terra at 10
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Terra at 10Terra at 10The EOS FlagshipThe EOS Flagship
Eric MoyerNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Md. 20771
Photos provided by Al Lampe May 11, 2010Goddard Space Flight Center
The satellite’s name “Terra,”meaning Earth, was the winning
entry in a nationwide student essay contest won by a high schoolstudent from St. Louis, Missouri.
A Walk down Memory Lane….
What did it take to build Terra?
Primary Structure
Communications Equipment Module
Power Equipment Module
Batteries
Solar Array
The equipment moduleswere then integrated
on to thePrimary Structure
Power Equipment
Module
Communications Equipment
Module
PrimaryStructure
The equipment modules were then integrated on to the Primary Structure
Thermal Control Subsystem
Guidance Navigation
and Control
Subsystem
Guidance Navigation and Control Subsystem
Reaction Wheel Assembly
Star Trackers
Propulsion Subsystem
Flight Software and Simulators
Navigation
TDRS On-board Navigation System (TONS)Performance has exceeded requirements
The Instruments
ASTER InstrumentMETI and ERSDAC, Japan
CERES InstrumentLangley Research Center, Virginia
MISR InstrumentJet Propulsion Laboratory, California
MODIS InstrumentGoddard Space Flight Center, Maryland
MOPITT InstrumentCanadian Space Agency and University of Toronto, Canada
So what did it take to build Terra?
A lot of dedication, technology and
teamwork!!!
View of Terra Equipment ModulesTechnology and Teamwork
View of Terra InstrumentsTechnology and Teamwork
Terra Spacecraft was built by Lockheed Martinat the Valley Forge, Pennsylvania facility
and managed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Technology and Teamwork
Terra moved to the launch site in
California
Spacecraft on Transporter with Frame
Spacecraft on Transporter bagged for shipment
Terra Spacecraft Transportation Container
Terra flew on a C-5 aircraft from Dover Air Force Base, Delaware to Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, where it was processed and launched.
C-5 on Final Approach to Vandenberg
The Solid Rocket Boosters arrive at Vandenberg
Transportation System outside Payload Processing Facility at Vandenberg AFB, California
Shipping container entering Payload Processing Facility
Removing Shipping Container Cover
Removing Frame
Terra spacecraft being prepared for installation on its Three-Axis Positioner (TAP)
TAP
Final Check-up/Pre-launch Testing
Propulsion Leak Testing
Contamination Inspections
Inspecting the MODIS instrument lens for dust
Inspecting and Cleaning
After testing and inspections,Terra received a
“GO FOR LAUNCH”!
Preparing Terra for positioning on its
Payload Adapter
Terra:Weight – 5190 kgDiameter – 3.5 metersLength – 6.8 meters
Terra mounted to its adapter is then installed in a Launch Vehicle Fairing.
Adapter
Fairing
The Fairing was positioned on top of the Atlas rocket inside the building.
Terra Launch December 18, 1999
Terra’s systems and Instruments were
checked successfully and declared operational.
04/21/23GSFC 48
Terra Today
04/21/23GSFC 50
• The Flight Operations Team (FOT):• evaluates Terra’s health and safety, 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week,• performs 27-28 contacts thru TDRS daily• ensures that all the science data are downlinked
(99.05 % data capture)• maintains Terra’s orbit by doing maneuvers
25 Inclination Maneuvers 58 Drag Make Up Maneuvers
The instrument teams work with the FOT to manage the operation of the instruments.
