table of contents - computer science & engg.. -...

Department of CSE& ISE, SLNCE raichur

Table of Contents

SYLLABUS 3

PART-A: Demonstration of Personal Computer and its Accessories .............................................. 1

Laboratory Session-1 .......................................................................................................................... 1

Laboratory Session-2 .......................................................................................................................... 9

PART – B :Problem Solving in C - Implementation with WINDOWS / LINUX platform using

appropriate C compiler. ............................................................................................... 17

1. Quadratic Equation .................................................................................................................... 17

1.1 Algorithm .............................................................................................................................. 17

1.2 Flowchart .............................................................................................................................. 19

1.3 Program ................................................................................................................................. 20

1.4 Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 21

2. Palindrome ................................................................................................................................... 22

2.1 Algorithm .............................................................................................................................. 22

2.2 Program ................................................................................................................................. 23

2.3 Test cases .............................................................................................................................. 23

3. Square Root and Leap Year ....................................................................................................... 25

3.1 Square root of a given Number ............................................................................................. 25

3.1.1 Flowchart ...................................................................................................................... 25

3.1.2 Program ......................................................................................................................... 26

3.1.3 Test cases ...................................................................................................................... 26

3.2 Leap Year .............................................................................................................................. 28

3.2.1 Program ......................................................................................................................... 28

3.2.2 Test Cases ..................................................................................................................... 28

4. Polynomial Evaluation ................................................................................................................ 30

4.1 Algorithm .............................................................................................................................. 30

4.2 Program ................................................................................................................................. 31

4.3 Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 31

5. Sine Series .................................................................................................................................... 33

5.1 Flowchart .............................................................................................................................. 33

5.2 Program ................................................................................................................................. 34

5.3 Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 34

6. Bubble Sort .................................................................................................................................. 36

6.1 Algorithm .............................................................................................................................. 36

6.2 Program ................................................................................................................................. 37

6.3 Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 37

Vijay Kumar HosaGoudar

7. Matrix Multiplication ................................................................................................................. 39

7.1 Program ................................................................................................................................. 39

7.2 Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 40

8. Binary Searching Technique ...................................................................................................... 41

8.1 Program ................................................................................................................................. 41

8.2 Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 42

9. String Copy and Frequency of Vowels ...................................................................................... 44

9.1 String copy without using library function ........................................................................... 44

9.1.1 Program ......................................................................................................................... 44

9.1.2 Test Cases ..................................................................................................................... 45

9.2 Vowels and Consonants Count ............................................................................................. 46

9.2.1 Program ......................................................................................................................... 46

9.2.2 Test Cases ..................................................................................................................... 46

10. Right Rotate and isprime or not ................................................................................................ 48

10.1 Right Rotate by n Positions ................................................................................................... 48

10.1.1 Program ......................................................................................................................... 48

10.1.2 TestCases ...................................................................................................................... 49

10.2 To Check Prime or Not ......................................................................................................... 50

10.2.1 Program ......................................................................................................................... 50

10.2.2 Test Cases ..................................................................................................................... 51

11. Factorial of Number using Recursive function ........................................................................ 52

11.1 Program ................................................................................................................................. 52

11.2 Test Cases: ............................................................................................................................ 52

12. Copy the Contents Of File .......................................................................................................... 54

12.1 Program ................................................................................................................................. 54

12.2 Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 55

13. Student Records - using Array of Structures .......................................................................... 56

13.1 Program ................................................................................................................................. 56

13.2 TestCases .............................................................................................................................. 57

14. Use of Pointers ............................................................................................................................. 58

14.1 Program ................................................................................................................................. 58

14.2 Test Cases ............................................................................................................................. 59

APPENDIX - A ...................................................................................................................................... 60

General Viva & Exercise Problems .................................................................................................................................... 60

APENDIX - B ........................................................................................................................................ 69

Screenshots Of C Program Execution’ In Windows Operating System: ....................................... 69

Screenshots of C Program Execution’ in Linux Operating System: .............................................................. 73

SYLLABUS

SEMESTER I/ II

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LABORATORY

Sub Code : 14CPL 16 / 14CPL26 IA Marks : 25

Hrs/ Week : 03 Exam Hours : 03

Total Hrs. : 42 Exam Marks : 50

PART – A

Demonstration of Personal Computer andits Accessories Demonstration and Explanation on Disassembly and Assembly of a Personal Computer by the Faculty-in-Charge. Students have to prepare a write-up on the same and include it in the Lab record and evaluated. Laboratory Session-1: Write-up on Functional block diagram of Computer, CPU, Buses, Mother Board, Chip sets, Operating System & types of OS, Basics of Networking & Topology and NIC. Laboratory Session-2: Write-up on RAM, SDRAM, FLASH memory, Hard disks, Optical media, CD-ROM/R/RW, DVDs, Flash drives, Keyboard, Mouse, Printers and Plotters. Note: These TWO Laboratory sessions are used to fill the gap between theory classes and practical sessions.

