temple architecture-devalaya vastu – part two (2 of 9)

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TempleArchitectureDevalayaVastuPartTwo(2Of9)

08SEPTempleandTownship

Madurai

TheIndiantempleisnotabuilding;itisanimage,aconceptionofdivinity.Whileitisbothnaturalandnecessaryfortheimagetobeprojectedintoaspatialarrangementandconcretizedbyastructuralmovement,theimagedoesnotdependuponsuchactivitiesforitscontinuance.Thetempleisanenclosuretotheicon,andcentresroundtheicon.Atemplemustbebuiltfortheicon,andnotanicongotreadyforthetemples,foratempleisreallyanoutgrowthoftheicon,animageoftheicon.Onecannotthinkofatemplewithoutanidol.

Thetempleconstructionprocessinvolvesseveralsteps.TheprocedureiscrypticallyexpressedasKarshanadiPratisthantam,meaningbeginningwithKarshanaandendingwithPratistha.ThedetailsofthestepsinvolvedvaryfromoneschoolofAgamatoanother;butbroadlythesearethestepsintempleconstruction:

Bhupariksha:Examiningandchoosinglocationandsoilfortempleandtown.Thelandshouldbe

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Bhupariksha:Examiningandchoosinglocationandsoilfortempleandtown.Thelandshouldbefertileandsoilsuitable.

Silapariksha:Examiningandchoosingmaterialforimage

Karshana:Cornorsomeothercropisgrownintheplacefirstandisfedtocows.Thenthelocationisfitfortown/templeconstruction.

Vastupuja:Ritualtopropitiatevastudevata.

Salyodhara:Undesiredthingslikebonesaredugoutandremoved.

Adyestaka:Layingdownthefirststone

Nirmana:Thenfoundationislaidandlandispurifiedbysprinklingwater.Apitisdug,watermixedwithnavaratnas,navadhanyas,navakhanijasisthenputinandpitisfilled.Thenthetempleisconstructed.

Murdhestakasthapana:Placingthetopstoneovertheprakara,gopuraetc.Thisagaininvolvescreatingcavitiesfilledwithgemsmineralsseedsetc.andthenthepinnaclesareplaced.

Garbhanyasa:Apotmadeoffivemetals(pancalohakalasasthapana)isinstalledattheplaceofmaindeity.

Sthapana:Thenthemaindeityisinstalled.

Pratistha:Themaindeityisthenchargedwithlife/godness.

Letusnowtrytobrieflygooversomesignificantstagescommonlyinvolvedintempleconstruction,inasummaryform.

Sthala(templesite)

ThetempleconstructionprojectbeginswiththeappointmentofateamofexpertsheadedbyaqualifiedandanexperiencedSthapati,theAcharya,thedirectorforthetempleconstructionprojectandtheShilpi(sculptor).Theyarethekeyfiguresintheconstructionofatemple.Thefirststepis,ofcourse,tolookforapropersite.Thisinvolvesexaminationofallaspectsrelatingtothelocation,theextent,thequalityofSoil,thewatersource,theenvironmentandastrologicalsuitabilityofthesite.Thiselongatedprocessgoesbythename:Bhupariksha.

TheTempleconstruction,inthepast,oftenbeganasthenucleusofanewvillageoratownshipwhichwentbynamessuchasgrama,kheta,kharvata,durga,pura,nagaraetc.Mansaraexplainsthattheproposedsiteforsettingupatownshipshouldbedeterminedbyitssmell,taste,shapeanddirection,soundandtouch.Thepreferredsitesforsuchtownshipsshouldbealongthebanksofariverornearatankortheseashore.Else,thewatertablehadtobeatabouteightfeet(heightofapersonstandingwithraisedarms).Ifthesitewaslocatedalongtheriverbank,thetownshiphadtobeontheconvexsideoftheriverbend.Forinstance,theancientcityofMaduraiwaslocatedalongtheVaigai;theholycityofVaranasiissituatedalongtheconvexsideoftheriverGangaandpresentsasemilunarphase.

Thetemperatureshadtobemodestinsummersandwinters(sukhasamsparsa).Thesiteswithinclination(slope)towardsitsEasternortheNorthernside,toreceivesunlight,werepreferred;orthesitehadtohaveequalelevationonallthesides.Thesiteslocatedtothewestofahillwereavoided.

TheVillageboundariesshouldalwaysbemarkedbyrivers,hills,bulbousplanes,caves,artificialbuildings,ortreessuchasmilkytrees.Etc.

