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Teeth, No Teethand Mastication

Kerry Winget, CCC-SLP/A, BRS-SMSHA 2018

Disclosures

No relevant financial or non-financial relationships to disclose regarding this

presentation’s subject matter.

Outline

1. Introduction2. Dental Primer3. Mastication Process4. Tooth Loss 5. Dentures6. Bite Force7. Dentition Effects on Nutrition8. Conclusions

Learning Objectives

1. Learn 3 mastication characteristics of natural adult teeth

2. Learn 3 characteristics of edentulous mastication

3. Learn 3 effects of dentition on nutrition in older adults

Introduction

“A patient with no teeth is not capable of

managing solid consistencies.”

“Edentulous patients should be on a puréed diet.”

“If a pt is on purée, they need their meds crushed.”

“Any denture is better than none.”

Introduction

Chewing Process initiates digestion responses throughout the whole body.

- Saliva

- Pylorus Relaxes

- Taste receptors

- Stomach acid production

- Pancreatic enzyme production

Introduction

Well chewed food

- Efficient digestion

- Nutrients maximized

- Equalized digestion responses

- Dental stimulation/workout

- Healthy consumption quantity

Introduction

Poorly chewed food

- Incomplete digestion

- Nutrients not extracted

- Undigested food sits

in the colon

- Bacterial growth

- Gas, bloating

- Flatulence

Dental Primer

Evolutionary Changes

- Size of teeth and jaw

- Wear patterns

Causal Theories

- Diet Characteristics

- Genetic Deselection

Dental Primer - Types

32 Adult/permanent teeth: 16 upper/16 lower

Main function= Nutritive Chewing

Dental classifications of teeth- Incisors- Canines- Premolars- Molars

Each type is well-defined in position and function.

Dental Primer - Incisors

Function- Shear or cut food.

Position- Visibility

Features:- Upper incisors

- Shovel shape

Dental Primer - Canines

Function-Rip and tear

Position- Curve of the arch

Features- Strongest - Guide biting- V shaped

Dental Primer –PreMolars/Bicuspids

Function- Tear and grind- Pass food

Position- Posterior to canines

Features- 2 cusps

Dental Primer - Molars

Function- Crush and grind

Position- Most posterior

Features- 4-5 cusps- powerful

Dental Primer - Anatomy

Crown - the enamel

Degrades over time

- Abrasion

- Elongation

- Erosion

- Decay

Dental Primer - Anatomy

Alveolar bone

- Alveolar bone proper

- Supporting alveolar bone

Dynamic through the lifetime

- Gum health

- Direct Pressure

- Skeletal bone density

Mastication Process

Alveolar Ridge Reabsorption- By 3rd month - By 6th month- By 3rd year

Reabsorption Factors- Dentures- Nutrition deficits

Dental Primer – Occlusional Surfaces

Help WantedMen having at least two

upper and two lower opposing front teeth.

Uniform and gun provided.

Dental Primer – Occlusional Surfaces

Occlusional Advantage

- Uniform Surface

- Single Cusp/Trough

- Interlocking

Dental Primer – Occlusional Surfaces

Occlusional Advantage

- Interlocking Series

Dental Primer – Occlusional Surfaces

Functional Tooth Units

Posterior Occluding Pairs

World Health Goal

- 20 natural or

4 FTUs

Mastication Process

Chewing is part of the normal eating process.- Bolus formation

- Malleable- Lubricated - Cohesive.

Primarily semi-autonomic act, but can be mediated by high conscious input.

Chewing energy- Force through the bolus

Mastication Process

Food- Cheek/tongue move it between teeth- Jaw muscles bring teeth into cyclic

contact, repeatedly occluding.- Becomes softer and warmer as

enzymes begin breakdown

Feedback from the proprioceptive nerves in the teeth and TMJ develop neural pathways with govern duration and force of chewing muscle activation.

Mastication Process

Process Model of Feeding

-Stage I Transport: solid moves from anterior to post canines for mastication

-Processing: reduce food to a swallowable consistency

-Stage II Transport: move chewed food posteriorly from oral cavity to pharynx

Mastication Process

Characteristics-Male more efficient than female-Male more forceful than female

Breakdown Patterns-Broader bite size when fast chewed-Narrower bite size when slow chewed

Mastication Process

Swallow Threshold Triggers

-Food Particle Size

-Lubrication/Cohesiveness

Oral physiology vs. food characteristics

Mastication Process

Loss of teeth:

-Loss of occlusal surface

-Loss of periodontal receptors

-Loss of vertical dimension

-Loss of jaw stabilization

-Prefrontal deactivation

Mastication Process

Loss of teeth:

-Increases number of chews

-Decreased bolus viscosity

-Increased size of ‘swallowable’ bolus

Mastication Process

Edentulous Mucosal Pain:

-Pain mapping

Increases

anterior to posterior alveolus

Decreases

anterior to posterior palate

ridge crest to buccal vestibule

Tooth Loss Scary Statistics

36 Million Americans have no teeth120 Million are missing at least 1 tooth

Geriatric – 2:1 ratio (23 Million)

Tooth Loss Statistics

Top states for most toothless seniors from extractions due to decay or disease

1. West Virginia 33.7%

2. Kentucky 23.9%

3. Missouri 22.5%

11. Michigan 12.9%

Tooth Loss Statistics

Seniors over 65 have average of 18.9 teeth remaining

Fewer teeth in black seniors

- chronic smokers

- lower income levels

- less education

Nationwide, 27% have total loss of teeth.