PART – B

Problem Solving in C - Implement the following problems with WINDOWS / LINUX

platform using appropriate C compiler.

1. Design and develop a flowchart or an algorithm that takes three coefficients (a, b, and c) of a Quadratic equation (ax

2+bx+c=0) as input and compute all possible roots.

Implement a C program for the developed flowchart/algorithm and execute the same to output the possible roots for a given set of coefficients with appropriate messages.

2. Design and develop an algorithm to find the reverse of an integer number NUM and check whether it is PALINDROME or NOT. Implement a C program for the developed algorithm that takes an integer number as input and output the reverse of the same with suitable messages. Ex: Num: 2014, Reverse: 4102, Not a

Palindrome.

3. i)Design and develop a flowchart to find the square root of a given number N. Implement a C program for the same and execute for all possible inputs with appropriate messages. Note: Don’t use library function sqrt(n).

ii)Design and develop a C program to read a year as an input and find whether it is leap year or not. Also consider end of the centuries.

4. Design and develop an algorithm for evaluating the polynomial f(x) = a4x4 + a3x

a2x2 + a1x

1 + a0x

0, for a given value of x and its coefficients using Horner’s method. Implement a C program for the developed algorithm and execute for different sets of values of coefficients and x.

5. Draw the flowchart and Write C Program to compute Sin(x) using Taylor series

approximation given by Compare the result with

the built- in Library function and print both the results with appropriate message.

6. Develop an algorithm, implement and execute a C program that reads N integer numbers and arrange them in ascending order using Bubble Sort.

7. Develop, implement and execute a C program that reads two matrices A (m x n ) and B (p x q ) and Compute the product A and B. Read matrix A in row major order and matrix B in column major order. Print both the input matrices and resultant matrix with suitable headings and in matrix format. Program must check the compatibility of orders of the matrices for multiplication. Report appropriate message in case of incompatibility.

8. Develop, implement and execute a C program to search a Name in a list ofnames using Binary Searching Technique.

9. Write and execute a C program that i. Implements string copy operation STRCOPY(str1,str2) that copies a string str1 to

another string str2 without using library function. ii. Reads a sentence and prints frequency of each of the vowels and total count of

consonants. 10. i)Design and develop a C function RightShift(x ,n) that takes two integers x and n as

input and returns value of the integer x rotated to the right by n positions. Assume the integers are unsigned. Write a C program that invokes this function with different values for x and n and tabulate the results with suitable headings. ii)Design and develop a C function isprime(num) that accepts an integer argument and returns 1 if the argument is prime, a 0 otherwise. Write a C program that invokes this function to generate prime numbers between the given ranges

11. Draw the flowchart and write a recursive C function to find the factorial of a number, n!, defined by fact(n)=1, if n=0. Otherwise fact(n)=n*fact(n-1). Using this function,

write a C program to compute the binomial coefficient n

r . Tabulate the results for

different values of n and r with suitable messages.

12. Given two university information files “studentname.txt” and “usn.txt” that contents students Names and USN respectively. Write a C program to create a new file called “output.txt” and copy the content of files “studentname.txt” and “usn.txt” into output file in the sequence shows below. Display the contents of output file “output.txt” on the screen.

13. Write a C program to maintain a record of “n” student details using an array of

structures with four fields (Roll number, Name, Marks, and Grade). Each field is of

Student Name USN

Name 1 USN 1

Name 2 USN 2

……… ……. ……… …….

Heading

an appropriate data type. Print the marks of the student given student name as input.

14. Write a C program using pointers to compute sum, mean and standard deviation of all elements sorted in an array of n real numbers.

Reference Book:

1. Reema Thareja, Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C, Oxford Press, 2012.

Practical Examination Procedure:

Part – A: Experiment is a demo experiment only and shall not be included in practical exam.

Part – B:

1. All experiments are to be included for practical examination.

2. Students are allowed to pick one experiment from the lot.

3. Strictly follow the instructions as printed on the answer script for breakup of marks.

4. Change of experiment is allowed only once and 15% Marks should be deducted

from the procedure part.