Theground(Desha)isclassifiedintothreecategoriesonthebasisofsixteencriteriaofphysicalfeaturesoftheland(deshabhumi).Thethreebroadcategoriesare:theBarrenlandwherewarmwindsblowisJangala;thesecondisAnupa,beautifulcountrysidewithmoderateclimateandwatersources;andthethirdSadharanaisoftheaveragequalityconsistingvaststretchesofunusedlandareas.ThebestlandisAnupa,whichaboundsinlotusandlilies(supadma)andwhichinclinestowardseastornorth.

Asregardsthecolorsofthesoil,thecolorscouldbewhite,yellow,redorblack.Alandwhichaboundsinanyoneofthesecolorsispreferable;acombinationofcolors,mixedcolorsaretobeavoided.Sandysoilswithassuredsupplyofwaterarepreferable.

Thesoilshouldhavepleasantodorasofflowers,ofgrains;ofghee,ofcowurineetc.Thesoilswithobnoxiousodorasofexcreta,deadbones,ofcorpse,offermentedliquoretcshouldbeavoided.

Thetasteofthesoiltooshouldbeacceptable.Thetasteofsweetissaidtobebest.Theothersinorderareastringent(kashaya),bitterandpungent.Thesoilstastingsour,saltyshouldbeavoided.

Asregardsthesoundtestedbypoundingthesoil,thesoilsgivingoutsoundsofmusicalinstrumentslikedrums(mridanga),neighingofhorse,orlikewavesoftheseaareconsideredbest.Thenextinorderisthesoilsthatsoundlikebirds,animalslikesheep,goatsetc.And,thesoilsthatsoundlikedonkey,drainage,brokenpotetcareto,beavoided.

Thesoilshouldbepleasanttotouch;warminwinter,coolinsummerandoneshouldgenerallyevokeahappyfeeling.

Thesiteswhichwereearliergraveyardsorthelandbloatedlikethebellyofsickanimal,brokenupwithdeadroots,bones,ash,orrottenmaterialshouldbeavoided.

Therealsoothertestsfordeterminingthestrengthofthesoilbydiggingtestpits,fillingthemwithwaterordrivingpegsatvariouspointsarediscussedinvarioustexts.

Thesiteshouldhaveintheirsurroundingsmilkytrees(fourvarietyoftreeshavingmilkysap:nigrodha,oudumbara,ashvattaandmadhuka),treesbearingfruitandflowers;andalsoplentyofantimalarialNeem(nimba)trees.ThesiteshouldbesuitableforgrowingTulasi,Kusha,Dharba,Vishnukrantha,HibiscusandDhruvagrassesandflowers.

Thesiteshouldbelargeandshouldevokepleasantfeelings(manorama)andshouldgenerallybeacceptabletoall.

TownshipLayout

TheShilpatextShivaprakashainitschaptertitledvastubhumibedha,describessixteen(Shodasha)typesoftemplelayouts:theSquare(Chandura);Rectangle(Agatra);Trapezium(withunevensideslikeacartshakata);Circle(Vritta);Elliptical(krittavritta);triangular(dwaja);diamondorrhombus(vajra);Arrow(shara);umbrella(chatra);fish(meena);backofatortoise(kurma);conch(shanka);crescent(ardhachandra);pot(kumbha);sword(khadga);andlotus(kamala).

Theselayoutshavespecificapplications;andarenottobeusedgenerally.Forinstance:thebackofatortoise(kurma),pot(kumbha),conch(shanka)andlotus(kamala)arerecommendedonlyforVishnuandShivatemples.SimilarlytheSquare(Chandura),Rectangle(Agatra),fish(meena),

diamondorrhombus(vajra)andsword(khadga)arerecommendedforDevitemples.Therestofthelayoutsareforother(lesser)deities.

Butalltextsgenerallyagreethatthesquareortherectangularshapeoflayoutarethebestandmostauspicious.VarahasamhitacallssuchlayoutsasSiddhabhumi,thebestofall.Incasethelayoutisrectangular,theNorthSouthdimensionshouldbegreaterthanEastwestdimension.Itisalsosaid,itwouldbebetteriftheelevationonthewestortheSouthisslightlyhigher.

Generally,theVastuShastrarecommendsfivetypesoftownshapes:theSquare(Chandura);Rectangle(Agatra);Circle(Vritta);Elliptical(krittavritta);andcircular(Gola).Adiamondorarhombusshapeisnotrecommended.Abowshapedtownisconsideredpowerful.Thesquareshapeisconsideredsecureandamenabletoprogress.