Taking Care of Terra
Tracking & Data Relay Satellite
(TDRS)
Instrument Teamsand Science
Investigator-ledProcessing System
(SIPS)
Direct Broadcast/Direct Readout
Stations
DirectBroadcast
(DB)
EOS Data and Operations System
(EDOS) Data Processing
White SandsComplex(WSC)
Ground Stations
Internet
(Search, order,
distribution)
Research
Education
Value-AddedProviders
InteragencyData Centers
InternationalPartners
EarthSystem Models
Decision Support Systems
Distribution and Data
Access
Data Acquisition Flight Operations,Data Capture,
Initial Processing,Backup Archive
Data Transport
to Data Centers/
SIPSs
Science Data Processing,Data Mgmt, Interoperable
Data Archive, & Distribution
NASA Integrated
Services Network (NISN) Mission Services
Mission Operations Science Operations
EOS Operations Center (EOC)
Mission Control
EOSDIS Data
Centers
ASTERTeam CERES
TeamMISRTeam
MODISTeam
MOPITTTeam
Terra Ground System
04/21/23GSFC
As of May 11, 2009,
• Terra continues to perform very well
– Still operating on primary spacecraft components except for the Direct Access System (DB) Module (operating on redundant side)
– All the instruments are producing science data– Anomalies have been successfully
resolved/accommodated
• Terra has traveled approximately 1.54 billion miles (55289 orbits)
04/21/23GSFC 53
Terra Data• Terra has generated 753 terabytes (TB) of data
• 1.35 million Level zero data products and 324,000 near real time products
Data Recovery is ~ 99.05%
• 5.5 petabytes (PB) of Terra science data have been distributed to the world (public)
• 2.4 PB of Terra data are archived at geographically distributed data centers located in Colorado, Virginia, Tennessee, Maryland, South Dakota, and California
• Demand now exceeds 40 million files annually
−From national/international scientists, US government, educational institutions, commercial interests
• Direct Broadcast (Realtime MODIS data):
– Over 1000 users at ~ 150 direct broadcast sites world-wide
−Uses include−Forest fire detection and prevention−Coastal and fisheries studies and research−Disaster management−Natural resources and environmental research−Agricultural studies and research−Environmental hazard monitoring−Meteorological research and monitoring
Terra Data Demand and Distribution
EOS Direct Broadcast Sites Worldwide
5704/21/23GSFC
Thank you for your attention.
04/21/23GSFC 58
Back-up slides
Instrument Status (back-up)• ASTER
− Continues to operate normally except for SWIR detectors− SWIR detector temperature rose and caused data saturation
− Cooler recycling attempts failed
− Detectors declared non-operating in January 2009
− VNIR, TIR continue to produce science data
• CERES
− Instruments performing as expected, operating nominally since launch
− Expected to be able to fully support all science goals during the extended mission with a high probability of success.
• MISR
− Instrument has been performing superbly and reliably since launch
− Stability is maintained with bi-monthly activations of the on-board calibrator.
• MODIS
− Instrument continues to show excellent performance
− MODIS has lost redundancy (power supply, formatter)
− To date, all on-board calibrators continue to function well
• MOPITT
− One of two instrument coolers failed in April 2001− Led to the loss of 4 of the 8 channels
− CO profiles now done using the remaining 4 channels
Instrument Status (back-up)• ASTER
− Continues to operate normally except for SWIR detectors− SWIR detector temperature rose and caused data saturation
− Cooler recycling attempts failed
− Detectors declared non-operating in January 2009
− VNIR, TIR continue to produce science data
• CERES
− Instruments performing as expected, operating nominally since launch
− Expected to be able to fully support all science goals during the extended mission with a high probability of success.
• MISR
− Instrument has been performing superbly and reliably since launch
− Stability is maintained with bi-monthly activations of the on-board calibrator.
• MODIS
− Instrument continues to show excellent performance
− MODIS has lost redundancy (power supply, formatter)
− To date, all on-board calibrators continue to function well
• MOPITT
− One of two instrument coolers failed in April 2001− Led to the loss of 4 of the 8 channels
− CO profiles now done using the remaining 4 channels
Project OverviewTerra Features• Launch Date: December 18,1999 (Atlas IIAS, VAFB)• Orbit: 705 km, sun-synchronous polar, 98.2oInclination, 10:30 AM
MLT descending node• Instrument Payload:
– ASTER (SWIR, TIR & VNIR) - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (Japan)
– CERES (Fore & Aft) - Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (USA – Langley)
– MISR - Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (USA – JPL)– MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (USA –
GSFC)– MOPITT - Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere
(Canada)• Project Management: Earth Science Mission Operations (ESMO)• Spacecraft Flight Operations: Contracted by GSFC to Honeywell /
Lockheed Martin team and supported by NASA TDRSS and EPGN• Instrument Operations and Science Data processing: Performed at
respective Instrument Locations where developed• Mission Duration: Successful Prime mission of 5 years. Extended
Operation through 9/2011 has been approved.• Distributed Active Archive Centers: LP DAAC – MODIS, ASTER;
Langley DAAC – CERES, MISR, MOPITT
Science• The primary objective of the Terra Mission is to simultaneously study
clouds, water vapor, aerosol, trace gases, land surface and oceanic properties, as well as the interaction between them and their effect on the Earth’s energy budget and climate.