PART-A: Demonstration of Personal Computer and its

Accessories

Laboratory Session-1

Write-up on Functional block diagram of Computer, CPU, Buses, Mother Board, Chip

sets, Operating System & types of OS, Basics of Networking & Topology and NIC.

Description about Functional block diagram of Computer:

A computer is an electronic device, which mainly performs the four functions as

reading, processing, displaying and storing on data. These functions of a computer system

can be carried out by using the three main units namely input unit, system unit and output

The block diagram of a computer system is as follows:

Fig 1: Block Diagram of a Computer

Notations:

Data and Results flow

Control instructions to other units from control unit

Instructions from memory unit to control unit

1) Input unit: The input unit helps to enter (feed) data and information into a computer. The

devices like keyboard, mouse and scanner are commonly used input devices.

A keyboard is used to enter alphanumeric characters and symbols.

The mouse is used to pick or select a command from the monitor screen.

A scanner is used to scan an image or read a barcode and so on.

2) System or Central Processing Unit: The processing unit interprets the program

instructions in memory, controls the flow of data and performs arithmetic and logical

operations. The program instructions are processed one at a time along with the necessary

data. The results are sent to memory and the next instruction is processed. This method is

repeated until the program is executed. The CPU consists of sub units to perform different

operations namely ALU, CU and MU.

a) Arithmetic and Logic Unit: The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the unit of the

computer that performs arithmetic and logical operations on the data. This section of

the machine can be relatively small consisting of circuits and registers which perform

arithmetic (+, -, *, /) and logic (>, <, <=,>=, etc) operations. Arithmetic-logic units

which can add and subtract and perform logical operations form the backbone for the

arithmetic and control operations in computers. To perform scientific calculations the

floating-point number system is used.

b) Control unit: The control unit controls the overall activities of the components of the

computer. It is mainly used to coordinate the activities among the units of the

computer. It will send commands signals and controls the sequence of instructions to

be executed. The control unit may be defined as “the parts that effect the retrieval of instructions in proper sequence and application of the proper signals to the arithmetic

unit and the other parts”.

Functions of Control unit

Accessing data & instructions from memory unit

Interpreting instructions

Controlling input and output units

Overall supervision of a Computer system

c) Memory Unit: Computer memory is an internal storage area used to store data and

programs. It can be divided into two groups: primary memory and secondary memory. The

main memory holds instructions and data when a program is executing, the auxiliary or the

secondary memory holds data and programs for long-term storage.

d) Bus: A bus is a collection of wires that carries data/Instructions. It connectsphysical

components such as cables, printed circuits, CPU, Memory, Peripherals etc., for sharing of

Information and communication with one another. The purpose of buses is to reduce the

number of "pathways" needed for communication between the components, by carrying out

all communications over a single data channel.

Types of Buses:

1. System Buses: The system buses are used to transfer the data and instructions between Main memory (Random Access Memory) and CPU. These are classified into following three types.

Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus

It is used to transfer the

data between Processor,

Memory and I/O devices

addresses of data and

instructions stored in

memory.

control signals between

CPU, Memory and I/O

devices.

Bidirectional in nature Unidirectional in nature Unidirectional in nature

Fig 2: Types of Buses

2. I/O Buses: The buses which are used to connect all I/O devices with CPU and Memory are called I/O buses. These are classified into following three types.

PCI Bus ISA Bus USB Bus

PCI stands for

Peripheral Component

Interconnect

ISA stands for

IndustryStandard

Architecture

USB stands for

Universal Serial Bus

The motherboard will

be having 3 or 4 PCI

connectors, so that we

can insert various chips.

This is simple and

slowest bus used in

IBM PCs

It helps to connect

various I/O devices like

keyboard, mouse, pen

drives, printer, etc.

Fastest and presently

more powerful bus

Oldest, simplest and

slowest bus

Newest and widely

used bus

Main Board or Mother Board: Mother Board is a set of Integrated Chips (ICs) which are

designed to work together. It controls the flow of data/instructions within our computer. It is

the main board on which other hardware components are connected to enable the computer

system to work as an integrated unit. It consists of sockets, slots, power connectors and bus.

Chip sets: Chip set is the set of integrated chips that are designed to work

together. These set of chips controls the flow of information on computer.

The chips may be controllers for memory, cache, hard drive, key board

and peripherals.

