $+"&)-)+"#% 5 &)3-)"'()*" &+ 813+3
(%"#1-)"1"#+3 +"#$+ %#$13 (%313 (%-% +/ 1%$$% &+ (%-'3#)/+.
E" M)(% /1 -15%$ 91$#+ &+ 9$%9)+#1$)%3 &+ 1'#%-*7)/+3 #)+"+" -%&+/%3 @'+
('+"#1" (%" +3#+ 3)3#+-1. S)" +-1$8% #%&1 +3#1 #+("%/%81 $+@')+$+ &+ '" ECM
M*&'/% &+ C%"#$%/ E/+(#$*")(% +"(1$81&% &+ (%"#$%/1$ /%3 9'/3%3 &+ )"5+(()*" +
)8")()*" +" +/ -%-+"#% $+@'+$)&% +" +/ ()(/% O##%.
E/ ECM 9'+&+ (1'31$ 41//13 @'+ 14+(#1" +" /1 (%$$+(#1 %9+$1()*" &+/ -%#%$ % @'+
+3#+ "% 1$$1"@'+.
E" +3#+ #$116% 3+ '3(1$1 $+1/)1$ '" (%"#$%/ 3%$+ /1 )8")()*" + )"5+(()*" +" '"
A7+% .<L A7+% -%#%$ &+ ()(/% O##%. E3#1 8+3#)*" 3+ $+1/)1$ 91$#)+"&% &+ 71/%$+3 &+
$8)-+" &+ 7'+/#13 13 (%-% &+ (1$81 &+ -%#%$ %#+")&%3 &+ &)4+$+"#+3 3+"3%$+3.
E/ (%"#$%/ 3+ +6+('#1$ (%" '"1 9/1#14%$-1 //1-1&1 A$&')"% @'+ +3 9$%8$1-1/+ 9%$
(%-9'#1&%$1 71 USB, #+")+"&% +" 3' 9$%8$1-1 /13 3+?1/+3 &+ 1(#)71()*" &+ /%3
(%-9%"+"#+3 "+(+31$)%3 91$1 +/ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+/ -%#%$ .<L A7+% +" +/ -%-+"#%
1&+('1&% &+/ ()(/% O##% (%"3)&+$1"&% +/ #)9% &+ )"5+(()*" &+/ -%#%$.
PREÁMBULO
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PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA
L1 '")&1& &+ (%"#$%/ &+ -%#%$ % ECU 3)8/1 +" )"8/3 &+ E"8)"+ C%"#$%/ U")# +3
'"1 '")&1& &+ (%"#$%/ +/+(#$*")(% @'+ 1&-)")3#$1 71$)%3 139+(#%3 &+ /1 %9+$1()*" &+
/%3 -%#%$+3 &+ (%-'3#)*" )"#+$"1. L13 '")&1&+3 &+ (%"#$%/ &+ -%#%$ -3 3)-9/+3
3*/% (%"#$%/1" /1 (1"#)&1& &+ (%-'3#)/+ @'+ +3 )"5+(#1&% +" (1&1 ()/)"&$% +" (1&1
()(/% &+ -%#%$. L13 -3 171"1&13 (%"#$%/1" +/ 9'"#% &+ )8")()*", +/ #)+-9% &+
19+$#'$1()+$$+ &+ /13 7/7'/13, 5 (%"#$%/ &+ %#$%3 9+$)4$)(%3. E" +/ 1'#%-*7)/ A7+%
.</#, (%"#1-%3 (%" '" -*&'/% ECM % E"8)"+ C%"#$%/ M%&'/+, '" -*&'/% DIS D)$+(#
I8")#)%" S53#+- 5 +/ -%&'/% &+/ 3)3#+-1 )"-%7)/)1&%$. E3#%3 3%" /%3 +"(1$81&%3 &+
1&-)")3#$1$ 5 -%")#%$+1$ /13 4'"()%"+3 &+/ -%#%$ &+ +3#+ 7+('/%.
C%" +/ 4)" &+ ('-9/)$ (%" 3' %6+#)7% &+ 1&-)")3#$1$ 5 -%")#%$+1$ /13 4'"()%"+3 +
)"4%$-1()*" (%"(+$")+"#+3 1 /%3 (%-9%"+"#+3 5 3)3#+-13 &+/ -%#%$, +/ -*&'/% ECM
3+ 15'&1 &+ #%&%3 /%3 3+"3%$+3 &+/ 7+('/% CKP, CMP, MAF, MAP, TPS, O2, +#(.,
91$1 $+())$ )"4%$-1()*" +" #)+-9% $+1/ 3%$+ /13 (%"&)()%"+3 &+/ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+/
-%#%$ #1-)" &+ ('+3#)%"+3 +#+$"13 (%-% /1 9$+3)*" 1#-%34$)(1. L%3 9$)"()91/+3
&1#%3 1 #%-1$ +" ('+"#1 3%" (1"#)&1& &+ 1)$+ +" +/ ->/#)9/+ &+ 1&-)3)*",
$+7%/'()%"+3 &+/ -%#%$, 9%3)()*" &+/ -%#%$, 9$+3)*" &+ (%-'3#)/+, 41(#%$ /1-&1,
9$+3)*" 1#-%34$)(1, +"#$+ %#$%3. U"1 7+ (%"%()&%3 &)(%3 &1#%3, +/ ECM /%3
(%-91$1 (%" 91$-+#$%3 1/-1(+"1&%3 +" 3'3 &)4+$+"#+3 -+-%$)13 RAM, ROM,
EPROM, EEPROM. D+ +3#1 4%$-1 9'+&+ 1(+$ (/('/%3 91$1 &+#+$-)"1$ 41(#%$+3
(%-% +/ #)+-9% &+ 3)"($%")1()*" &+ /1 )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+, +/ #)+-9% +" @'+
'" )"5+(#%$ &+ (%-'3#)/+ &++ 9+$-1"+(+$ 1)+$#%, 5 /1 1(#)71()*" &+ /13 %)"13.
'"1 7+ (%"%()&13 /13 1(()%"+3 1 $+1/)1$, +/ -*&'/% ECM 9$%(+&+ 1 1(()%"1$ 1 '"
(%"6'"#% &+ 9)+13 -+(")(13 5 &+ +$$1-)+"#13 (%"%()&13 (%-% 1(#'1&%$+3,
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1/8'"%3 &+ +//%3 (%-% /%3 )"5+(#%$+3, /1 %-1 &+ (%-'3#)/+, %)"13, +/ ('+$9%
&+ 1(+/+$1()*", +#(. T%&13 +3#13 1(()%"+3 3%" )-9/+-+"#1&13 (%" +/ 4)" &+ (%"#$%/1$
/1 +"#$+81 &+ (%-'3#)/+ 5 $+&'()$ /13 +-)3)%"+3 (%"#1-)"1"#+3.
U"% &+ /%3 9$)"()91/+3 3)3#+-13 &+/ -%#%$ 5 &+/ @'+ 3+ +"(1$81 /1 '")&1& &+ (%"#$%/
+/+(#$*")(1 &+/ 7+('/% +3 +/ 3)3#+-1 &+ )"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1 &+ (%-'3#)/+.
E3#+ +3 '" 3)3#+-1 &+ 1/)-+"#1()*" &+ -%#%$+3 &+ (%-'3#)*" )"#+$"1 1/#+$"1#)7%
1/ (1$'$1&%$ , @'+ +3 +/ @'+ '311" 9$(#)(1-+"#+ #%&%3 /%3 1'#%-*7)/+3 1"#+3 &+ /1
)-9/+-+"#1()*" &+ &)(% 3)3#+-1. L1 )"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1 '3(1 $+&'()$ +/ (%"3'-%
&+ (%-'3#)/+ 5 /13 +-)3)%"+3 (%"#1-)"1"#+3 /13 ('1/+3 +$1" (1$1(#+$3#)(13 -'5
$+31/#1"#+3 &+ /%3 -%#%$+3 (%" (1$'$1&%$, 13 (%-% 1'-+"#1$ /1 +4)()+"()1 +" +/
4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+ /%3 7+('/%3 1'#%-%#%$+3 @'+, &+3&+ /1 19/)(1()*" &+ +3#%3
3)3#+-13 &+ )"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1 5 +/ '3% &+ /13 '")&1&+3 &+ (%"#$%/ +/+(#$*")(% 3+
1" /%8$1&% &)(%3 %6+#)7%3.
D+)&% 1 /1 (%-9/+6)&1& &+ /1 1$@')#+(#'$1 5 1/ 8$1" ">-+$% &+ (%-9%"+"#+3 @'+
+3#" )"(/')&%3 +" +/ -*&'/% +/+(#$*")(% &+ (%"#$%/, /13 41//13 @'+ 3+ 3'3()#1" +" +3#+
3+ 7'+/7+" &)4()/+3 &+ &)18"%3#)(1$ 5 $+3%/7+$. E3#%3 9$%/+-13 9'+&+" 9$%7%(1$
&)3#)"#%3 + )"%9%$#'"%3 +3(+"1$)%3 +" /%3 ('1/+3 +/ '3'1$)% &+/ 7+('/% 5 +/
+"(1$81&% &+ /1 $+91$1()*" &+/ 1'#%-*7)/ 3+ 9'+&+" 7+$ +"7'+/#%3. S)#'1()%"+3 (%-%
@'+ +/ 7+('/% 3+ @'+&+ 71$1&% +" +/ (1-)"% % @'+ "% 9'+&1 3+$ //+71&% 1 '" #1//+$
&+ $+91$1()*" (%-9/)(1" +" '" &+#+$-)"1&% -%-+"#% //+71$ 1 (1% '"1 $+91$1()*" %
+/ 3)-9/+ &)18"*3#)(% &+ /1 17+$1, 3) +3#% 9131 +/ (/)+"#+ #)+"+ @'+ $+('$$)$ 1 '"
3+$7)()% &+ 8$>1, /% @'+ 1 3' 7+ )"($+-+"#+ /%3 813#%3 5 $+#$131 +/ 9%&+$ &1$/+
3%/'()*" 1/ 9$%/+-1.