Subsystem Component Design Current Capability Comments
Solar Array 24 Shunts 23 Shunts 96%Degradation is minimal. Fully capable of supporting mission through 2020 unless future failures occur.
Batteries 108 Cells 107 Cells 99.1%1 Cell failed on 10/13/09. Multiple heater groups failed simultaneously (4 of 9).
MODIS CPHTS 2 2 Full Performance is nominalMOPITT CPHTS 2 2 Full Performance is nominalSWIR CPHTS 2 2 Full Performance is nominal
SCC SCC 2 2 Full Performance is nominal
HGA 2 2 FullMDA BITE failures occur 2-3/week due to SEU. Recoverable
X-Band 2 1 75%DAS Modulator 1 failed (50%). Solid State Power Amplifier redundancy still available (100%).
CTIU 2 2 Full Performance is nominalOMNI 2 2 Full Performance is nominal
MO 2 2 Full Performance is nominalSFE 2 2 Full SFE SEU occur 1-2/year. RecoverableSSR 59 PWA 51 PWA 86.4% Recycle of DMU likely to recover all PWAs
IRU 3 3 Full Performance is nominal. 2 for 3 redundancyTAM 2 2 Full Performance is nominalSSST 2 2 Full Performance is nominalCSS 2 2 Full Performance is nominalESA 2 2 Full Performance is nominalFSS 1 1 Full Performance is nominal. Not currently usedRWA 4 4 Full Performance is nominal. 3 for 4 redundancyMTR 3 3 Full Performance is nominal
Prop REAs 16 16 Full Performance is nominal
GNC
EPS
TCS
COMM
CDH
Description Status
Hex Bay Battery Anomaly• Cell 50 and multiple Heater Groups failed on
10/13/09
• Power is stable. • Capable of additional cell failures before impacting Nominal
Operations.• Limited Heater Control capabilities
SSR PWA Anomaly• 7 PWAs are currently offline as a result of
over-current protection.
• Re-allocated Buffers to maximize use.• Capable of losing a few more supersets before operations require
reducing science collection for MODIS and MISR. ASTER will reduce data collection if their buffer is effected.
• Recycle of Data Memory Unit likely to recover all failed supersets.
DAS Modulator Hardware Failure• EPC-1 Voltage not being regulated to 5 V on
5/29/08.• EPC-1 Current was decreasing as well.• Manually turned off DASM-1 on 6/1/08.
• DASM-1 EPC-1 failure occurred. • Switched to DAS Modulator Side 2 cross-strapped with Solid
State Power Amplifier Side 1 (SSPA-1) on 6/13/08• No additional DAS Modulator redundancy. Only remaining
redundancy in X-Band is limited to switch for SSPA-2.
SA Performance• Shunt #10 failed to transmit on 9/10/00.• Reduces maximum available Solar Array
Power by 1/24.
• Array continues to provide excess power for nominal operations. • Still operating array with 15-25o offset to minimize power
generation.• Capable of losing 2 more circuits before impacting Nominal
Operations• Degradation is less than originally expected.
Terra Hardware Anomalies (1 of 3)
Date Incident Cause Response
12/18/1999 Solar Array Blanket Box A-side Failed to indicate
Open during deployment.
Redundant side indicated open. Cause of failure unknown.
Able to deploy mast anyway. Blanket Box was separated. Telemetry failed to indicate so. Component is turned off and never planned to be used again.
1/4/2000 PMEA Load Resistor Box (LRB) Circuit 1B Failed
(1) LRB 1 or harness would require 2 failures to produce observed signature(2) PMEA 1 PWB has single wiring runs to and from LRB circuit relay and potential single point failure at plated through hole for relay pin
Evaluated EPC operational range. Determined nominal operations can exist at reduced load.
9/24/2000 Solar Array Shunt 10 failed
Cause Unknown. Unsuccessful in identifying a single cause of the anomaly and digging further will require addressing multiple failures.
Nominal operations was able to continue. Reviewed impact to propulsive maneuvers and continue to watch.
5/7/2001 MOPITT Displacer B failed
Cause Unknown. The compression wave created by the coolers moves the free floating displacer. This side of the compressor needs to continue operating for counterbalance. Operating at a reduced compression to provide some counterbalance but to prevent the free floating displacer from hitting it's stop causing so-called "Ringing Effect". The failed side does not provide valid science data.
