terra preta sanitation full reuse in sanitaton and bio-waste-management learning from successful...
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Terra Preta Sanitationfull reuse in sanitaton and
bio-waste-management
Learning from successful ancient cultures…
Prof. Dr. Ralf Otterpohl
Initial remark on Public Health• Parasites (Salt! removal of most parasites with
increased uptake of pure NaCl salt over 6 weeks, combne with Vitamin C like fresh fruitalso traditional knowledge)
• Flue (bird, swine, what is next?)why did this normal flue lieke swine flu become a WHO pandemy? Keep Vitamin D up! All flue can be treated with high amounts of vitamin D or A, check levels
• A really dangerous could come…(who will belive WHO then? see above)
• Keep the immune system strong: zink!(trace element, „ammunition of the immune system“, often too low)
Initial remark on Public Health
Selling bottled water for 30 40 0r 50 cents per litre to the poorest people in the world…
… is brutal misuse of power, killing babies and small children(can those who run this sleep well at night?)
A price of 5 cents for water in a bag is possible
Source: Prof. G. Teodorescu, Stuttgart
The 3 dimensions of Innovation
Concept Innovation
Technical Innovation
Formal Innovation
Vo
lum
el/(
P*y
ea
r)
Urine ~ 500
Feaces~ 50
(option: add biowaste)
Greywater 25.000 -100.000
N ~ 4-5 ~ 3 % ~ 87 % ~ 10 %
~ 34 %K ~ 1,8 ~ 54 % ~ 12 %
P ~ 0,75 ~50 % ~ 40 %~ 10 %
COD ~ 30 ~ 41 % ~ 12 % ~ 47 %
Reuse / Water Cycle
Treatment
Fertiliser
Biogas-PlantComposting
Treatment
Yearly Loadskg/(P*year)
Soil-Conditioner
S, Ca, Mg and traceelements
Geigy, Wiss. Tabellen, Basel 1981, Vol. 1, LARSEN and GUJER 1996, FITSCHEN and HAHN 1998
Flushwatercan be saved6.000 - 25.000
Low/Non-diluting toilets are the key for new sanitation concepts
1. Blackwater and integrated systems design
2. Dry sanitation / Low Cost solutions
3. Urine-Diversion with flush sanitation
The 3 main Development lines
Here: Dry sanitation and a pathway for the furture:
• Urine diverting dry toilets have been a major step forward (first from Sweden)
• Over 1 Million installations, fast growing
• Many different toilets have been developed, good but not excellent
• Treatment pathway for faeces and urine needs to be improved
….Urine Diverting Dry Sanitation: Developed from Sweden
ROSA, EU 6th FP
Neue Schultoilette, Ukraine (TUHH/WECF)
NGO WECF Women in Europe and TUHH
Major drawbacks in modern dry sanitation:
• Urban, peri-urban areas are still difficult to be served
• Multi storey houses not well solved
• Ventilation is not an option for large scale, otherwise the whole region will smell bad
• An ancient system offers new perspectives: Terra Preta Sanitationas evaluated by Dr. haiko Pieplow, Germany
Bio-Systems Design:
• If there is one problem, look for other problems and solve them together
• Waste of one system is food for others
• Solutions are searched until no waste is remaining
• No Waste equals Zero Emissions
• Multiple added value
according to Gunter Pauli, ZERI
If there is one problem, look for other problems and solve them together:
Problem:Lack of efficient low cost sanitation
Other Problems:
Water scarcityWeak soils, erosion, depletionMissing food securityLack of incomeToo little jobs
Waterless Soil production
(Urban) gardening
Jobs with the systems, greywater in gardening, black soil makes water, health
Soil degradation is stupid, future generations will need land, too…
Poor soil can become highly fertile withclever management of biowaste and sanitation
Naturally verypoor tropicalsoil
degrades verysoon withlack of organicmatter
The samesoil:highly fertileand carbon rich over manygenerationslong ago with- lactofermentedvermicompostedbiowaste andfaecal matter- 10% charcoal Terra PretaPoor soil can become highly fertile with
clever management of biowaste and sanitationfrom: Günther F. (2007). Carbon sequestration for everybody
Terra Preta:- 2000 – 7000 years old
- around 10 % of the Amazon Region
- 16. century millions of people,
today 350.000
- up to 20 meters deep, partly hills
- fertile without adding fertilizer
- multiple yield
Composition: around 10 % ground charcoal, processed biowaste and feacal matter (lactofermentation and vermicomposting),bones and broken earthware
Glaser, B. (2007). Prehistorically modified soils of central Amazonia: a model for sustainable agriculture in the twenty-first century,Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 362: pp 187–196
from: Günther F. (2007). Carbon sequestration for everybody
GEO, March 2009
Historic Amazon: Forest Argriculture in three layers GEO 3/2009
An ancient pathway for today:
TERRA PRETA(black soil)
Production of super-fertile soils, discovered in the Amazon from ancient cultures, still highly fertile today
Composed of biowaste, feacal matter, bones and charcoal
Production through lactofermentation (start e.g. by EM or Sauerkraut-liquid) followed by vermicomposting
Four design options forTerra Preta Sanitation:
• Siple bucket systems with separate urine collection
• Adapted urine diverted dry toilet
• 1st Class urine diverting dry toilet(to be developed)
• If the flush is needed: urine diverting flush toilet, collect solids in an lacto-acid sieving unit
Terra Preta Sanitation was mainly inspired by Dr. Haiko Pieplow, Ministry of the Environment, Germany
NO-COST-Sanitation can be highly efficient and feasible with some change of habits
1.) Teach users of pit-toilets to divert urine in any way,after learning about fertilising value many people with some space will do thisvery dense population: urine collection and usageshould be organisedthen no urine, no water into pit, add some charcoaland lacto-acid-bacteria (like in lacto-sauerkraut,pickled foods)
2.) Same procedure, but instead of ‚normal‘ pit do 2 alternate shallow pit, put worms into idle pit
3.) Use simple bucket system with a lid that closes air-thightotherwise like above
Pippinette
First step: Keep Urine separate opt 1.) to 3.)