Tooth Loss Statistics

Worldwide problem

- Diet

- Dental care access

- Awareness/Acceptance

010203040

WHO Percentages 65-74 Edentulous

Dentures

“Glass eyes don’t see, wooden legs don’t walk, and dentures

don’t chew.

Dentures

90% of edentulous adults have dentures.

Successful suction seal: -Surface gum area-Saliva

In most cases:

Adhesive means a bad fitting denture.

Dentures - Myths

They last forever. - Reality: 7-10 years

- Dulling of grinding surfaces

- Pitting/Scratches=bacteria

- Supporting alveolar ridge has shrunken

Dentures - Myths

Wearing is self-explanatory, just pop it in and eat.

-Avoid biting with front teeth (use canines)

-Don’t hold liquids in mouth for long time

-Do distribute food to both sides of mouth when chewing

-Chew with up-down crush motion

Dentures

Complaint/fear

Food stuck in/under the denture (54%)

Top 5 avoided items:50% Corn on the Cob34% Apples33% Nuts23% Steak8% Staining Beverages (i.e. coffee/wine)

Dentures

Energy Distribution- Through the denture base

- Mucosal Tissue- Tolerate limited pressures- Will become thicker

- Indiscriminate muscle activity- Masseter muscle

- Posterior strength

Bite Force – Power of the Jaw

Human jaw works with a Class 3 mechanical advantage of less than 1.

Output force is less than input force.

- A 10lb bite force requires 40lbs jaw muscle contraction.

Bite Force

Human Mandible

- Double Hinge

- Open/close

- Forward/Back

- Side to side

Bite Force

“Increased tolerance of pressure by the periodontal membrane could often be acquired by changing a soft diet to one needing more vigorous mastication”

Mastication practice

30lbs initial tolerance

100lbs tolerated at 1 month

150lbs tolerated at 3 months

Dr. G.V. BlackLincoln Park, IL

Bite Force

Gnathodynamometer – device created measure gnawing power.

Finding: Limit of the bite force was not due to jaw musculature, but the teeth themselves.

Natural Teeth Males Females

At the Molar 150lbs 108lbs

At the Incisor 83lbs 57lbs

Males

U/L Dentures 20-30lbs

U Denture, N Lower 30-40lbs

Bite Force

Bite Force

- Chewing side dominance

- Tooth type

- Posterior advantage

Edentulous bite force at canine/premolar area =25.8lbs

Bite Force

Incisors 22-33lbs

Canines 72-109lbs

Premolars 95-131lbs

1st Molar 67-89lbs

2nd Molar 107-168lbs

Bite Force

Phagodynameter – device created to test the force required to crush a food item.

(1895)

45lbs Roast Beef 40lbs Tender Ham

40lbs Cole Slaw 30lbs Corn Beef

25lbs Lettuce 20lbs Pork Chop

20lbs Young Radish

Dentition Effects on Nutrition

Effects of Age: - Less Variety- Less Quantity- Less Quality

Compromised dentition=further restriction.

Older adults wearing well-fitting dentures showed similar nutrient intake and dietary quality to those with their natural teeth.

Dentition Effects on Nutrition

Food Avoidance:

Fruits: Apples, Oranges, Pears

Vegetables: Carrots, Tomatoes, Leafy

Nuts

Cooked Meats Dietary Insufficiency:

Toast Folic Acid

Vitamin C

Beta-carotene

Vitamin E

Serum Albumin

Fiber

Dentition Effects on Nutrition

Missing dentition leads to increased consumption

- Carbohydrates

- Rice

- Candy/Sweets

Special Populations:

-Increased benefit from denture use

-Increased nutritional parameters

-Increased BMI

Conclusions

Refine your oral exam - Locate FTUs/POPs- Judge flattening/hardening of ridge- Saliva

Assess any dentures- Cusp wear- Seal/fit

Consider variables- Gender- Chewing speed- Bite musculature- Stimulability

References/Resources

America’s Health Rankings< United Health Foundation, 2018. www.AmericasHealthRanking.org

Dentition. Types of Teeth, Function of Teeth. http://infodentis.com

Denture Care Awareness & Use Report. Prepared for GSK by Radius Global Market Research. January 2015.

Engelen, L. et al. The influence of product and oral characteristics on swallowing. Arch Oral Biol. 2005: 50(8): 739-46.

Helkimo, E., et al. Bite force and state of dentition. Acta Odonto Scand. 1977: 35(6): 297-303.

Hildebrandt, G., et al. Functional units, chewing, swallowing, and food avoidance among the elderly. (1997) Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 77(6): 588-595.

Houston, T. Bite Force And Bite Pressure. (2003). http://www.scribd.com

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References/Resources

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References/Resources

Niedermeer, W. Reactions of the oral mucosa to mechanical load stimuli from dentures. DtschZahnarztl Z. 1990 45(8): 443-8.

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References/Resources

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