6/15/2001 MODIS Power Supply 2 failed
Power Supply Shutdown caused by a thermal runaway condition in one of the two Down Regulator FETs. Suspect a High Energy Particle was the cause of the thermal runaway condition damaging the FET
Switched to Power Supply 1.
8/4/2001 MOPITT Chopper Motor 3 failed
The anomaly likely caused a fuse to blow resulting in a permanent failed chopper motor. Transistor Drive Circuit is likely cause.
This corrupts the science data on channels 5 & 6. Note: Channels 5-8 are the only channels which provided good science data since the Displacer B Anomaly. Fortunately, Chopper 3 stopped at an open or partially open position allowing data to be captured minimizing the impact to the science data.
Terra Hardware Anomalies (2 of 3)
Date Incident Cause Response
9/10/2002 MODIS Formatter A Timing Errors corrupting Science (Degraded Performance)
Formatter A has had a history of problems which resulted in processing errors. The likely cause of the Formatter Timing Errors is an incorrectly terminated clock signal. Fixed on Aqua.
9/10/02 MODIS Science data was effected. MODIS Formatter Swap to Side B was performed on 9/17/02. Since the switch, no Formatter Errors have been detected and the data quality is excellent.
5/6/2003 MODIS Solar Diffuser Screen Door Failed to Open
Areas investigated where: Spring problem, Disc skipped over the engagement pin, Screw pull-up due to door overdrive, Disc damage due to door overdrive, Pin damage due to door overdrive and Thermal stress damage which is the most likely cause.
No fix to anomaly has been determined. Instead, the MODIS Solar Diffuser Door was opened on July 2nd, 2003. The door will remain open indefinitely while keeping the Screen door closed. This allows some calibration activities to occur.
12/24/2003 MODIS NADIR Door Micro-Switch fails to indicate Opened
Faulty Switch Does not impact Science Data Collection.
11/22/2004 MODIS SRCA Lamp #2 Burnt Out
Burnt Out Using Spare: Lamps #1, 3 and 4
See Comment
SSR Print Wire Assembly (PWA) Over-Current Protection
Suspect Over-current protection falsely tripped during day/night transitions. Recycling the SSR Data Module Unit (DMU) is likely to reset PWAs and return functionality.
PWA-52, DMU-2 (Supersets 102 & 103) occurred on 7/30/03.PWA-26, DMU-1 (Supersets 50 & 51) occurred on 9/24/03.PWA-58, DMU-2 (Supersets 114 & 115) occurred on 9/25/03.PWA-22, DMU-1 (Supersets 42 & 43) occurred on 10/14/03.PWA-6, DMU-1 (Supersets 10 & 11) occurred on 7/31/04. PWA-28, DMU-1 (Supersets 54 & 55) occurred on 8/26/05.PWA-30, DMU-1 (Supersets 58 & 59) occurred on 4/19/07. PWA-14, DMU-1 (Supersets 26 & 27) occurred on 1/9/10. On 6/7/07, swapped DMUs to re-allocate buffers. Increased MODIS and MISR buffers and reduced ASTER Buffer.
3/1/2006 MODIS SRCA Lamp #3 Degraded
Degraded Terra SRCA lamp #3 has degraded significantly. Lamp #3 not to be used again. Terra SRCA lamp operation will follow Aqua SRCA lamp operation -- no 30W lamp configuration. Does not impact Science Data Collection.
Terra Hardware Anomalies (3 of 3)
Date Incident Cause Response
9/25/04 ASTER SWIR Detector Temperature Control degraded. Total loss of useable SWIR science data as of mid June 2008.
Degraded performance. Suspect temperature gradient within compressor.
ASTER SWIR Compressor unable to maintain ideal detector temperature which initially only impacted capturing bright scenes however, degraded to point of total loss of useable SWIR science data. Multiple attempts were made to restart the compressor with different control temperatures and/or stroke amplitude. Some had limited success, however, degradation continued until data declared unusable.
5/29/08 Direct Access System Modulator Side 1 (DASM)-1 EPC-1 failed.
Continuing to Investigate Attempt to power cycle on 6/4/08 was unsuccessful. On 6/13/08, Switched to DASM-2 cross-strapped with Up-Converter-1 and Solid State Power Amplifier-1. Continue with normal operations.
10/13/09 Hex Bay Battery Cell #50 failed and 4 of 9 battery heater groups failed
Investigation ongoing. Modified Charge Management and heater duty cycle to maintain temperatures.
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