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A"#+ +3#1 3)#'1()*" 3'$8+ /1 "+(+3)&1& &+ %#+"+$ '" -+&)% -3 +(%"*-)(% 5
9$(#)(% @'+ 15'&+ 1 &1$ 3%/'()*" 1 +3#+ #)9% &+ 9$%/+-13 13 (%-% +7)#1$ '"
)"($+-+"#% +" /%3 (%3#%3 91$1 +/ '3'1$)% &+/ 7+('/%. E3 9%$ +3% @'+ 3'$8+" /13
3)8')+"#+3 )"#+$$%81"#+3 +3 9%3)/+ $+1/)1$ '" -*&'/% 3'3#)#'#% &+/ ECM +" (13%
&+ @'+ +3#+ 41//+, 51 3+1 9%$ -1/ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+/ -)3-% % 9%$ 9$%/+-13
9$%7%(1&%3 9%$ +/ 3)3#+-1 )"-%7)/)1&%$, 41//13 +" /1 (%-'")(1()*" (%" %#$%3
-*&'/%3 % 3)3#+-13 Q' #1" 41(#)/+ +3 8+"+$1$ '" -*&'/% &+ +3#+ #)9% 1/ )8'1/
@'+ ('/+3 3+$1" #%&13 3'3 19/)(1()%"+3 P+$% "% %3#1"#+ 5 #+")+"&% +" ('+"#1 /1
9%3))/)&1& &+ @'+ 3+ /+ 9'+&1 &1$ '" -1/ '3%. R+9$+3+"#1$1 '" $)+38% 91$1 /1
3+8'$)&1& &+/ %('91"#+
JUSTIFICACIÓN
E/ -*&'/% 3'3#)#'#% &+ +-+$8+"()1 9%&$ $)"&1$ '"1 3%/'()*" $9)&1 5 3+"()//1 1 /%3
9$%/+-13 $+/1()%"1&%3 (%" +/ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+/ ECM. E3#% 3+ 1(+ 9%3)/+ 51 @'+
9%&$ 3'3#)#')$ 1/ ECM 5 9+$-)#)$ (%"&'()$ +/ 7+('/% (%" +/ 4)" &+ #$13/1&1$/% 1 '"
/'81$ 3+8'$% % &)$+(#1-+"#+ 1 '" #1//+$ &+ 3+$7)()%. D+ +3#1 -1"+$1 +7)#1$1
(%-9/)(1()%"+3 1/ 9$%9)+#1$)% &+ ('1/@')+$ 1'#%-*7)/ A7+% .</#3 5 &)3-)"')$ /%3
(%3#%3 +" +/ #$13/1&% &+/ -)3-%. P1$1 +/ 9$%9)+#1$)% &+ '" #1//+$ -+(")(% /+ $)"&1$1
'" -+&)% >#)/ 91$1 &1$ '"1 $+39'+3#1 $9)&1 +" (13% &+ 13)3#)$ 1 '" +7+"#% +" +/ @'+
+/ 7+('/% 1 1#+"&+$ 3+ +"('+"#$+ 4'+$1 &+/ #1//+$ 5 3'4$1 '"1 17+$1 $+/1()%"1&1 1/
4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+/ ECM.
E3#+ 9$%5+(#% 3+ (%"7)+$#+ +" '"1 '+"1 %9()*" 91$1 /%3 9$%9)+#1$)%3 &+ ('1/@')+$
A7+% .</#3 5 +" +39+()1/ 1 /%3 +"(1$81&%3 &+ /1 $+91$1()*" &+/ 7+('/%. E3#% 3+
1(+ 9%3)/+ 51 @'+ 3+ 9%&$ 3'3#)#')$ 1/ ECM 5 (%"&'()$ +/ 7+('/% 9+$-)#)+"&%
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#$13/1&1$/% 1 '" #1//+$ &+ 3+$7)()%. P%$ %#$% /1&% +/ -*&'/% &+ +-+$8+"()1 +3 '"1
3%/'()*" 7)1/+ 51 @'+ 9+$-)#+ '"1 4()/ '#)/)1()*" 5 +3 '" -+&)% 1$1#%. A3 '"1 7+
+" +/ #1//+$ 5 +" -+6%$+3 (%"&)()%"+3 +/ #(")(% +" $+91$1()*" 9'+&1 9$%4'"&)1$ +"
/1 3%/'()*" &+ /%3 9$%/+-13 @'+ 3+ +"('+"#$+" +" +/ 1'#%. Y 1/ (/)+"#+ 51 @'+ /+
+7)#1$1" 1/#%3 (%3#%3 +" +/ #$13/1&% &+/ 7+('/% 5 3%$+ #%&% #)+-9% 9+$&)&%. T%&%
+3#% 3+ (%"7)+$#+ +" '"1 3%/'()*" 7)1/+ 8$1()13 1 /1 )-9/+-+"#1()*" &+ /1 9/1#14%$-1
ARDUINO @'+ +" 3' 4'"()*" &+ 31/)&1 #$1"3)3#%$)1 41()/)#1 +/ -1"+6% &+ /13 4'"()%"+3
&+3+1&13 @'+, 1 /% /1$8% &+ /1 (1$$+$1 5 8$1()13 1 /%3 (%"%()-)+"#%3 1&@')$)&%3
&'$1"#+ +3#1 3%" (%"%()&13 5 #1-)" 3+ 9'+&+ +/1%$13 &)(% -*&'/% &+
+-+$8+"()1, &1"&% 3%/'()*" 1/ 9$%/+-1 9/1"#+1&%.
ALCANCES Y LIMITACIONES
E/ -*&'/% 1')/)1$ &+ +-+$8+"()1 "%3 9+$-)#)$ %9+$1$ +/ -%#%$ &+ 4%$-1 "%$-1/
1'"@'+ 1 '" $1"8% &+ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% -+"%$. E3#% 1 91$#)$ &+ (%"#$%/1$ /13
9$)"()91/+3 4'"()%"+3 &+ /13 @'+ 3+ +"(1$81 +/ -*&'/% ECM 5 +/ -*&'/% DIS, (%-%
3%" /1 #+-9%$)1()*" &+ /1 +"#$+81 &+ (%-'3#)/+, +/ 3)3#+-1 &+ )"5+(()*" 5 +/
3)3#+-1 &+ +"(+"&)&% S)" +-1$8% +/ -*&'/% 1')/)1$ &+ +-+$8+"()1 "% 3+$
(191 &+ 3%/'()%"1$ 9$%/+-13 -+(")(%3, 51 @'+ 3%/% 3+ +"4%(1 +" /1 91$#+
+/+(#$*")(1 5 +" /13 41//13 (%"(+$")+"#+3 1 /13 4'"()%"+3 &+/ -*&'/% 3'3#)#'#%. S+
31+ @'+ &+"#$% &+ /1 )"8+")+$1 1'#%-%#$) 1/8'"13 41//13 (1'31&13 9%$ '" 41(#%$
-+(")(% 9'+&+ (1'31$ @'+ /1 ECM /% $+(%"%(1 (%-% '"1 41//1 +/+(#$*")(1 5 +"
+3#+ (13% +/ -%&'/% 1')/)1$ &+ +-+$8+"()1 "% #+"&$1 ")"8'"1 '#)/)&1&. P%$ %#$% /1&%
+3#+ -*&'/% "% 3+ 1$ (1$8% &+ 1(()%"1$ 1 /%3 3)3#+-13 )"-%7)/)1&%$ 5 &+-3
4'"()%"+3 &+ /1 (1$$%(+$1 (%-% 1((+3%$)%3, 1)$+ 1(%"&)()%"1&%, /'(+3, $1&)%, +#(. P%$
0
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+3% +3 )-9%$#1"#+ $+31/#1$ @'+ +3#+ &)39%3)#)7% +3 3%/% '" -*&'/% &+ +-+$8+"()1,
-3 "% '" -*&'/% @'+ 3'3#)#'5+ 9%$ (%-9/+#% 1/ ECM.
OBJETIVO GENERAL
D)3+?1$ 5 E/1%$1$ '" -*&'/% &+ +-+$8+"()1 1')/)1$ @'+ 9+$-)#1 %9+$1$ +/ -%#%$ +"
3'3#)#'()*" &+/ -*&'/% &+ (%"#$%/ ECM (%" +/ 4)" &+ 9%&+$ %9+$1$ +/ 7+('/%. A/
-)3-% #)+-9% @'+ +3#+ 3+1 4()/ )"3#1/1$ 5 &+ '31$.
OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
A"1/)1$ /13 4'"()%"+3 -3 )-9%$#1"#+3 &+/ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+/ -%#%$ (%" +/ 4)" &+
9%&+$ )-9/+-+"#1$ +/ -*&'/%.
R+1/)1$ +/ &)3+?%3 &+/ ()$(')#% +/+(#$*")(% 5 @'+ +/ &)39%3)#)7% ('+"#+ (%"
&)-+"3)%"+3 19$%9)1&13 91$1 %('91$ '" +391()% "% -15% &+ 20(- !(-, 91$1
@'+ +3#+ 9'+&1 3+$ (%/%(1&% +" (%-91$#)-)+"#% &+/ -%#%$ 3)" )"#+$4+$)$ (%" 1/8>"
+/+-+"#% -*7)/ % @'+ +/ -%&'/% 3'3#)#'#% 3'4$1 1/8>" &1?%
L/+71$ 1 (1% /1 P$%8$1-1()*" &+/ &)39%3)#)7%
I-9/+-+"#1$ +/ &)39%3)#)7% +" +/ 7+('/% 5 (%-9$%1$ 3' 4'"()%"1-)+"#%
IPÓTESIS
A/ +/1%$1$ '" -*&'/% 1')/)1$ &+ 1$$1"@'+ 3+ 9%&$ -1"#+"+$ +" -1$(1 +/ -%#%$ 1
(%-'3#)*" )"#+$"1, /%8$1"&% @'+ +3#+ 4'"()%"+ +" (%"&)()%"+3 "%$-1/+3 &+
%9+$1()*", (%-% +/ 1$$1"@'+, /1 9'+3#1 +" -1$(1 5 +/ 91$% &+/ -%#%$. T%-1"&% +"
('+"#1 '" -")-% &+ 00$9- 5 '" -)-% &+ 2000$9- (%-% $1"8% &+
4'"()%"1-)+"#%
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CAPÍTULO 1
MARCO TEÓRICO
2
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1.1 ANTECEDENTES
1.1.1 ISTORIA Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LA INYECCIÓN ELECTRÓNICA
L1 )3#%$)1 &+ /1 )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+ 3+ $+-%"#1 1/ 3)8/% I. N)(%/3 O##% 5 JJ.
L+"%)$ 9$+3+"#1$%" -%#%$+3 &+ (%-'3#)*" )"#+$"1 +" /1 F+$)1 M'"&)1/ &+ P1$3 &+
<. E" !, )/+/- M151( &+ D+'# 4'+ +/ 9$)-+$% +" (%"7+$#)$ '" -%#%$ &+
813 91$1 4'"()%"1$ (%" 813%/)"1. E3#+ -%#%$ '311 '" (1$'$1&%$ (%" '"1 -+(1
3'39+"&)&1 1 #$173 &+/ 4/'6% &+/ 1)$+ +"#$1"#+. L%3 +#$+-%3 &+ /1 -+(1 +3#11"
3'-+$8)&%3 +" /1 813%/)"1 $+()9)+"#+ &+16% &+ /1 -+(1. A/ 1$$1"(1$ +/ -%#%$, +/ 1)$+
+"#$1"#+ 91311 1 #$173 &+ /1 -+(1, +719%$11 /1 813%/)"1 5 //+711 /%3 719%$+3
&+/ (%-'3#)/+ &+"#$% &+/ -%#%$ 91$1 3+$ @'+-1&%. L1 )"5+(()*" &+/ (%-'3#)/+ &+
813%/)"1 $+1/-+"#+ 6'8% '" 919+/ )-9%$#1"#+ 5 3+ 14)$-* &+3&+ +/ )")()% +" +/
&+31$$%//% &+ /1 17)1()*".
