terra overview
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Remote Sensing of Atmosphere, Land and OceanProperties from Terra
Remote sensing of atmosphere,land and ocean properties Examples from Earth
observations Orbit, sensors, and sampling
characteristics
Michael D. KingNASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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EOS Goals & Mission Objectives
Goals Develop an understanding of the total Earth system, and the effects of natural and
human-induced changes on the global environment Expand scientific knowledge of the Earth system using NASAs unique capabilities
from the vantage points of space, aircraft, and in situ platforms Disseminate information about the Earth system Support national and international environmental policy recommendationsMission Objectives Create an integrated scientific observing system that will enable multidisciplinary
study of Earth system science Develop a comprehensive data and information system, including a data retrieval and
processing system Acquire and assemble a global database emphasizing remote sensing measurements
from space over a decade or more Improve predictive models of the Earth system
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Terra Objectives
Provide the first, consistent global snapshot of numerous importantEarth surface and atmospheric characteristics
Improve the ability to detect the human impacts on climate by identifyingindicators, or fingerprints, of human activity that can be used todistinguish them from natural variability
Provide measurements of the effects of clouds, aerosols, and greenhousegases on the Earths total energy balance
Provide estimates of global terrestrial and marine productivity that willenable more accurate calculations of global carbon storage, exchangewith the atmosphere, and year-to-year variability
Provide observations that will improve predictions of climate and ofweather at seasonal and interannual time scales Contribute to improved methods of disaster prediction, characterization,
and risk reduction from wild fires, volcanoes, floods, and droughts
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Terras Global Perspective
MODIS 1-2 day global coverage in 36
wavelengths from 250 m to 1km resolution
MISR Stereo images at 9 look
angles ASTER
Hi-resolution, multi-spectralimages from 15 m to 90 mresolution, plus stereo
MOPITT
Global measures of CH4 & CO CERES Measures Earths shortwave,
longwave, and net radiantenergy budget
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ASTER
Launched December 18, 1999
MODIS
CERES
MISR
MOPITT
Terra
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NASA, Terra & Aqua launches 1999, 2002 705 km polar orbits, descending (10:30
a.m.) & ascending (1:30 p.m.) Sensor Characteristics
36 spectral bands ranging from 0.41 to14.385 m
cross-track scan mirror with 2330 kmswath width
Spatial resolutions: 250 m (bands 1 - 2) 500 m (bands 3 - 7)
1000 m (bands 8 - 36) 2% reflectance calibration accuracy onboard solar diffuser & solar diffuser
stability monitor
MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)
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MODIS Scan Swath
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R = 0.65 mG = 0.56 mB = 0.47 m
May 28, 2001
Global Level-1B Composite Image
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Cloud Optical Thickness(M. D. King, S. Platnick, M. Gray, E. Moody, et al. NASA GSFC,
UMBC)
t c
1
10
70
Level-3 MonthlyAugust 2001
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Cloud Top Pressure(W. P. Menzel, R. Frey, K. Strabala, L. Gumley, et al. NOAA
NESDIS, U. Wisconsin/CIMSS)Level-3 Monthly
April 2001
300
400
500
700
1000pc (hPa)
900
800
600
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Precipitable Water over Land & Sunglint(B. C. Gao, et al. Naval Research Laboratory)
Level-3 MonthlyAugust 2001 q (cm)
0.0
2.5
7.5
5.0
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Fine mode t a (0.55 m)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.6
Aerosol Optical Thickness(Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanr, D. A. Chu, L. A. Remer et al. NASA GSFC,
University of Lille)Level-3 MonthlySeptember 2000
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Coarse mode
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4t a (0.55 m)
Aerosol Optical Thickness(Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanr, D. A. Chu, L. A. Remer et al. NASA GSFC,
University of Lille)Level-3 MonthlySeptember 2000
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Global Aerosol Optical Properties
1.0
0.00.0 0.25 0.5
Aerosol Optical Thickness F i n e
A e r o s o
l
F r a c
t i o n
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MODIS Water Vapor (1 km)