Theplanforthevillageorthetownshipcommenceswithplacingthetemplerightatthecentreandexpandingthelayoutinlayersandlayersofstreets,andentrances,inaccordancewiththeappropriateVastuMandala.Theentiretownshipislaidoutintheformofasquare.Ifasquareshapeisnotpossiblethenthecitycouldbelaidoutinarectangularshape.Thefollowingareafewofthegeneralrecommendedfeaturesofacity.

1.Thecityshouldappearasabigsquareorarectanglecomprisingofsomanysmallsquares,separatedbytheroadsthatrunnorthsouthandeastwest.

2.Fortifyingwallsshouldbebuiltroundthecity.

3.Thecitywouldbedividedintofourpartsbytwobroadroyalroads(Rajamarga)thatrunnorthsouthandeastwest.Theirwidthwouldbeabout10to12meters.

4.Togoroundthecity,ontheinteriorsideofthefortifyingwall,abroadroadwouldbebuilt..5.Thedwellingplacesofthepeopleofvariouscastesandprofessionsareidentified.

6.ThemarketswouldbeinNorthEastandprisonswouldbeinSouthWest.

7.PlacesliketheroyalpalacesshouldbeintheEast.

8.Andincaseoftemplecities,sayasinthecaseofSrirangamandMadurai,theprincipletemplewouldbeatcentreofthecity,intheBrahmaSthana..And,therewouldbefortifyingwallsbuiltroundit;andinwhichthetemplesofotherdeitiesareaccommodated..Andtheplacebeyondthatfortifiedwallwouldbelongtothehumansandotherbeings.

ThebestexampleofsuchaformationistheancientcityofMadurai.Pleasecheckthissite(Madurai,thearchitectureofacitybyJulianSSmith)forthelayoutmapoftheoldcity(http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/34289/1/02639082.pdf).

AnotherexampleofawelllaidoutTempleTownisthatoftheTirumalaTirupati.Theholydeityofthetemplehasahistorydatingbacktoabouttwothousand.Thetemplestructuresaroundit,developedinstages,spreadoverseveralcenturies.Thetempleisontopofahillseries,atabout3200ftabovesealevel.But,thetemple,perse,islocatedinadepressionsurroundedbyraisinghillsonitsthreesides;leavingopenanapproachfromtheNorthEast.Thetempleisenclosedinaboxlikeformation,withbulgingmoundsofaboutfifteenfeet,risinginallfourdirections.Somepartsofthesemoundsnowbeenlevelledtomakeroomfordevelopments.

http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/34289/1/02639082.pdf

Theouterwallsofthetemple,enclosinganareaofmorethantwoacres,measure414feet(EW)and263(NS),inlength.Thetemplecomplexisinarectangularshape,withthedepth(Aaya)beingmorethanthebreadth(Vyaya)..Thestreets(maadas)runningaroundtheouterwallsoftempleareofunevenlength.TheNorthSouthstreetsrunningbythesideoftheouterwallsmeasure800feet,inlength.Thewestsidestreet(behindthetemple)measures900feetinlength;whiletheEastsidestreet(infrontofthetemple)measures750feet,includingtheswamipushkaraniarea.

Thetempleisfacingeast.SwamiPushkaraniislocatedtothenortheastofthetemple.Awaterfallisinthenortherndirectionandthewaterfromitisusedfortheholybathofthemaindeityeveryday.TheKitchenisinSoutheast,whilethetemplestorehousesareintheNorthWestandNorthside.

(http://ssubbanna.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/tirupati1.jpg)

Theouterwallsofthetemple,enclosinganareaofmorethantwoacres,measure414feet(EW)and263(NS),inlength.Thetemplecomplexisinarectangularshape,withthedepth(Aaya)beingmorethanthebreadth(Vyaya)..Thestreets(maadas)runningaroundtheouterwallsoftempleareofunevenlength.TheNorthSouthstreetsrunningbythesideoftheouterwallsmeasure800feet,inlength.Thewestsidestreet(behindthetemple)measures900feetinlength;whiletheEastsidestreet(infrontofthetemple)measures750feet,includingtheswamipushkaraniarea.

Thetemplefaceseastandhasonlyoneentrance,about11feetwide.TherearethreeenclosuresorPradakshinapathas,forcircumambulatingthetemple.ThemainentranceleadsintoSampangiPradkshina,ofabout120feetindepth.Thereareareanumberofpavilionswithinthis

http://ssubbanna.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/tirupati-1.jpg

enclosure,;suchasPrtathimamantapa,Rangamantapa,Tirumalarayamantapaandothers.TheDwajasthambaisinfrontoftheTirumalarayamantapa.Presentlythisenclosureisclosedtopilgrims.