E" =2 3+ $+1/)1$%" /%3 9$)-+$%3 +"315%3 &+ %-13 &+ )"5+(()*" &+ 813%/)"1
131&1 +" /13 %-13 &+ 1(+)#+ &+ +"8$13+. E" =:2 3+ $+1/)* +"315%3
3)3#+-#)(%3 &+ )"5+(()*" &+ 813%/)"1 91$1 -%#%$+3 &+ 17)1()*". E" =: 3+ $+1/)*
/1 19/)(1()*" +" 3+$)+ &+ /1 )"5+(()*" &+ 813%/)"1 +" -%#%$+3 &+ 17)1()*". P1$1 =;!
3+ &)% /1 9$)-+$1 19/)(1()*" +" 3+$)+ &+ /1 )"5+(()*" &+ 813%/)"1 +" 7+('/%3 1
-%#%$.
E" =;=, '" 1'#% +@')91&% (%" )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+, O44+"1'3+$ 91$#)()9* +" /1
(1$$+$1 &+ I"&)1"9%/)3 !00. E/ 3)3#+-1 &+ )"5+(()*" /% &)3+?% S#'1$# H)/%$" 5
'#)/)11 )"5+(()*" &)$+(#1, +" /1 ('1/ +/ (%-'3#)/+ )"5+(#11 +" +/ ->/#)9/+ &+
1&-)3)*" 6'3#1-+"#+ &+/1"#+ &+ /1 7/7'/1 &+ 1&-)3)*". E$1 (%-% #+"+$ '" 3)3#+-1
&+ )"5+(()*" $+8'/1&% 91$1 (1&1 ()/)"&$%. P%&$1 #1-)" (%-91$1$3+ (%" +/ 3)3#+-1
KJ+#$%")( &+ B%3( '31&% +" /%3 R1)#, A'&) !000, %/7% 5 %#$%3, +" @'+ +/
:
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(%-'3#)/+ "% +$1 +9'/31&% +" /1 /'-$+$1 &+ 1&-)3)*" 3)"% $%()1&%
(%"#)"'1-+"#+, 1 /% @'+ 3+ "%-$* )"5+(()*" &+ 4/'6% (%"3#1"#+. E" =! 3+
$+1/)1$%" 3)3#+-13 &+ )"5+(()*" &+ 813%/)"1 91$1 9+@'+?%3 -%#%$+3 &+ &%3
#)+-9%3.
E" =!2 $+1/)1$%" 3)3#+-13 &+ )"5+(()*" &+ 813%/)"1 91$1 -%#%$+3 &+ ; #)+-9%3
91$1 7+('/%3, +" 3+$)+ 1 91$#)$ &+ =!;. C+7$%/+# 9%$ 3' 91$#+ 9$+3+"#% +" =! +/
9$)-+$ -%#%$ (%" )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+ &+ 9$%&'(()*" +" -131 +" +/ C%$7+##+.
B13"&%3+ 3)(1-+"#+ +" +/ &)3+?% &+ H)/+$#, +/ 3)3#+-1 &+ )"5+(()*" &+
(%-'3#)/+ R%(+3#+$ R1-6+# /1 C+7$%/+# /% '3* +" =! 5 =!, 5 P%"#)1( +" +/
B%""+7)//+ +" =!.
E/ 3)3#+-1 R1-6+# '#)/)11 '"1 %-1 &+ 1/#1 9$+3)*" 91$1 //+71$ +/ (%-'3#)/+
&+3&+ +/ #1"@'+ 13#1 /%3 2; )"5+(#%$+3, @'+ /% $%()11" (%"#)"'1-+"#+ 1&+/1"#+ &+
/1 7/7'/1 &+ 1&-)3)*". U" &)14$18-1 &+ (%"#$%/ -%")#%$+11 /1 9$+3)*" &+/ ->/#)9/+
&+ 1&-)3)*" 5 /1 (1$81 &+/ -%#%$. E/ &)14$18-1, 1 3' 7+, 3+ (%"+(#11 1 '"1 91/1"(1
@'+ (%"#$%/11 /1 9%3)()*" &+ '" -%/% 91$1 %9+$1$ '"1 7/7'/1. U" (1-)% +" /1
9%3)()*" &+ /1 7/7'/1 %9+$1&1 9%$ +/ -%/% (1-)11 /1 (1"#)&1& &+ (%-'3#)/+
&+37)1&% &+ $+8$+3% 1()1 +/ &+9*3)#% &+ /1 %-1 5 1/+61&% &+ /%3 )"5+(#%$+3. E3#%
1/#+$11 /1 $+/1()*" 1)$+ (%-'3#)/+ 91$1 31#)341(+$ /1 "+(+3)&1&+3 &+/ -%#%$.
A/ -)3-% #)+-9% @'+ +/ 3)3#+-1 R1-6+# 3+ &+31$$%//11, +7%/'()%"% +/ 3)3#+-1 &+
)"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(% &+ (%-'3#)/+ EFI +/ ('1/ #+"1 (%-% 4)" /1 9$%&'(()*" +"
-131. E/ #$116% &+ &)3+?% 91$1 +3%3 3)3#+-13 (%-+"* +" =!2 +" /1 E(/)93+
M1()"+ D)7)3)*" &+ /1 (%$9%$1()*" B+"&), 5 +" =< 3+ 91#+"#% (%-% +/ 3)3#+-1
B+"&) E/+(#$%6+(#%$. C13) 3)-'/#"+1-+"#+, 1/ EFI 3+ /+ &+(/1$% (%-% '" 9$%5+(#%
-'+$#% 9%$ /1 8+$+"()1 &+ /1 B+"&) 5 3+ 1$()7*. A'"@'+ +/ 3)3#+-1 E/+(#$%6+(#%$ +"
;
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3 "'"(1 //+8* 1 /1 9$%&'(()*" +" -131, 4'+ +/ 1"#+(+3%$ &+ 9$(#)(1-+"#+ #%&%3 /%3
3)3#+-13 -%&+$"%3 &+ )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+. C'1"&% /1 B+"&) &+3(1$#% 1/ EFI
+" =<, +/ )"#+$3 $+"1()* 13#1 =<< +" @'+ /1 (%-91?1 (%-+"* 1 %#%$81$
9+$-)3%3 &+ 91#+"#+3 1 B%3(.
E" =< 3+ $+1/)* +/ 9$)-+$ 3)3#+-1 +/+(#$*")(% &+ )"5+(()*" &+ 813%/)"1 DJ+#$%")(
'#)/)1&% 9%$ /%3 -%&+/%3 %/3V18+" #)9% :. E" =: +" (1-)% 3'$8+ /1 )"5+(()*"
+/+(#$*")(1 &+ 813%/)"1 LJ+#$%")( 5 /1 I"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1 &+ 813%/)"1 KJ+#$%")(.
E" =< 191$+(+ +/ 3)3#+-1 &+ )"5+(()*" &+ 813%/)"1 (%" $+8'/1()*" L1-&1. E"
== 3'$8+ +/ 3)3#+-1 &)8)#1/ &+ (%"#$%/ &+/ -%#%$ M%#$%")(. Y1 91$1 +/ 1?% =
191$+(+ /1 )"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1 &+ 813%/)"1 (%" -+&)&%$ &+ (1'&1/ &+ 1)$+ 9%$ )/%
(1/)+"#+ LHJ+#$%")(. S+8')&1-+"#+ +" +/ 1?% =2 3'$8+ 1&+-3 /1 )"5+(()*"
(%"#)">1 &+ 813%/)"1 (%" (%"#$%/ +/+(#$*")(% KEJ+#$%")(. P1$1 +/ 1?% &+ =
191$+(+ +/ 3)3#+-1 (+"#$1/)1&% &+ )"5+(()*" M%"%J+#$%")(.
1.! MARCO TEÓRICO
1.!.1 FUNCIÓN GENERAL DE LOS MÓDULOS ELECTRÓNICOS
M+&)1"#+ /1 #+("%/%81 &)8)#1/ -%&+$"1 3+ 1$+" ->/#)9/+3 9%3))/)&1&+3 +" ('1"#% 1/
(%"#$%/ &+/ 1'#%-*7)/. H15 -'(%3 41(#%$+3 &+ -+&)()*" )"4/'5+"#+3 @'+ 3+ 9'+&+"
$+'")$ 91$1 (%"#$%/1$/%3 1 #%&%3 &+ -%&% 3)-'/#"+%. L1 '")&1& &+ (%"#$%/ $+()+ /13
3+?1/+3 &+ /%3 3+"3%$+3, /13 +71/>1 5 (1/('/1 /13 3+?1/+3 &+ 1(#)71()*" 91$1 /%3
+/+-+"#%3 1(#'1&%$+3.
E/ 9$%8$1-1 &+ (%"#$%/ +3# 1/-1(+"1&% +" /1 -+-%$)1. D+ /1 +6+('()*" &+/
9$%8$1-1 3+ +"(1$81 '" -)($% (%"#$%/1&%$. S+ /13 (%"%(+ % 3+ /13 9'+&+ "%-$1$
(%-% ECC, ECM, ECU, ECCS, CPU, +#(. L1 ECU '#)/)1 -)($%9$%(+31&%$+3 91$1
!
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$+'")$ )"4%$-1()*", 9$%(+31$/1 5 +"7)1$ 3+?1/+3 91$1 @'+ 1(#)7+" /%3 &)4+$+"#+3
()$(')#%3 1(#'1&%$+3.
L%3 #$+3 9$%(+31&%$+3 9$)"()91/+3 3%" /1 RAM -+-%$)1 #+-9%$1/, /1 ROM
9$%8$1-1 3)(% &+ (%-9'#1&%$1 5 /1 PROM 9$%8$1-1 &+ 3)"#%"1 4)"1, +3#%3 #$+3
-)($%9$%(+31&%$+3 3%" +/ (%$1*" &+ /1 CPU.2
L1 ROM, % -+-%$)1 3*/% 91$1 /++$, +3 /1 3+(()*" &+/ ECM @'+ (%"#)+"+ +/
(%"6'"#% 9$)"()91/ &+ )"3#$'(()%"+3 @'+ 3)8'+ /1 (%-9'#1&%$1. E3#1 +3 /1
3+(()*" @'+ &)(+ ('1"&% 7+% @'+ +3#% 3'(+&+, #+"8% @'+ 1(+$/% @'+
3'(+&1. E/ -)($%9$%(+31&%$ @'+ (%"#)+"+ +3#13 )"3#$'(()%"+3 &+ /1 ROM +3'" ()9 "% 7%/#)/. E3#% 3)8")4)(1 @'+ +/ 9$%8$1-1 &)3+?1&% +" / "% 3+ 9'+&+
%$$1$ 1/ &+3(%"+(#1$ /1 +"+$81.
