tbc experiments
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Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and
Results
Eric Adjeieric.adjei@uct.ac.za
22nd April 2013
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Travel behaviour change is an act or process of modifying how people move from one place to the other
Travel behaviour change experiments are procedures undertaken to test and/or demonstrate the effectiveness of different TDM measures
What are travel behaviour change experiments?
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
• To test the effectiveness of different TDM measures
• Know and predict response to TDM measures• Determine sectors of population most
susceptible to TDM measures• TDM measures are context sensitive
Why the need for TBC experiments?
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
• Several categorisations of TDM measuresSo what are some of the categories of TDM measures?
Litman 2003 May et al 2003 Vlek and Michon 1992
Improvements in transport options
Land-use policies Physical changes
Provisions of incentives Infrastructure provision Law regulations
Land use management Management and regulation
Economic incentives and disincentives
Policy and planning reforms
Information provision Information
Support programmes Attitudinal and behavioural measures
Education and prompts
Pricing
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Steg 2003• Structural strategies – aimed at changing
context– Physical changes– Financial-economic stimulation– Legal regulation
• Psychological strategies – aimed at changing perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, values and norms– Information and education
General categorise of TDM measures
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Jones 2003, Schuiteman 2003, Steg and Vlek 1997, Stradling et al 2000, Thorpe et al 2000
• Pull – encourage the use of alternative modes of transport to cars without affecting car use
• Push – discourage car use by making it less attractive
General categorise of TDM measures
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Taylor and Ampt 2003• Voluntary – empower people to change their
behaviour without any form of external stimuli (coercive or otherwise)
• Non-voluntary – people are forced to make behavioural changes
General categorise of TDM measures
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Steg 2003Jones 2000, .. etc Examples
Structural Physical changes Pull Bus, walking, cycling lanes; park and ride
Push Road blocks, bollards, reduction in road lanes
Legal regulations Pull Bus, cycle prioritization
Push Laws preventing cars in CBD
Financial-economic
Pull Bus far subsidies
Push Taxes on cars, road pricing, tolls
Psychological Information and education
Pull Benefits of bus, cycle usage
Push Negativities in the use of cars
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
How are behavioural changes measured?
Jones et al 2009
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Road Closures• Fujii et al 2001– 8-day highway closure caused significant increase in
public transport use even one year after the closure
Road Pricing• Jakobsson et al 2000– Found lower income car users reduced car use with
road pricing
Non-Voluntary TBC experiments
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
http://maxkatz2.livejournal.com/2212.html?thread=6820
Examples of Non-Voluntary TBC programs
• Copenhagen, Denmark– Main street, Stroget
pedestrianized in 1962– Amidst scepticism, it
proved popular– Over 96 000m2 car-free
space by 1996 (33% street and 67% city squares)
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Copenhagen city centre
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Examples of Non-Voluntary TBC programs - contd
Burrard bridge, Vancouver– City wanted to decrease the
8000 – 9000 cars per day– Closed off a lane for cyclists in
1996 for one week– Angry motorist forced it to
close– 39% increase in cyclist and 9%
decrease in drivers– 20 min delays on first day
decreased to a few minutes at the end of the week
– Made permanent in 2010 with more preparations
http://www.renthomas.ca/transportation/the-trials-of-the-burrard-bridge
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
• Wolverhampton, England– Major congestions in the 1980s– Blocked the north-south and east-west routes
through the city– Removed about 8000 through-traffic cars per day
from city centre– Predicted congestion did not occur as traffic
disappeared
Examples of Non-Voluntary TBC programs - contd
European Commission, Reclaiming city streets for people: Chaos or quality of life?
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Information – mass or personalised • Beale and Bonsall 2007
– To correct misconceived perceptions about bus use; contained some anti-car messages
– Increase bus use among regular bus users and car users– Regular car uses however had a bad attitude towards the information
• Mutrie et al 2002– Information about walking routes and safety– Increased in walking to work
• Rose and Marfurt 2007– Information; poster and postcards about Ride to work day event in
Victoria, Australia containing maps of bicycle lanes– Observed increase in bicycle ridership
Voluntary TBC experiments
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Incentives – free or subsidised tickets • Hunecke et al 2001
– Free subway ticket given participants after being provided with information about the consequences of continual car use
– Increased in PT use among participants with free tickets• Matthies 2006
– Participants made to commit to bus use, others giving free bus ticket in addition
– Higher bus use among participants with free bus tickets• Fujii and Kitamura 2003
– One-month ticket given to student car users along with bus route maps
– Overall increase in bus use even though higher ridership were recorded during the validity of ticket
Voluntary TBC experiments
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
Feedback• Fujii and Taniguichi 2005– Individualised information on reducing car use; one
group asked to make plans in addition– Higher reductions in planning group compared to
advise group
Voluntary TBC experiments
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
• Travel Blending in Australia– Individual travel behaviour change program– Participants are sent four kits – information
booklets, travel diaries – over a nine week period– Feedback giving on their travel patterns (vehicle
emissions) by analysing the travel diaries– Pilot tested in Sydney and Adelaide– Tailored feedback was the major cause of behaviour
change
Examples of VTBC programs
http://www.travelsmart.gov.au/training/packaging_comm_blend.html#8
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
• Individualised Marketing (IndiMark®)– Concept from Socialdata Germany – Potential PT users contacted directly, motivated and given
information on PT– Selected candidates were also given a one-month PT ticket– First tested in Kassel, Germany – resulting in nearly double
use of PT in test group with results remaining the same for almost four years
– Implemented in a lot of cities thereafter;• South Perth in Australia• Portland in USA• Gloucester, Frome in UK• …etc
Examples of VTBC programs
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
• TBC experiments are used to test the efficiencies of different TDM measures
• Important because TDM measures are not necessarily transferable but context sensitive
• Before and after survey usually used to estimate change• There are several categories of TDM measures; but they can
be grouped either as pull or push, and voluntary or non-voluntary
• Push or non-voluntary measures are seen to be much effective compared to pull or voluntary measures but generally not accepted
• Three main types of voluntary measures – information, incentives, feedback
Summary
Management of Transport Supply and Demand (END5035Z) Travel Behaviour Change Experiments: Methods and Results
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