TheSecondenclosureistheVimanaPradakshina,measuringabout250feet(EW)and160feet(NS).ThisenclosurecontainsshrinestohouseVaradaraja,andnarasimha.TheKalyanamantapa(8036)andkitchenarealsohere.

ThethirdenclosureistheMukkotiPradkshina,whichenclosesthesanctum.Presently,itisratherdifficulttoidentifyitasanenclosure.Thewidthoftheenclosureisuneven;andtheenclosureisopenononlythreesides.Thepathinthesouth(ontherightsideofthedeity)issevenfeetwideandtwentyfeetlong;whilethepathontheotherside(towardstheleftofthedeity)isseventeenfeetwideandninetytwoandhalffeetlong.ThisskewedpositionofthesanctumwithintheBrahmabaghawasperhapstosatisfytherequirementsofthetemplevastunorms.

InthecaseofSriRangamanentiretownshipwasplacedwithinthewelllaidoutrectangulartemplecomplex.

Theprakarasorwallsthatfortifythetemplemayvaryinsizeandnumberaccordingtothedimensionsofthetemple.Largertemples,liketheoneinSriRangam,aresometimessurroundedbyuptosevenconcentricwalls,saidtorepresentthesevenlayersofmatterearth,water,fire,air,either,mindandintelligencethatcovertheoriginalconsciousnessofthelivingentitiesinthematerialworld.

JaipurwasanothercitywhichwaslaidoutaccordingtoVastuShastra,withthePalaceandtempleatthecentre;androadswithEastwestandNorthSouthorientation.RoadsrunninginEasternaxisensurepurificationbysunrays;andtheroadsrunningNorthSouthensurecirculationofairandcooleratmosphere.

VastuPurushaMandalaforthetownship

TostartwiththeVastumandalaoftheentirevillageneedstobedrawnandthelocationofthetemplestogods,Vishnuandothersbefixed.Here,thelayoutoftown,itssize,breadthofdifferentlevelsofstreets,locationsandsizesoffacilitieslikewatertanksaredeterminedbasedonthesizeoftown.Thenthelocationoftemple(Brahmasthana)inthetownisdecided.Templeisusuallyinthecenterofvillage.Theentirearrangementiscalledgramavinyasa.Thethumbruleis,theareademarcatedforthetempleatthecentreshouldatleastbe1/9 ofthetotalareaoftheproposedtownship.

th

Thereare,differenttypesofVastuPurushaMandalasdependingupontheirapplicationssuchasresidentialbuildings,palaces,auditoriums,templesetc.About32typesofVastuPurushamandalasareenumerated,thesimplestamongthemiswithonesquare.Butthemostcommononesarethosewith64squares(padas),81padasand256padas.TheyarecalledManduka,paramasaayikaandtriyuta,respectively.AsforMandukaMandala(88),thewholesquarewouldbedividedbythetwoaxesthatgoNorthsouthandEastwest.InthecaseofParamaSaayikaMandala(99),theentiresquirewouldbeunevenlydivided.

Amongthese,thedifferenttextssuchasMarichi,MayamataandVastuVidyahavetheirslight

Amongthese,thedifferenttextssuchasMarichi,MayamataandVastuVidyahavetheirslightvariations.TosummarizetheirpositiononthequestionoflocatingtheVishnutemplewithinthetown;ashrinemaybeconstructedinthecentreofthetownshiporonthewesternside;butalwaysfacingthetown.Whenitisinthecentre,thesiteplanshouldprovideforlocatingtheshrineattheNorthwesterndirectionwithintheBrahmabagha.TheVishnuiconmaybeinanyposture:standing,sittingorrecumbent.VishnumaybesingleoraccompaniedbythetwoDevis.ThesanctummayhouseonlytheDhruvaandKautukaBheru(immobile)idols.Itisbestifthetemplecomplexhasnine,sixorfiveformsofVishnuinstalled,ifonecanafford;else,asingleiconofVishnuwouldsuffice.

Orientationofthetemplesinexistingtowns

Asregardsconstructingtemplesandtheirorientationinalreadyexistingvillageortownsthreeprinciplesaregenerallyfollowed:First,thetempleshouldfacetherisingSunintheeast.Second,thetempleshouldfacethecentreofthetownorvillage.Third,thedeityinapeaceful(shanta)aspectshouldbelocatedin,andfacingtowardstheplacewherepeoplelive,andwrathful(urga)aspectshouldbesituatedoutsideandfacingawayfromwherepeoplelive.

Incertainexceptionalcasesatemplemayfacesouth,provideditfacesanaturalformationsayahillorawaterbody.