L1 RAM, % -+-%$)1 &+ 1((+3% 1/+1#%$)%, +3 /1 3+(()*" @'+ #)+"+ #$+3
4'"()%"+3 9$)"()91/+3 +" +/ ECM. L1 9$)-+$1 4'"()*" 1(#>1 (%-% /1 /)$+#1 &+
19'"#+3 &+/ ECM 3)+-9$+ @'+ 3+ "+(+3)#+ 1(+$ '" (/('/% -1#+-#)(%, +/
ECM '#)/)1 /1 RAM. L1 3+8'"&1 4'"()*" +3 1/-1(+"1$ )"4%$-1()*" +" +/
3)3#+-1 -'/#)9/)(1&%$ &+ 19$+"&)16+ 1 /%@'+3 BLM ('1"&% +/ -%#%$ +3#
19181&% % 4'"()%"1 +" /1% 1)+$#%. L1 #+$(+$1 4'"()*" +3 1/-1(+"1$ /%3
(*&)8%3 &+ &)18"*3#)(% ('1"&% 3+ 1 &+#+(#1&% '"1 41//1 &+/ 3)3#+-1.
L1 PROM, % -+-%$)1 9$%8$1-1/+ 3%/% 91$1 /++$, +3 /1 3+(()*" &+ (1/)$1()*"
&+/ ()9 +" +/ ECM. E/ PROM 4'"()%"1 6'"#% (%" /1 ROM 91$1 /13 4'"()%"+3&+/ 16'3#+ 4)"% &+/ (%"#$%/ &+ (%-'3#)/+ 5 &+/ #)+-9% &+ +"(+"&)&% 91$1 /1
19/)(1()*" +39+(4)(1. E/ PROM +3 #1-)" '"1 -+-%$)1 "% 7%/#)/. C%"#)+"+
/1 )"4%$-1()*" 1(+$(1 &+/ #1-1?% &+/ -%#%$, #)9% &+ #$1"3-)3)*", #1-1?% 5
<
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9+3% &+/ 1'#%, $+3)3#+"()1 &+ $%&1-)+"#%, (%+4)()+"#+ &+ 1$$13#$+ 5 $+/1()*"
4)"1/ &+ #$1(()*". F'"()%"+3 &+ /1 ECU. L1 ECU +3 (191 &+ (%"#$%/1$ &)7+$313
4'"()%"+3. A&+-3 +3 (191 &+ 9$%9%$()%"1$ '" (%"#$%/ -3 9$+()3% 5
3%4)3#)(1&%.
1.!.! FUNCIONES CONTROLADAS POR LA ECU
L13 4'"()%"+3 @'+ 9'+&+" 3+$ (%"#$%/1&13 9%$ /1 ECU 3%" /13 3)8')+"#+3 C%"#$%/ &+
/1 )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+, (%"#$%/ &+ &)3#$)'()*" &+ /13 7/7'/13, (%"#$%/ &+ %-1
&+ (%-'3#)/+, (%"#$%/ &+ $1/+"#, +"#$+ %#$13. P1$1 '" -%#%$ (%" )"5+(()*" &+
(%-'3#)/+, '"1 ECU &+#+$-)"1$ /1 (1"#)&1& &+ (%-'3#)/+ @'+ 3+ )"5+(#1
13"&%3+ +" '" ()+$#% ">-+$% &+ 91$-+#$%3. S) +/ 1(+/+$1&%$ +3# 9$+3)%"1&% 1
4%"&% /1 ECU )"5+(#1$ -3 (%-'3#)/+ 3+8>" /1 (1"#)&1& &+ 1)$+ @'+ +3# 9131"&%
1/ -%#%$. S) +/ -%#%$ "% 1 1/(1"1&% /1 #+-9+$1#'$1 3'4)()+"#+, /1 (1"#)&1& &+
(%-'3#)/+ )"5+(#1&% 3+$ -15%$ 1()+"&% @'+ /1 -+(/1 3+1 -3 $)(1 13#1 @'+ +/
-%#%$ +3# (1/)+"#+. S)" +-1$8% /1 ECU 9$%9%$()%"1 '" (%"#$%/ -3 -)"'()%3%. P%$
+6+-9/%, 3+ '#)/)1 '" 3)3#+-1 &+ (%"#$%/ &+ 19$+"&)16+ 91$1 -1"#+"+$ +" #%&%
-%-+"#% '"1 9$%9%$()*" *9#)-1 &+ -+(/1 +" $1/+"#.
C%"#$%/ &+/ #)+-9% &+ )"5+(()*" U" -%#%$ &+ )8")()*" &+ ()391 "+(+3)#1 91$1
)")()1$ /1 (%-'3#)*" '"1 ()391 +" /1 (-1$1 &+ (%-'3#)*". U"1 ECU 9'+&+
16'3#1$ +/ #)+-9% +1(#% &+ /1 ()391 //1-1&% #)+-9% &+ )8")()*" 91$1 9$%7++$
'"1 -+6%$ 9%#+"()1 5 '" -+"%$ 813#% &+ (%-'3#)/+. S) /1 ECU &+#+(#1 '"
(13(1+/+% 5 1"1/)1 @'+ +3#% 3+ &++ 1 @'+ +/ #)+-9% &+ )8")()*" 3+ +3#
1&+/1"#1"&% 1/ -%-+"#% &+ /1 (%-9$+3)*", /1 ECU $+#1$&1$ +/ #)+-9% +" +/
@'+ 3+ 9$%&'(+ /1 ()391 91$1 9$+7+")$ /1 3)#'1()*".
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C%"#$%/ &+ /1 &)3#$)'()*" &+ 7/7'/13 A/8'"%3 -%#%$+3 9%3++" &)3#$)'()*" &+
7/7'/13. E" +3#%3 -%#%$+3 /1 ECU (%"#$%/1 +/ #)+-9% +" +/ ()(/% &+/ -%#%$ +"
+/ @'+ /13 7/7'/13 3+ &++" 1$)$. L13 7/7'/13 3+ 1$+" "%$-1/-+"#+ -3
#1$&+ 1 -15%$+3 7+/%()&1&+3 @'+ 1 -+"%$+3 7+/%()&1&+3. E3#% 9'+&+
%9#)-)1$ +/ 4/'6% &+ 1)$+ @'+ +"#$1 +" +/ ()/)"&$%, )"($+-+"#1"&% /1 9%#+"()1 5
+7)#1"&% /1 -1/1 (%-'3#)*" &+ (%-'3#)/+.
C%"#$%/ %-1 &+ (%-'3#)/+ L1 ECU (%"#$%/1, +/ 7%/#16+ 19/)(1&% 1 /1
%-1 &+ (%-'3#)/+, +3#+ $+&'(+ +/ 7%/#16+ 19/)(1&% 1 /1 %-1 &+
(%-'3#)/+ 91$1 13 $+&'()$ +/ $')&% &+ /1 %-1 &+ (%-'3#)/+ 5 +/(%"3'-% &+ +"+$81 +/(#$)(1 +" $1/+"#.
A'#%D)18"%3#)(% +$)4)(1 3) /%3 3)3#+-13 &+ 3+?1/+3 &+ +"#$1&1 5 &+ 31/)&1
1()1 5 &+3&+ /1 '")&1& &+ (%"#$%/ 3%" "%$-1/+3. C%"#$%/ &+ $8)-+" &+
-1$(1 +" 71(% R+()+ 3+?1/+3 &+ &)7+$3%3 3+"3%$+3 5 $+8'/1 +/ -%#%$ 1
$8)-+" &+ -1$(1 +" 71(% *9#)-% &+ 1('+$&% 1 /1 (1$81 &+/ -%#%$.
C%"#$%/ R1/+"# A'-+"#1 +/ $8)-+" &+ -1$(1 +" 71(% ('1"&% +/ 7%/#16+ &+
/1 1#+$1 +3 16%, % ('1"&% 15 -'(%3 )"#+$$'9#%$+3 &+ (1$81 1(()%"1&%3.
C%"#$%/ $+8'/1&%$ &+ 9$+3)*" A'-+"#1 #+-9%$1/-+"#+ /1 9$+3)*" &+
(%-'3#)/+ ('1"&% 3+ 9%"+ +" -1$(1 +/ -%#%$ (%" +/+71&1 #+-9+$1#'$1 &+
$+4$)8+$1"#+. E)3#+ %#$% -*&'/% 1&+-3 &+ /1 '")&1& &+ (%"#$%/. :: 2.2.
S)3#+-1 &+ I"5+(()*" M'/#)9'"#% P$%8$1-1/+.
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1.!." MEJORAS DE UNA ECU PROGRAMABLE
ECU 9$%8$1-1/+ S#1"&1/%"+ L1 +7%/'()*" &+ /%3 +/+-+"#%3 &+ 9$+91$1()*" &+
-%#%$+3 ('+$9%3 )"&)7)&'1/+3 &+ -1$)9%31, 3)3#+-13 #'$%, +#(. 3'-1&1 1 /1
1((+3)/+ &)39%3)()*" &+ /%3 -)3-%3 9%$ 91$#+ &+ '3'1$)%3 "% 9$%4+3)%"1/+3, 7)%
$9)&1-+"#+ +(+&)&13 /13 (191()&1&+3 &+ /13 ECU3 %$)8)"1/+3.
L1 %9()*" /*8)(1 +3 '#)/)1$ '"1 ECU 9$%8$1-1/+, /1 ('1/ "% 3%/% 9+$-)#)$ '" 16'3#+
-3 4)"% &+ /%3 91$-+#$%3 #$1&)()%"1/+3 &+/ -%#%$ 171"(+ &+/ #)+-9% &+ +"(+"&)&%,
9'/3% &+ )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+, +#(. 3)"% #1-)" @'+ -'(13 &+ +//13 %4$+(+"
%9()%"+3 +#$13, (%-% +/ (%"#$%/ &+ #$1(()*". L13 ECU3 9$%8$1-1/+3 3%" $+@'+$)&13
+" 3)#'1()%"+3 +" /13 @'+ /13 -%&)4)(1()%"+3 &+39'3 &+ /1 7+"#1 3%" )-9%$#1"#+3
91$1 +/ (%-9%$#1-)+"#% 4)"1/ &+/ -%#%$. E"#$+ +3#13 3)#'1()%"+3 3+ )"(/'5+" /1
)"3#1/1()*" % (1-)% &+/ #'$%(%-9$+3%$, )"#+$(%%/+$, #'% &+ +3(19+, % (1-)% 1 %#$%
#)9% &+ (%-'3#)/+. C%-% (%"3+('+"()1 &+ +3#%3 (1-)%3, /1 1"#)8'1 ECU 9'+&+
@'+ "% 9$%7+1 &+ '" (%"#$%/ 19$%9)1&% (%" /1 "'+71 (%"4)8'$1()*". E" +3#13
3)#'1()%"+3, '"1 ECU 9$%8$1-1/+ +3 /1 3%/'()*". É3#13 9'+&+" 3+$ 9$%8$1-1&13
-19+1&13 (%"+(#1&13 1 '" %$&+"1&%$ 9%$##)/ -+&)1"#+ '" (1/+ USB, -)+"#$13 +/
-%#%$ +3# +" -1$(1.