MODIS Reveals Atmospheric Moisture Details AsNever Seen Before
GOES-8 Water Vapor (4 x 8 km)
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MODIS Water Vapor (1 km)
Four Panel Zoom of Cloud-Free Orographic Wavesrevealed in Water Vapor Imagery
Shortwave Infrared Window
Longwave Infrared WindowVisible
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Every 100 Minutes MODIS Covers the Polar Regions
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Every 100 Minutes MODIS Covers the Polar Regions
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Cloud Tracked WindsWater Vapor Winds
Winds from MODIS: An Arctic Example
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True Color ImageSubvisible Cirrus (1.38 m)
MODIS Detects Subvisible Cirrus
Central AmericaApril 4, 2000
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South America
Surface Reflectance of South AmericaMOD09 (atmospherically corrected radiance)
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Brazil
Surface Reflectance of South AmericaMOD09 (atmospherically corrected radiance)
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MODIS Land Cover Classification
0 Water
1 Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
2 Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
3 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
4 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
5 Mixed Forests
6 Closed Shrublands
7 Open Shrublands
8 Woody Savannas
9 Savannas
10 Grasslands
11 Permanent Wetlands
12 Croplands
13 Urban and Built-Up
14 Cropland/Natural Veg. Mosaic
15 Snow and Ice
16 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated
17 Tundra
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Surface AlbedoSurface albedo = ecosystem + MOD43 (Strahler, Schaaf et al.) aggregation
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Albedo MoviesLoops through bands 0.65, 0.86,
1.24, 1.64, 2.1, and 3.7 mLoops through seasonal equinox
and solstice, progressing fromJulian days 91, 173, 293, 356
Ecosystem Color SchemePink = CropsGreen = TreesYellows = Barren/DesertsBlues = Savannas
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MODIS Snow Cover(D. K. Hall, V. V. Salomonson, G. A. Riggs NASA GSFC)
October 16, 2001 April 23, 2002
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Nighttime Sea Surface Temperature(O. B. Brown, P. J. Minnett, R. H. Evans University of Miami)
-2
5
10
15
20
3025
C35
Level-3 MonthlyMay 2001
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Chlorophyll-a(K. L. Carder, R. H. Evans U. South Florida, U. Miami)
0.01
1.0
10
mg m-3 20
0.1
Level-3 MonthlyMay 2001
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MODIS Sea Surface Temperature off the EastCoast of the US
May 8, 2000
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NASA, TRMM, Terra & Aqua launches 1997, 1999, 2002 350 km orbit (35 inclination), 705
km polar orbits, descending (10:30a.m.) & ascending (1:30 p.m.)
Sensor Characteristics
3 spectral bands Shortwave (0.3-5.0 m) Window (8-12 m) Total (0.3->200 m)
Spatial resolution: 20 km
78 cross-track scan and 360
azimuth biaxial scan 0.5% calibration accuracy onboard blackbodies & solar
diffuser
Clouds and the Earths Radiant Energy System(CERES)
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CERES Scan Swath
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CERES Scan Swath on Aqua
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CERES Measurements
Study cloud radiative forcing andfeedbacks;
Develop an observational baseline ofclear-sky radiative fluxes;
Document radiant input to atmosphericand oceanic energetics models;
Validate general circulation models; and Enhance extended-range numerical
weather predictions
Shortwave Flux (W m -2)
Longwave Flux (W m-2)
0 105 210
100 210 320
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Longwave (on left): Radiation emitted to space from the Earth systemShortwave (on right): Sunlight reflected back to space
Shortwave and Longwave Radiation as Determinedfrom Data of the Terra CERES
March 2000 May 2001
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NASA & MITI, Terra 705 km polar orbit, descending (10:30
a.m.) Sensor Characteristics
14 spectral bands ranging from 0.56 to11.3 m
3 tiltable subsystems for acquiringstereoscopic imagery over a swathwidth of 60 km
Spatial resolutions: 15 m (bands 1, 2, 3N, 3B) 30 m (bands 4 - 9) 90 m (bands 10 - 14)
4% reflectance calibration accuracy(VNIR & SWIR)
2 K brightness temperature accuracy(240-370 K)
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission & ReflectionRadiometer (ASTER)
SWIR
VNIR (1,2,3N)
VNIR (3B)TIR
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QuickTim e and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this p ic ture.