ThetemplesandimagestobeturnedawayincludeNarasimhaandRudra.Sivashouldbeturnedawayexceptwhensituatedintheeastorwest.TheproperplaceforSivatemplesisinforestsandmountainsaccordingtoonetext.

ThedirectionofatempleisaccordingtothistripleorientationtowardstheSun,towardsthecentre,towardsman.Themajorityofthepreservedtemplesdofacetheeast,butitisnotnecessarythattheyphysicallymust.Theotherdirectionscanbedescribedasbeingeast.TothetantricswhohavesomeobscuresymbolismaboutSunriseintheeast,south,westandnorthrelativetoonesspiritualevolution;anydirectionmayrepresenteast.

Mosttemplesfaceeast,westisnextbest,evensouthispermissiblebuttheydefinitelyshouldnotfacethenorth.

Whereitisimpossible,forsomereason,forthetempletofacethetown,thisisremediedbypaintinganexactlikenessofthesacredimageintheGarbhagrhauponthewallofthetemplefacingthedesiredwaytowardsthevillage.

Sources:

A.MapsofMaduraiandSriRangam

BycourtesyofKulturinIndien(http://www.kulturinasien.de/Indien/seite239.htm)

Madurai,IndiaarchitectureofacitybyJulianSSmithhttp://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/34289/1/02639082.pdf(http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/34289/1/02639082.pdf)

B.OtherpicturesfromInternet.

C.DevalayaVastuByProf.SKRRao

16CommentsPostedbysreenivasaraosonSeptember8,2012inTempleArchitecture

Tags:DevalayaVastu,TempleArchitecture,Templelayout

16responsestoTempleArchitectureDevalayaVastuPartTwo(2Of9)

RamachandraBudihal

August14,2013at7:06pm

Fantasticcompilation..kudos..

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sreenivasaraos

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August15,2013at1:36am

DearRamachandra,thankyouforthevisitandfortheappreciation.Pleasedoreadtheotherarticlesintheseriesandletmeknow.HappyIndependenceDay.Regards

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http://sns.51yycn.net/space.php?uid=5&do=blog&id=16

August27,2014at9:34am

Ifsomeonedesirestobeupdatedwithmostuptodatetechnologiesafterwardhemustbepayavisitthissiteandbeuptodateeveryday.

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sreenivasaraos

September22,2014at3:55am

Thanksforthevisit,appreciationandtherecommendation.

Cheers

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flyingkamas

September3,2014at3:55am

IdontevenknowhowIendeduphere,butIthoughtthispostwasgreat.Idonotknowwhoyouarebutcertainlyyouregoingtoafamousbloggerifyouarenotalready Cheers!

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sreenivasaraos

September6,2014at3:49am

ThankyouKamasfortheappreciation.YouareWelcomeRegards

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sreenivasaraos

September22,2014at3:54am

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Thanksforthevisitandtheappreciation.KeepvisitingCheers

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homephilipphillips

September8,2014at3:13pm

Imcurioustofindoutwhatblogplatformyoureutilizing?ImexperiencingsomesmallsecurityissueswithmylatestblogandIdliketofindsomethingmoresafe.Doyouhaveanysolutions?

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sreenivasaraos

September22,2014at3:54am

I,ofcourse,blogonWordPressplatform.Thatisevident.Pleasegetintouchwiththesitemanagersforassistance.Theyarequiteprompt.Cheers

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September22,2014at3:51am

Thanks.

Ienjoyedreadingwellwritten/documentedarticle.

Congrats

Cheers

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acnenomorepdf

September21,2014at12:33pm

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sreenivasaraos

September22,2014at3:50am

Thanksforthevisitandtheappreciation.Pleasedoreadtheentireseriesofarticles.Thatmighthelpyoubetter.Yes;thearticlesarebasedonoldtextsandbooksofreputedauthors,whichIregardasauthentic.IdidnotquiteunderstandtheremarkaboutconclusionPleaseamplify.Regards

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sreenivasaraos

September25,2014at3:08pm

ThanksIcouldnotmakeoutthelatterpartofthecomment.Pleaseclarify.Regards

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zniczbialapiska.pl

September25,2014at1:43am

Excellentwayofdescribing,andpleasantposttoobtainfactsregardingmypresentationsubjectmatter,whichiamgoingtopresentinacademy.

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sreenivasaraos

September25,2014at2:43pm

Thankyoufortheappreciation.Gladtolearnthatyoufoundthisuseful.\Pleasedoreadtheotherarticlesintheseriesasalsothoseonthesubjectscategorizedonyourrightsideonthewebpage.

Regards

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