L1 ECU 9$%8$1-1/+ &++ (%"#$%/1$ /1 (1"#)&1& &+ (%-'3#)/+ 1 )"5+(#1$ +" (1&1
()/)"&$%. E3#1 (1"#)&1& 71$1 &+9+"&)+"&% /13 RPM &+/ -%#%$ 5 /1 9%3)()*" &+/ 9+&1/
&+ 1(+/+$1()*" % /1 9$+3)*" &+/ (%/+(#%$ &+ 1)$+. E/ (%"#$%/1&%$ &+/ -%#%$ 9'+&+
16'3#1$ +3#% -+&)1"#+ '"1 %61 &+ (/('/% &1&1 9%$ /1 9$%8$1-1()*" +" /1 @'+ 3+
$+9$+3+"#1" #%&13 /13 )"#+$3+(()%"+3 +"#$+ 71/%$+3 +39+(4)(%3 &+ /13 RPM 5 &+ /13
&)3#)"#13 9%3)()%"+3 &+/ 9+&1/ &+ 1(+/+$1()*". C%" +3#1 %61 &+ (/('/% 3+ 9'+&+
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&+#+$-)"1$ /1 (1"#)&1& &+ (%-'3#)/+ @'+ +3 "+(+31$)% )"5+(#1$. M%&)4)(1"&% +3#%3
71/%$+3 -)+"#$13 3+ -%")#%$)1 +/ +3(19+ '#)/)1"&% '" 3+"3%$ &+ %8+"% % 3%"&1
/1-&1 3+ %3+$71 3) +/ -%#%$ 4'"()%"1 &+ '"1 4%$-1 -3 +4)()+"#+ % "%, &+ +3#1
4%$-1 +"('+"#$1 /1 (1"#)&1& *9#)-1 &+ (%-'3#)/+ 1 )"5+(#1$ +" +/ -%#%$ 91$1 (1&1
(%-)"1()*" &+ RPM 5 9%3)()*" &+/ 1(+/+$1&%$. O#$%3 91$-+#$%3 @'+ 3%"
'3'1/-+"#+ -19+1&%3 3%" I8")()*" D+4)"+ ('1"&% /1 '61 &++ &)391$1$ /1 ()391
+" +/ ()/)"&$%.
L-)#+ &+ $+7%/'()%"+3 D+4)"+ +/ -)-% ">-+$% &+ RPM @'+ +/ -%#%$ 9'+&+
1/(1"1$. M3 1// &+ +3#+ /-)#+ 3+ (%$#1 /1 +"#$1&1 &+ (%-'3#)/+. C%$$+(#1
#+-9+$1#'$1 &+/ 18'1 P+$-)#+ /1 1&)(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+ +#$1 ('1"&% +/ -%#%$ +3#
4$)% +3#$1"8'/1&%$. A/)-+"#1()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+ #+-9%$1/ L+ &)(+ 1 /1 ECU @'+ +3
"+(+31$)% '" -15%$ 19%$#+ &+ (%-'3#)/+ ('1"&% +/ 1(+/+$1&%$ +3 9$+3)%"1&%.
M%&)4)(1&%$ &+ 161 9$+3)*" +" +/ (%-'3#)/+ L+ &)(+ 1 /1 ECU @'+ 1'-+"#+ +/
#)+-9% +" +/ @'+ 1(#>1 /1 '61 91$1 (%-9+"31$ '"1 9$&)&1 +" /1 9$+3)*" &+/
(%-'3#)/+.
S+"3%$ &+ %8+"% 3+"3%$ /1-&1 P+$-)#+ @'+ /1 ECU 9%3+1 &1#%3 9+$-1"+"#+3
&+ /%3 813+3 &+ +3(19+ 5 13 -%&)4)@'+ +/ #)+-9% &+ )"5+(()*" 91$1 (%"3+8')$ '"1
(%-'3#)*" )&+1/. A/8'"13 &+ /13 -3 171"1&13 ECU3 &+ (1$$+$13 )"(/'5+"
4'"()%"1/)&1&+3 -3 171"1&13 (%"#$%/ &+ 31/)&1, /)-)#1()*" &+ /1 9%#+"()1 &+/ -%#%$
+" /1 9$)-+$1 -1$(1 91$1 +7)#1$ /1 $%#'$1 &+ 3#+. O#$%3 +6+-9/%3 &+ 4'"()%"+3
171"1&13 3%"
C%"#$%/ &+ 9$&)&13 C%"4)8'$1 +/ (%-9%$#1-)+"#% &+/ V13#+ 81#+ &+/ #'$%,
(%"#$%/1"&% +/ %%3#.
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I"5+(()*" B1"+& U31&% 91$1 (%"3+8')$ '"1 )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+ -3
9$+()31 5 91$1 1#%-)1$ +" '" 1/#% $1"8% &+ RPM.
T)+-9% 71$)1/+ &+ /+713 I"4%$-1 1 /1 ECU (%-% (%"#$%/1$ /13 71$)1/+3
#+-9%$1/+3 +" /13 /+713 &+ +"#$1&1 5 +3(19+.
U"1 ECU &+ (1$$+$13 4$+('+"#+-+"#+ 3+ +@')91 (%" '" &)39%3)#)7% &+
1/-1(+"1-)+"#% @'+ 8$11 /%3 71/%$+3 &+ #%&%3 /%3 3+"3%$+3 91$1 '" 9%3#+$)%$
1"/)3)3, '31"&% '" 3%4#V1$+ +39+()1/ +" '" %$&+"1&%$. E3#% 9'+&+ 3+$ -'5 >#)/ 91$1
/1 9'+3#1 1 9'"#% &+/ 7+('/% 5 3+ (%"3)8'+ (%" /1 %3+$71()*" &+ /%3 &1#%3
'3(1"&% 1"%-1/13 +" /%3 &1#%3 % (%-9%$#1-)+"#%3 &+ /13 ECU3.E/ 1/-1(+"1-)+"#% &+ +3#%3 &)39%3)#)7%3 @'+ 8$11" /%3 &1#%3 3'+/+ $%"&1$ +"#$+ /%3
0.! 5 < -+815#+3. P1$1 (%"3+8')$ /1 (%-'")(1()*" (%" +/ (%"&'(#%$, '"1 ECU &+
(1$$+$13 9'+&+ +3#1$ (%"+(#1&1 1 '"1 W9)/1 &+ &1#%3W, @'+ +3 '" 9+@'+?% 8')%" &+ 1
%$&% +" +/ @'+ +/ (%"&'(#%$ 9'+&+ 7+$ /13 1(#'1/+3 RPM, 7+/%()&1& 5 %#$%3 &1#%3
3)(%3 &+/ -%#%$. E3#13 %"13 &+ 1/-1(+"1-)+"#%, 3%" -15%$)#1$)1-+"#+ &)8)#1/+3, 5
3+ (%-'")(1" (%" /1 ECU '#)/)1"&% '"% &+ /%3 -'(%3 9$%#%(%/%3 +"#$+ /%3 @'+ 3+
+"('+"#$1" RS2:2, CANBUS. :! 2.2..
1.!.# CLASIFICACIÓN DE MÓDULOS SEG$N SUS FUNCIONES
1.!.#.1 MÓDULO DE CONTROL ELECTRÓNICO %ECM&
ECM % M*&'/% &+ C%"#$%/ &+ M%#%$E/+(#$*")(%. E/ ECM +3 '" ECU +" '" -%#%$ &+(%-'3#)*" )"#+$"1 @'+ (%"#$%/1 71$)13 4'"()%"+3 (%-% )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+,
3)3#+-1 &+ (%"#$%/ &+ #)+-9% &+ )"5+(()*" 5 &+ &)3#$)'()*" &+ /1 ()391. T%&% +3#+
2
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(%"#$%/ 3+ $+1/)1 131&% +" &1#%3 (%-% #+-9+$1#'$1 &+/ 1"#)(%"8+/1"#+ &+/ -%#%$,
4/'6% &+ 1)$+, 9%3)()*" &+ 91/1"(1 $+())&%3 &+3&+ 71$)%3 3+"3%$+3.
1.!.#.! PCM ' MÓDULO DE CONTROL DEL TREN DE POTENCIA.
PCM +3 '" ECU @'+ -%")#%$+1 5 (%"#$%/1 7+/%()&1&, AC 5 T$1"3-)3)*" A'#%-#)(1.
L13 +"#$1&13 @'+ 3%" 1/)-+"#1&13 1/ PCM 3%" &+
S+"3%$ &+ 9%3)()*" &+/ 1(+/+$1&%$,
S+"3%$ &+ 7+/%()&1& &+ 4/+(1 &+ #$1"3-)3)*",
S+"3%$ &+ 7+/%()&1& &+/ 7+('/%
S+"3%$ &+ 7+/%()&1& &+/ -%#%$ CKP
I"#+$$'9#%$ &+ 4$+"%
I"#+$$'9#%$+3 &+ (%"#$%/ &+ 7+/%()&1&
E"(+"&)&%
I"#+$$'9#%$ %"%44 &+ %7+$&$)7+
S+"3%$ &+/ 8%+$"1&%$ &+ 9$+3)*".
U31"&% +3#13 +"#$1&13 $+1/)1 (%"#$%/ &+ #$1"3-)3)*", (%"#$%/ &+ 7/7'/1 1 #$173 &+
31/)&13 PM, (%"#$%/ &+/ +-$18'+ (%"7+$#)&%$ &+ #%$3)*" 5 &+/ $+/ &+ 9$%#+(()*" &+
#$1"3-)3)*" 5 9$%9%$()%"1 )"4%$-1()*" 1/ (%"#$%/1&%$ 1 #$173 &+ /1 /-91$1 &+/
#1/+$% &+ %7+$&$)7+.
1.!.( ENTRADAS Y SALIDAS DEL ECM
C%-% 51 3+ +3#1/+()*, +/ ECM +3 +/ -*&'/% &+ (%"#$%/ &+/ 3)3#+-1. E3 +/
$+39%"31/+ &+ 7)8)/1$ 9%$ -+&)% &+ 3'3 3+"3%$+3 + )"#+$$'9#%$+3 /%3 &)4+$+"#+3
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139+(#%3 &+ /1 (%-'3#)*" )"#+$"1 &+/ -%#%$ 5 (%"#$%/1$ 1@'+//%3 41(#%$+3 @'+ #)+"+"
'" +4+(#% &)$+(#% 3%$+ /1 %9+$1()*" &+/ -%#%$ 5 3'3 31/)&13.