Norway
The most simple approach, personal collector,female / male version
Urine collection,male version like in hospitals
Second step: Feacal matter collection opt. 3.)
Example: Mobile-toilet „toa-standard“with a closing lid for the bucketafter usage: cover with ½ cup of a mixture of2,5 kg ground charcoal, 1 kg dolomite-lime, 1:100 EM Aor leachate of lacto-acid-fermented sauerkraut (pickled), some stone-dust
Dry toilet shop, Hamburg:www.bergerbiotechnik.deTerra preta / EM-Shop:www.triaterra.de
operation ok when smell is ok leave lactofermenting for minimum 3 weeks to some month, then vermicomposting in aerobic composter,Process is simple and robust,
A good starting pointfor a luxury version
Separett Villa, Sweden
Cover lid
Cild seat
Terra preata toilets need to close the bucket air-tight after usage,no ventilation needed
(EcoSan Res/A. Rosemarin 2005)
Breakthrough in solids treatment at TUHH(BMBF / IPSWaT)
Integrated urban bio-systems
Win-Win-Win-Situation• Sanitaiton makes soil• Soil makes fuel and food• Watering with underground pipes
is greywater treatment• Operation and gardening creates
local jobs• Better health, less violence through
good nutrition• House design follows requirements,
beautiful homes, good climate
Zentrale der Commerzbank, Deutschland, Frankfurt am Main, 1994-1997"Wie kann man Arbeit und Natur in den Grenzen eines Bürogebäudes miteinander in Einklang bringen?" fragt Foster.
http://www.architektur.tu-darmstadt.de/powerhouse/db/248,id_21,s_Papers.fb15
Reuse through productive bamboo systemslocal regenerative energy, cost recovery throughcarbon trading and charcoal around 10m²/Person,feed only once a day, distribute well www.tuhh.de/aww
PHYTOREM,France
Sorting-Toilet(Gustavsberg, Sweden)
Waterless Urinal(Keramag)
Wasserfreie Urinsammlung ist inzwischen in Urinalen relativ problemlos möglich(Fa. Keramag)
From Dr. Haiko Pieplow, Ministry of the Environment, Germany
Lacto-acid bacteriaare added
Rottebehälter /Pre-composting tanc2 filterbags usedfor 6 month alternatelythen vermicompostingwith biowaste andslice-shred wood (optional)
• Empty bags all 6 month(3-month intervals or even 1 month can be tested)
• Compost bag contents with vermi-composting, optional addition of biowaste and slice-cut-woodchipLimited amounts of urine can be added according ot C:N ratio
From Dr. Haiko Pieplow, Ministry of the Environment, Germany
Conclusions
• The pathways for modern dry sanitation where found in ancient civilisations
• A very simple model can serve people who care for virtually no costs
• Luxury dry toilet models for littel money are feasible
• Added value trough less water consumption, fertile soil, local gardening options
Thank you for your effortsThank you for your effortstowards a better future!towards a better future!
and for listening…and for listening…further info on further info on www.tuhh.de/aww
IWA SG www.ecosan.orgIWA SG www.ecosan.org
Old Amazonian cultures
• All they left was highly fertile soil and beautiful earthware
• They could produce food with a very low footprint
• 3-storey agriculture (trees, scrub, ground)• They gave us a key element for the future
of our societies:urban and peri-urban agriculture can be combined with biowaste utilisation and sanitation
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