ASTER Scan Swath
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ASTER Spectral Bands
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ASTER Measurements
Spectral reflectances of theEarths surface at 15 -30 m
Surface temperature andemissivities at 90 m
Digital elevation maps fromstereo images
Surface composition andvegetation mapscloud, sea ice, and polar iceproducts
Observation of natural hazards(volcanoes, etc.)
Color IR Shortwave IR
Thermal IR SSTMarch 3, 2000
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ASTER - Ji Paran, Brazil
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ASTER - Mount St. Helens
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NASA, EOS Terra launched in 1999 polar, descending orbits of 705 km,
10:30 a.m. crossing Sensor Characteristics
uses nine CCD-based push-broomcameras viewing nadir and fore & aft to70.5
swath width of 400 km four spectral bands for each camera (36
channels), at 443, 555, 670, & 865 nm resolutions of 275 m, 550 m, or 1.1 km
Advantages high spectral stability 9 viewing angles helps determine aerosol
by dependence (fixed t )
Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)
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MISR Scan
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multi-angleanimation
Fire Animation from MISR
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Saharan Dust Storm near Canary Islands
February 29, 2000
70 Forward Nadir 70 Aftward
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MISR is being used to studyclouds and how they interactwith sunlight
Cycling through the nine views
of this scene of clouds overFlorida, notice the displacementof the clouds
This is due to a geometriceffect called parallax, and nottrue motion
Parallax Effect in MISR Images
March 6, 2000
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Extratropical Cyclone in the Southern OceanAugust 20, 2001
Cloud-tracked winds cloud-top heights
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MISR Imagery & Aerosol Optical ThicknessAngola and Namibia
ta (0.558 m)Nadir 70 backward Multiangle
Nadir True color RGB (672,
558, 446 nm) 70 backward-viewing
camera
True color RGB Multiangle (672 nm) Red = nadir camera Green = 70 forward Blue = 70 backward
Diner et al. (2001)
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NASA, EOS Terra launched in 1999 polar, descending orbits of 705 km,
10:30 a.m. crossing Sensor Characteristics
Spectral bands:2.223-2.294 m CH4 2.323-2.345 m CO4.562-4.673 m CO
Spatial resolution:22 km at nadir
CO profiles:22 km x 3 km
Swath: 640 km
Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere(MOPITT)
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Quic kTim e and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this pic ture.
MOPITT Scan Swath
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MOPITT Measurements
Measure and model troposphericcarbon monoxide and methaneconcentrations
Obtain carbon monoxide profileswith 22 km x 3 km resolution
Measure the methane column inthe troposphere Generate global maps of carbon
monoxide and methanedistribution, and provideincreased knowledge oftropospheric chemistry
Carbon Monoxide, March 2000
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MOPITT CO PerspectiveThe First Year of Terra Data
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Terras New Features Array of five Earth Science Instruments in space - hardware, software
and maneuvers to convert the remote sensing signal into science ASTER: Thermal channels for geology and environment, stereo looks, 15-
90 m resolutions CERES: Cloud radiative forcing, better angular sampling MISR: Multiangle views of clouds and land, BRDF, 275-1100 m resolutions
MODIS: 250 m daily coverage for clouds and vegetation change 7 solar channels for land and aerosol 1.37 m Cirrus clouds 0.94 m water vapor fire channels and air temperature profiles at 1 km
MOPITT : Global CO and CH4
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earthobservatory.nasa.gov
terra.nasa.gov
visibleearth.nasa.gov
Web Sites Check them out
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MODIS Granule Flyby of the Himalayas(MOD09 Atmospherically Corrected Radiance)
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