)8)/1"&% 5 (%"#$%/1"&% /13 %9+$1()%"+3 &+/ -%#%$, +/ ECM #)+"+ '" (%"#$%/ &)$+(#% &+/
$+"&)-)+"#% &+/ -%#%$ 5 /1 +(%"%-1 &+/ (%-'3#)/+. C'1"&% +/ ECM (%"#$%/+ 1/
-%#%$ +3#1$ %9+$1"&% +" O9+" L%%9 /% % +" C/%3+& L%%9. C'1"&% +/ -%#%$ +3
9'+3#% +" -1$(1 9%$ 9$)-+$1 7+ /1 -15%$1 &+ 3'3 (%-9%"+"#+3, )"(/'5+"&% +/
-%#%$ -)3-%, +3#" 1 #+-9+$1#'$1 1-)+"#+, 3) 1" +3#1&% 3)" 4'"()%"1$ &'$1"#+ '"
#)+-9% 9$%/%"81&%.
U" -%#%$ 4$% "+(+3)#1 '"1 -+(/1 $)(1 91$1 1$$1"(1$, (%"4%$-+ +/ -%#%$ 3+ (1/)+"#1
/1 -+(/1 &+/ (%-'3#)/+ 9'+&+ +-9%$+(+$3+ /+"#1-+"#+ 91$1 (%-9+"31$ +/ +(%
&+ @'+ '" -%#%$ (1/)+"#+ $+@')+$+ &+ '"1 -+(/1 9%$+ 91$1 4'"()%"1$.
L1 4'"()*" &+/ ECM +3 +"#$+81$ 1/ -%#%$ /1 (1"#)&1& (%$$+(#1 &+ (%-'3#)/+ 16%
#%&13 /13 (%"&)()%"+3 &+ %9+$1()*", +3#% 3+ /%8$1 1 #$173 &+ 71$)13 (%"&)()%"+3
(%"%()&13 (%-% M%&%3 &+ %9+$1()*" &+ ECM.
U" ECU (%"3)3#+ +" '" ">-+$% &+ /%@'+3 4'"()%"1/+3
F'+"#+ &+ A/)-+"#1()*" &)8)#1/ 5 1"1/*8)(1 9%#+"()1 91$1 3+"3%$+3
1"1/*8)(%3
MPU -)($%9$%(+31&%$ 5 -+-%$)1 8+"+$1/-+"#+ F/13 5 RAM
E"/1(+ &+ C%-'")(1()*" +6. '3 CAN
E"#$1&13 D)3($+#13 +"#$1&13 #)9% )"#+$$'9#%$ O"O44
E"#$1&13 &+ F$+('+"()1 3+?1/+3 #)9% (%&)4)(1&%$ +6. 91/1"(1 % 7+/%()&1& &+
7+('/%
E"#$1&13 A"1/*8)(13 3+?1/+3 &+ $+#$%1/)-+"#1()*" &+3&+ 3+"3%$+3
2:
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S1/)&13 &+ C%"-'#1&%$ 31/)&13 #)9% )"#+$$'9#%$ O"O44
S1/)&13 PM 4$+('+"()1 71$)1/+ 5 9+$)%&% +6. )"5+(#%$ % +"(+"&)&%
S1/)&13 &+ F$+('+"()1 9+$)%&% (%"3#1"#+ +6. -%#%$ &+ 913%3 (%"#$%/ &+
#)+-9% &+ )"5+(()*"
1.!.6 SENSORES
G+"+$1/-+"#+ +" '"1 U")&1& &+ C%"#$%/ &+ M%#%$ +)3#+" 71$)%3 #)9%3 &+ 3+"3%$+3 5
1(#'1&%$+3 (%"+(#1&%3. E3 )-9%$#1"#+ 31+$ +/ #)9% &+ ES @'+ $+@')+$+".
S+"3%$ &+ T+-9+$1#'$1 &+/ A"#)(%"8+/1"#+ CTS E/ CTS #1-)" '31 '"
#+$-)3#%$ 91$1 &+#+(#1$ /1 #+-9+$1#'$1 &+/ 1"#)(%"8+/1"#+ +" +/ -%#%$ 5
1/)-+"#1 /1 3+?1/ &+ 7%/#16+ 1 '" (1"1/ &+ +"#$1&1 1"1/*8)(1 &+/ ECM.
S+"3%$ &+ P%3)()*" C1-314#C$1"314# CPS E/ CPS +3 -'5 )-9%$#1"#+ 1/
-%")#%$+1$ /1 7+/%()&1& &+/ -%#%$ 5 /1 9%3)()*" &+/ 9)3#*" +" +/ -%#%$.
T$1&)()%"1/-+"#+, /%3 3+"3%$+3 &+ $+"'+"()1 71$)1/+ +$1" '31&%3 91$1 -+&)$
+3#% 9+$% %5 +" &1 71$)%3 3+"3%$+3 IR 5 /%3 >/#)-%3 (%&)4)(1&%$+3 $%#1#)7%3
3%" '31&%3 91$1 1(+$ /% -)3-%. E3#13 3+?1/+3 &+ (%&)4)(1&%$ 3%"
9$%9%$()%"1&%3 (%-% +"#$1&13 &+ 4$+('+"()1 1 /%3 ECUX3.
S+"3%$ &+ G%/9+ KS
E/ KS +3 '" 3+"3%$ 9)+%+/(#$)(% #9)(%, &+#+(#1 /1 7)$1()*" &+ 8%/9+ &+3&+ +/
/%@'+ &+ ()/)"&$% &%"&+ +3# 3'6+#% 5 +3#1 3+?1/ 1"1/*8)(1
C%-9/+61&)"-)(1 3+ -1"&1 1/ ECU.
S+"3%$ &+ O8+"% HO2S
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E/ HO2S +3 '" 3+"3%$ &+ -+&)&1 &+ (1/)&1& &+/ 1)$+. E/ 3+"3%$ +3# +(%
3)(1-+"#+ &+ (+$-)(1 )$(%")1 /1 ('1/ +3 (%/%(1&1 +" +/ -1")4%/& &+
(%-'3#)*" +" '" #'% (+$$1&%. L1 )$(%")1 8+"+$1 7%/#16+ &+3&+
19$%)-1&1-+"#+ -)-% +" +(+/+"#+3 (%"&)()%"+3 13#1 0 +"
(%"&)()%"+3 &)4()/+3. E3#1 3+?1/ 1"1/*8)(1 +3 +"7)1&1 1/ ECM.
S+"3%$ &+ P%3)()*" &+/ A(+/+$1&%$ TPS
E/ TPS +3 '" 9%#+"()*-+#$% @'+ #$1"34%$-1 /1 9%3)()*" &+/ 1(+/+$1&%$ +"
7%/#16+ &+ 31/)&1 +/ ('1/ 3+ +"71 /1 ECM.
S+"3%$ &+ +/%()&1& &+/ +('/% SS
E/ SS +3# ')(1&1 +" +/ +6+ &+ #$1"3-)3)*". E3 '" 8+"+$1&%$ &+ 9'/3% 5
9$%9%$()%"1 '"1 3+?1/ &)8)#1/ 1/ ECM.
P$+3)*" A3%/'#1 &+/ ->/#)9/+ MAP
E/ 3+"3%$ &+ P$+3)*" A3%/'#1 &+/ M>/#)9/+ -)&+ /%3 (1-)%3 +" /1 9$+3)*" &+
1&-)3)*" &+3&+ /1 (1$81 &+/ -%#%$ 5 /%3 (1-)%3 &+ 7+/%()&1&. E/ ECM +"71
'"1 3+?1/ &+ $+4+$+"()1 &+ ! 7%/#3 1/ 3+"3%$ MAP. C%"4%$-+ /%3 (1-)%3 &+
9$+3)*" +" /1 9$+3)*" &+ 1&-)3)*" %('$$+", /1 $+3)3#+"()1 +/(#$)(1 &+/ 3+"3%$
MAP #1-)" (1-)1. A/ -%")#%$+1$ +/ 7%/#16+ &+ 31/)&1 &+/ 3+"3%$, /1 PC
9'+&+ &+#+$-)"1$ /1 P$+3)*" A3%/'#1 &+/ M>/#)9/+. M)+"#$13 -15%$ /1 31/)&1 &+
7%/#16+ MAP, -+"%$ +/ 71(% &+/ -%#%$, /% ('1/ $+@')+$+ -3 813%/)"1. M)+"#$13
-+"%$ /1 31/)&1 &+ 7%/#16+ MAP, -15%$ +/ 71(% &+/ -%#%$, /% ('1/ $+@')+$+
-+"%3 813%/)"1. B16% ()+$#13 (%"&)()%"+3, +/ 3+"3%$ MAP #1-)" +3 '31&%
91$1 -+&)$ 9$+3)*" 1$%-#$)(1. E3#% 9+$-)#+ 1 /1 PC 16'3#1$3+
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1'#%-#)(1-+"#+ 91$1 &)4+$+"#+3 1/#)#'&+3. L1 PC '#)/)1 +/ 3+"3%$ MAP 91$1
(%"#$%/1$ /1 )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+ 5 #)+-9% &+ )"5+(()*".
E3#%3 3%" 1/8'"13 &+ /13 3+?1/+3 -3 )-9%$#1"#+3 @'+ +/ ECM #%-1 91$1 (%"#$%/1$
+/ 3)3#+-1 &+ )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+ &+ -1"+$1 +4)()+"#+ 5 91$1 '"1
1&-)")3#$1()*" 1&+('1&1 &+/ (%-'3#)/+. M)$1$ /1 #1/1 3+?1/+3 91$1 +/ (%"#$%/ &+
)"5+(()*".
Tabla 1: señales para el control de inyección. TOYOTA técnica training (23/3/200!. "ntrod#ction to electronic signals. (23/3/200! p.$%&
1.!.) SE*ALES DE LOS DIFERENTES SENSORES
1.!.).1 SE*ALES ANALÓGICAS
S%" 3+?1/+3 @'+ 9$+3+"#1" '" (1-)% (%"3#1"#+ &+ 7%/#16+. E3#+ #)9% &+ 3+?1/+3
9'+&+" 3+$ &+ +"#$1&1 % 31/)&1. P1$1 9%&+$ 3+$ 9$%(+31&13 +3#+ #)9% &+ 3+?1/+3 9%$
/%3 ECM, 9$)-+$% #)+"+" @'+ 3+$ (%"7+$#)&13 1 '"1 3+?1/ &)8)#1/. P%$ +6+-9/%, +" +/
(13% &+ '" 3+"3%$ 1"/%8% @'+ 9$%(+3+ /%3 &)+"#+3 &+ '" 1$% $+/'(#%$, /1
(%-9'#1&%$1 9$)-+$% /1 #$1"34%$-1 +" '"1 3+?1/ &+ O" 5 O44 91$1 9%&+$ )"#+$9$+#1$/1
2<
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'r)ica 1: e*e+plo de señal analógica. TOYOTA tecnical training (23/3/200!. "ntrod#ction to electronic signals.(23/3/200! p.$%2
U" +6+-9/% &+ '" 3+"3%$ &+ @'+ 9$%&'(+ '"1 3+?1/ 1"1/*8)(1 +3 +/ 3+"3%$ &+
9%3)()*" &+/ 1(+/+$1&%$. E3#+ 3+"3%$ #1-)" +3 //1-1&% &+ R+3)3#+"()1 71$)1/+ %
#)9% 9%#+"()*-+#$%.
E/ 3+"3%$ 9$%&'(+ '"1 3+?1/ @'+ 91$#+ &+3&+ (+$% 5 //+81 1 '" /-)#+ @'+ &+9+"&+ &+
/1 1/)-+"#1()*" &+ 7%/#16+ 9$%9%$()%"1&1 1/ 3+"3%$.
E/ 3+"3%$ &+ #+-9+$1#'$1, #1-)" //1-1&% &+ #+$-)3#%$, +3 '" #)9% &+ 3+"3%$ @'+
71$1 )"#+$"1-+"#+ +/ 71/%$ &+ /1 $+3)3#+"()1 +" $+39'+3#1 1 /1 #+-9+$1#'$1
'r)ica 2: e*e+plo de señal de #n sensor analógico TOYOTA tecnical training (23/3/200!. "ntrod#ction toelectronic signals. (23/3/200! p.$%3
2
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1.!.).!SE*AL DIGITAL
E3 '" #)9% &+ 3+?1/ @'+ "% 71$1 (%"3#1"#+-+"#+ 51 @'+ 3%/% $+9$+3+"#1 &%3 ")7+/+3
&+ 7%/#16+ % &%3 +3#1&%3. E3#%3 +3#1&%3 3+ 9'+&+" $+9$+3+"#1$ (%-% H)L%V, O"O44
% 0. P1$1 /%3 3+"3%$+3 @'+ +"(%"#$1-%3 +" '" 1'#%-*7)/ +3 (%->" +"(%"#$1$ 1 07
(%-% L%V 5 !7 (%-% H).
U" +6+-9/% &+ 3+?1/ &)8)#1/ 9$%7)+"+ &+ '" 3V)#(. E3#+ -1"+61 3%/% 2 +3#1&%3 O"
07 5 O44 !7 +" /1 -15%$1 &+ /%3 (13%3.
'r)ica 3: e*e+plo de #na señal digital. TOYOTA tecnical training (23/3/200!. "ntrod#ction to electronic signals.(23/3/200! p.$%2
1.!.+ PROCESAMIENTO DEL ECM DE LA INFORMACIÓN ,UE RECIBE DE LOS
SENSORES
L1 )"4%$-1()*" $+())&1 +3 9$%(+31&1 5 (%-91$1&1 (%" &)3#)"#%3 91$-+#$%3
)"(/')&%3 +" /1 -+-%$)1 )"#+$"1 &+/ ECM. D+ +3#1 -1"+$1 31+ @'+ %$&+"+3 +"7)1$ 1
/%3 1(#'1&%$+3.
2
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"l#stración 1: procesa+iento de la in)or+ación del ,-. TOYOTA tecnical training (23/3/200!. "ntrod#ction toelectronic signals. (23/3/200! p.$%&
1.!.- SISTEMA DE INYECCIÓN ELECTRÓNICA
L1 )"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1 "1()* (%-% '"1 "+(+3)&1& &+ (%"#$%/1$ /13 +-)3)%"+3 &+
/%3 813+3 &+ +3(19+ 9%$ (1'31 &+ /1 (%-'3#)*" &+ (%-'3#)/+3 4*3)/+3, #1/ +3 +/
(13% &+ /1 813%/)"1. S+ &+3($))$" /%3 +/+-+"#%3 (%"#$%/1&%$+3 &+/ 3)3#+-1 &+
+-)3)%"+3, (%-% 9%$ +6+-9/% /1 7/7'/1 &+ $+()$('/1()*" &+ 813+3 &+ (%-'3#)*"
EGR, +/ 3)3#+-1 &+ (%"#$%/ &+ 813+3 +719%$1#)7%3 EAP, +/ 3)3#+-1
&+ 3'9+$7)3)*" &+ (%"#1-)"1"#+3 % (%"7+$#)&%$ (1#1/#)(%, &+ )8'1/ -1"+$1 3+
+3#'&)1$1 /1 8+3#)*" +/+(#$*")(1 &+ -%#%$ &+ (%-'3#)*" )"#+$"1, '#)/)1"&%
'"1 (%-9'#1&%$1 1 %$&% @'+ 3)$71 (%-% '" 3)3#+-1 &+ 3'9+$7)3)*" (%" &)18"%3#)(%
1 %$&% +" 3'3 &)4+$+"#+3 -%&1/)&1&+3 OBDI, OBDII 5 EOBDII. A3)-)3-% 3+ &1$ '"
$+913% 1/ 3)3#+-1 3+"3%$+3 5 1(#'1&%$+3 &+/ 7+('/%, 1 #$173 &+ /%3 &)4+$+"#+3
-%&%3 &+ )"5+(()*" +/+(#$*")(1.
E3 +/ +"(1$81&% &+ 3'-)")3#$1$ /1 -+(/1 (%-'3#)/+ 1)$+ 813%/)"1, +" /1
9$%9%$()*", (1"#)&1& 5 4%$-1 1&+('1&1 1 (1&1 -%-+"#% &+ %9+$1()*" &+/ -%#%$,
+" 4'"()*" &+ &)4+$+"#+3 71$)1/+3 @'+ 3+ 3'(+&+" &+"#$% &+/ -%#%$ (%-% 4'+$1 &+ /
2=
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#+-9+$1#'$1 &+/ $+4$)8+$1"#+ &+/ -%#%$ ECT, 9%3)()*" &+/ 1(+/+$1&%$ TPS, 4/'6% &+
-131 &+ 1)$+ MAF, #+-9+$1#'$1 &+/ 1)$+ IAT, 9$+3)*" 1$%-#$)(1 5 (1$81 &+/ -%#%$
MAP, 9%3)()*" &+/ ()8+?1/ 5 $+7%/'()%"+3 9%$ -)"'#% &+/ -%#%$ CKP, 9%3)()*" &+/
$%/ &+ /+713 CMP, 7+/%()&1& &+/ 7+('/% SS, 3+?1/ &+ 1)$+ 1(%"&)()%"1&% AA,
3+?1/ &+ #$1"3-)3)*" 1'#%-#)(1 PN, 3+?1/ &+ ;;, +"#$+ %#$%3.
1.!.1 FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL SISTEMA DE INYECCIÓN ELECTRÓNICA
E" '" S)3#+-1 &+ I"5+(()*" E/+(#$*")(1, +/ (%-'3#)/+ +3 )-9'/31&% 9%$ '"1 %-1
&+ 813%/)"1 +/(#$)(1 1 #$173 &+ /1 #'+$1 &+ 9$+3)*", 9131"&% 9%$ '" 4)/#$% 1"#+3 &+
/1 %-1 4)/#$% &+ %-1 % #1"@'+ % 9$+ 4)/#$%, 5 &+39'3 &+ /1 %-1 4)/#$% &+
/"+1, 13#1 //+81$ 1 /1 '")&1& &+ )"5+(()*". E" +3#1 '")&1& 3+ +"(%"#$1$1" /%3
)"5+(#%$+3 5 '" $+8'/1&%$ &+ 9$+3)*" 9$)"()91/, @'+ (%"#$%/1 /1 9$+3)*" &+/ 3)3#+-1,
+"7)1"&% +/ $+3#% 1/ #1"@'+ &+ (%-'3#)/+ 1 #$173 &+ /1 #'+$1 &+ $+#%-%. C1+
&+3#1(1$, @'+ +" /%3 S)3#+-1 &+ >/#)-1 8+"+$1()*", /1 #'+$1 &+ $+#%$"% 4'+
+/)-)"1&1, 3)+"&% @'+ +/ $+8'/1&%$ &+ 9$+3)*" 3+ +"('+"#$1 +" +/ #1"@'+ &+
(%-'3#)/+, 1 /1 31/)&1 &+/ #1"@'+ % +" '" (%"6'"#% //1-1&% M%&'/% &+ C%-'3#)/+
+"31-/+ &+ %-1 &+ (%-'3#)/+, 4)/#$% &+ %-1 % #1"@'+, $+8'/1&%$ &+ 9$+3)*",
4)/#$% &+ /"+1, 3+"3%$ &+ ")7+/ &+ (%-'3#)/+. E3#1 -%&)4)(1()*" &+/ 3)3#+-1 4'+
$+1/)1&1 +" -+6%$13 &+/ S)3#+-1 EAP E-)3)%"+3 E719%$1#)713 &+/ T1"@'+ &+
C%-'3#)/+, 91$1 &)3-)"')$ /13 (1$813 #$-)(13 #$1"39%$#1&13 9%$ +/ (%-'3#)/+,
&+3&+ +/ -%#%$ 13#1 +/ #1"@'+ &+ (%-'3#)/+, 9+$-)#)+"&% &)3-)"')$ /1 (1$81
#$-)(1 +" +/ (%-'3#)/+ @'+ 3+ +"('+"#$1 +" +/ #1"@'+, 5 9%$ #1"#%, &)3-)"'()*" &+
719%$.
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L%3 )"5+(#%$+3 3+$" (%"#$%/1&%3 9%$ '" O$&+"1&%$ % C%-9'#1&%$ @'+ 3+ +"(1$81$
&+ &%3)4)(1$ /1 -+(/1 1 '"1 9$%9%$()*", 4%$-1 5 7%/'-+" 3+8>" (1&1 -%-+"#% &+
%9+$1()*" &+/ -%#%$ 161 % 1/#1 (1$81 #$-)(1, 1/#1 % 161 (1$81 &+/ -%#%$, 9$+3)*"
1#-%34$)(1, '-+&1&, (1"#)&1& &+ %8+"% +" +/ +3(19+, +"#$+ %#$%3.
1.!.11 MICROCONTROLADORES
1.!.1! AT MEGA
CAPÍTULO !
MARCO CONTE/TUAL
:
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!.1 MARCO METODOLÓGICO
E" +3#+ (19#'/% 3+ +9%"&$ +/ 9$%/+-1 +"(%"#$1&% 5 3+ +3#'&)1$1" /13
"+(+3)&1&+3 &+/ 9$%5+(#%, 3+ +9/)(1$1 (%" &+#1//+ +/ 9$%(+3% //+71&% 1 (1% &+3&+
/1 %#+"()*" &+ /1 )"4%$-1()*", +/1%$1()*" &+/ &)3+?% &+/ 9$%#%#)9%, /13
+39+()4)(1()%"+3 &+/ -%&+/% 4)"1/ 5 /1 +/1%$1()*" &+/ 9$%#%#)9%.
!.! METODOLOGÍA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN
E3#+ 9$%5+(#% 3+ 131 +" /1 -+#%&%/%81 +9+$)-+"#1/, /1 ('1/ +3# &)3+?1&1 (%" +/
9$%9*3)#% &+ 9%&+$ &+#+$-)"1$ +" /1 -15%$ -+&)&1 9%3)/+ /13 $+/1()%"+3 &+ (1'31
+4+(#% @'+ +"7'+/7+" 1 '" 4+"*-+"%.
!." DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA
E" +/ 7+('/% A7+% .</#3 (%"#1-%3 (%" +/ -*&'/% ECM 5 DIS. E" +3#%3 -*&'/%3 +3
(%->" +"(%"#$1$ 41//13 @'+ )-9)&+" +/ +"(+"&)&% 5 %9+$1()*" &+/ 7+('/%, 3+8>" +/
9%$#1/ +" /"+1 %9)"11'#%3.(%-, +/ :[ &+ /%3 +$$%$+3 -3 (%-'"+3 +" +3#+ 1'#%
+3#" $+/1()%"1&13 (%" +/ +"(+"&)&% &+/ 7+('/%. E3#+ 9$%/+-1 8+"+$1/-+"#+ +3
%$)8)"1&% +" /%3 -*&'/%3 DIS 5 ECM.
L13 (1'313 -3 (%-'"+3 &+ /1 41//13 &+ +"(+"&)&% 3%" &1?% 9%$ 18'1 % 9%$ 4'+8%,
9$&)&1 &+ ()391 &+ '613, 9$&)&1 &+ )"5+(()*" &+ (%-'3#)/+ % 41//1 +" /1 %-1
&+ 813%/)"1, 9$%/+-13 )"#+$-)#+"#+3, /1 ECU 3'4$+ 3%$+(1/+"#1-)+"#%, #)+"+ 9)"+3
$%#%3 % +$$%$+3 )"#+$"%3 +" /1 -+-%$)1 &+/ ECM. T%&% +3#% )-9/)(1 @'+ +/ '3'1$)% &+/
1'#%-*7)/ @'+&+ 71$1&% +" -+&)% &+/ (1-)"% + )-9%3))/)#1&%3 &+ //+71$ +/ 7+('/%
1 '" (%"(+3)%"1$)% % #1//+$ &+ 3+$7)()%, 9$%7%(1"&%, 9$&)&1 &+ #)+-9% 5 &)"+$%.
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E" +/ (13% &+ @'+ +/ #(")(% -+(")(% 1('&1 1 1')/)1$ 1 1/8>" (/)+"#+ (%" +3#1
9$%/+-#)(1 9%&$1 1(+$ '3% &+/ -*&'/% 1')/)1$ &+ +-+$8+"()1 5 13 &1$ '"1
3%/'()*" $9)&1 3'3#)#'5+"&% 1/ -*&'/% @'+ 9$+3+"#+ 1/8'"1 17+$1, &+ +3#1 -1"+$1
3+ 9%&$1 &+39/11$ 1/ 7+('/% &+ -1"+$1 1'#*"%-1 3)" "+(+3)&1& &+ $+('$$)$ 1
")"8>" 3+$7)()% &+ 8$>1 % +39+$1$ 13#1 @'+ +3#1 1('&1. A3 3+$ -3 4()/ 5
+(%"*-)(% #$13/1&1$ 1/ 7+('/% 1/ #1//+$ &+ 3+$7)()% % 3+8')$ (%" /13 1(#)7)&1&+3 @'+
+/ (/)+"#+ #+")1 (%"#+-9/1&13.
!.# NECESIDADES
S+8>" /% 9/1"#+1&% +" /1 &+4)")()*" &+/ 9$%/+-1 +"(%"#$1-%3 /13 9$)"()91/+3
"+(+3)&1&+3 @'+ #)+"+" /%3 '3'1$)%3 5 @'+ +" (13% &+ +"(%"#$1$3+ +" +3#1 3)#'1()*"
9%&$1-%3 ('$)$ (%" +/ 9$+3+"#+ 9$%5+(#%.
. E/1%$1$ '" &)39%3)#)7% @'+ 9+$-)#1 /1 %9+$1()*" &+/ 7+('/% +" 3'3#)#'()*"
&+/ ECM 5 &+/ -*&'/% DIS.
2. C%"#$%/1$ /%3 9$)"()91/+3 3)3#+-13 &+/ 7+('/% +"(+"&)&% + )"5+(()*"
+/+(#$*")(1.:. R+&'()$ /%3 (%3#%3 &+ #$13/1&% &+ /1 '")&1&.;. O#+"+$ '"1 3%/'()*" $9)&1 5 +4+(#)71 +" (13% &+ @'+ +/ 7+('/% @'+&+
)"-%7)/)1&% 9%$ 41//1 &+/ ECM % &+/ -*&'/% DIS.
!.( DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROCESO DE DISE*O
P1$1 9%&+$ $+1/)1$ +/ &)3+?% /% 9$)-+$% @'+ 3+ "+(+3)#% 4'+ (%-9$+"&+$ +" @'
(%"3)3#1 +/ 9$%/+-1 5 /13 "+(+3)&1&+3 @'+ 8+"+$11 91$1 9%&+$ ('$)$/13, &+ +3#1
-1"+$1 3+ 4'+$%" &+3)8"1"&% #1$+13 /13 ('1/+3 3+ -+"()%"1" /1 3+(()*" 2. +" +/
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%#$%3 &)39%3)#)7%3 +/+(#$*")(%3. E3#+ 9$%#%#)9% &+ 9$'+1 9+$-)#)* 3)-'/1$ +/ 9$%(+3%
9%$ +/ ('1/ 3+ 9$%8$1-1 '" &)39%3)#)7% A$&')"%.
U"1 7+ (%-9$%1&1 /1 9$%8$1-1()*" @'+ ('-9/)+$1 (%" /%3 $+@')3)#%3 5 /13
4'"()%"1/)&1&+3 9$+7)1-+"#+ +3#1/+()&13, 3+ 9$%(+&)* 1 +/1%$1$ +/ -%&+/% 4'"()*" 5
13 9$%3+8')$ (%" /13 9$'+13 &+ +3#+. E/ -*&'/% 1')/)1$ &+ +-+$8+"()1 +3#1$
(%/%(1&% &+"#$% &+/ +391()% &%"&+ 1)#1 +/ -%#%$ 5 3+$ (%-'")(1&% (%" /%3
3+"3%$+3 5 1(#'1&%$+3 -+&)1"#+ 9'+"#+3 ')(1&%3 +" +/ 1$"3 9$)"()91/ &+/ -*&'/%
ECM.
!.+ RECURSOS DISPONIBLES
R23455 7389:50
. 2 1/'-"%3 &+ /1 /)(+"()1#'$1 +" )"8. M+(")(1 1'#%-%#$) 139)$1"#+3 1/
##'/% )"8+")+$1.2. 13+3%$ &+ (%"#+")&%.
:. 13+3%$ &+ -+#%&%/%81.;. 13+3%$ &+ +3#)/% 5 $+&1(()*".
R23455 ; <:=4892<>:0
. I"4%$-1()*" 9$%7+")+"#+ &+ /1 V+.2. I"4%$-1()*" +#$1&1 &+ 13+3 &+ &1#%3 1'#%-%#$)(+3.:. L)$%3 5 -1"'1/+3.
R23455 ?2:@><250
. C%-9'#1&%$12. A$&')"%:. S%4#V1$+ &+ A$&')"%;. O3()/%3(%9)%!. S%4#V1$+ &+ %3()/%3(%9)%
R23455 89?4<9@50
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. 1'#%-*7)/ A7+% .</#32. A$&')"%:. O3()/%3(%9)%
!.- CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES
"l#stración 2: cronogra+a de actiidades
!.1 B$S,UEDA DE INFORMACIÓN
E3#1 +#191 (%-+"* &+3&+ @'+ 3+ +"(%"#$* /1 9$%/+-#)(1 +9'+3#1 +" +3#+
9$%5+(#%, 9$)-+$% 3+ '3(* @'+ #1" 4$+('+"#+-+"#+ 3+ 9'+&+" +"(%"#$1$ 41//13 +" +/
ECM @'+ )-9)&1" @'+ +/ 1'#%-*7)/ 9'+&1 3+$ %9+$1&%. D+39'3 3+ '3(* 3) +)3#1
1/8>" -%&% &+ &1$/+ 3%/'()*" 1 +3#+ 9$%/+-1 5 3+ (%-91$1$%" /13 &)4+$+"#+3
3%/'()%"+3 +"(%"#$1&13. A/ 1+$ &+4)")&% ('/ +$1 /1 3%/'()*" -3 7)1/+, /1 ('1/ +$1
3'3#)#')$ 1/ ECM (%-% -+&)&1 #+-9%$1/. D+39'3 3+ '3(1$%" /13 +$$1-)+"#13 @'+
"%3 9+$-)#)$1" //+71$ 1 (1% +3#1 -+&)&1, 3+ +"(%"#$* @'+ 15 &)39%")/+3 2
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9/1#14%$-13 LOGO 5 A$&')"%, 9%3#+$)%$ 1 /1 (%-91$1()*" &+ 1-%3 &)39%3)#)7%3 3+
&+#+$-)"* ('1/ 3+$1 +/ -3 1&+('1&% 91$1 +3#+ 9$%5+(#%
!.11 DISE*O CONCEPTUAL
P1$1 +/ &)3+?% (%"(+9#'1/ 3+ $+1/)* '" 1"/)3)3 &+/ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+ /%3 9$)"()91/+3
3)3#+-1 &+/ 7+('/%, +3#+ 1"/)3)3 )"(/'5* 1 /%3 3+"3%$+3 5 1(#'1&%$+3 @'+
)"#+$7)+"+" +" (1&1 3)3#+-1, #1-)" 3+ +3#'&)1$%" /13 (%"&)()%"+3 91$1 +/
4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+ &)(%3 3)3#+-13 5 9%3#+$)%$-+"#+ 3+ )"7+3#)81$%" /13 +$$1-)+"#13
&)39%")/+3 (%" /13 @'+ 9%&1-%3 (%"#1$ 91$1 9%&+$ ('-9/)$ (%" +3#%3 $+@')3)#%3
4'"()%"1-)+"#%, 13 (%-% +/ -+&)% 91$1 9%&+$ (%"#$%/1$ 5 %9+$1$ 1/ 7+('/% 5 3'3
+/+-+"#%3. T1-)" 3+ $+1/)* '" +3#'&)% 3%$+ /1 )-9/+-+"#1()*" &+/ -*&'/%
1')/)1$ &+ +-+$8+"()1 &+"#$% &+/ 1'#%-*7)/, 3+ 1"1/)1$%" /%3 -+&)%3 &+ (%"+)*" 5
(%-% 1&19#1$/%3 1 /1 9/1#14%$-1 A$&')"%.
!.1! DISE*O DE DETALLE
U"1 7+ +(% +/ +3#'&)% &+/ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% &+/ -%#%$ 5 &+ 3'3 (%-9%"+"#+3 3+
//+7* 1 (1% /1 9$%8$1-1()*" &+/ -*&'/% A$&')"% @'+ (%$$+39%"&+$1 (%" (1&1
($)#+$)% &+ 4'"()%"1-)+"#% 5 %9+$1()*", 3+ &)3+?1$%" /%3 ()$(')#%3 +/(#$)(%3 5 +/
-+&)% 91$1 //+71$ 1(1% /13 (%"+)%"+3 9+$-)#+"#+3.
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