Fig 3: Chip sets

Operating System and its types: An Operating System (OS) is a system software that

controls and supervises the hardware components of a computer system and it provides the

services to computer users. Also called as Resource Manager that manages the resources

such as CPU, Memory, I/O devices, Job/Task/Process etc., a computer cannot run without

it.The major functions of OS includes: CPU Management, Memory Management, File

Management, Device Management, Process/Task/Job Management and Security

Management.

The primary goal of an OS is to make the computer system convenient and efficient to

use. An OS ensures that the system resources (such as CPU, memory, I/O devices, etc) are

utilized efficiently. For example, there may be many programs residing in the main memory.

Therefore, the system needs to determine which programs are active and which need to wait

for some I/O operation.

Some of the examples of Operating Systems:

Windows –XP is an O.S.

isused for Personal

Computers (PCs)

Unix and XENIX are the

OSs used for multi-user

computers.

Windows 7, Windows 8,

Macintosh OS, Fedora, and

Android, etc. Fig 4: Operating System

Types of Operating Systems:The operating systems are classified into 7 types based on their

capability and usage.

Fig 5: Types of OS

Batch Processing Tasking OS: The data is collected into a group called batch and

provides only one batch (one after another) of jobs as input to the computer system at a time.

The jobs in a batch are processed on first come first serve basis. In this type, the process

takes place at specified time intervals i.e. weekly or monthly without user interaction.

E.g.Punch cards were using to store the data in batch processing and in payroll preparation in

a business batch processing was helpful.

Single user and single tasking OS: The OS that allows only one program to execute

at a time is called single user single tasking operating system. Using this operating system

user can do only one task at a time. E.g. DOS (Disk Operating System).

Single user and multi tasking OS: The OS that allows a single use to perform more

than one task at a time is called single user multi tasking operating system. While working

with the Ms-Word user can perform other work like print a document, listen music.E.g.

Windows-XP, Windows Vista, Windows – 7, etc.

Multi user and multitasking OS: The O.S. that allows two or more users to use a

main computer system to do more than one task is called multiuser and multitasking

operating system.E.g. Unix is a multiuser and multitasking operating system.

Multiprocessing OS: The OS that allows multiple programs to be executed by

multiple CPUs (Processors) is called multiprocessing operating system. Super and main

frame computers have more than one CPU and multiprocessing operating system.

Real Time Operating System (RTOS): The OS that is used for real time

applications and to carry out certain calculations within the specified time constraint. This OS

is used in applications such as mobile phones, supporting systems in hospitals, nuclear power

plants, oil refining, chemical processing, environmental applications and air-traffic control

systems, disaster management etc.,

Virtual machine OS: Allows several users of a computer system to operate as if each

has the only terminal attached to the computer.

Basics of Networking & Topology and Network Interface Card(NIC):

Introduction to Computer Network:

A computer network is a collection of computers and devices interconnected to

facilitate sharing of resources among interconnected devices. Advantages of Computer

Networks includeFile Sharing, Resource Sharing, Increased Storage Capacity, Load Sharing

and Facilitate communications.

Computers in a network can be connected by using telephone lines, cables, satellite

links, etc., Wireless network will use radio signals to exchange the information.

Fig 6: Computer Network

Basic components of a computer network: The basic components of a network are as

follows.

1. Protocols: Set of rules used during the data transmission.

2. Transmission Medium: The media used to connect computer to each other like telephone lines, twisted pair wire, co-axial cable, fiber optics, satellite signals and radio signals, etc.

3. Processors: Modem, Multiplexers, bridges, routers, gateways, hub etc. are the processors used in the network for the flow of data.

4. Channels: Analog/Digital, Synchronous/Asynchronous, Switched/Non switched, Simplex / duplex, etc.

5. Topology: Physical network layout used for networking. For example, bus topology, star topology, ring topology, and mesh topology

6. Software: User interface software like Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), Telnet (Telecommunication Network), PPP (Point to Point Protocol), and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) etc.

Types of Networks: The computer networks are mainly classified into 3 types.

LAN MAN WAN

Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network

A group of computers that are

connected in a small area such

as building, home, office etc

i.e. within a small campus

A network which covers

large area like a city

A network which covers a

large area like a state,

country or across a

continent.

Distance covered by this

network is less than 1 KM

network is 5 to 50 KM.

network is 100 to 1000 KM

Used within a single building

like home or office

Used by private organization

like cable television in our

Used all over the world. i.e.

good example is internet

Computers are connected

through the twisted pair cables

and co axial cables.

A network device called

router is used to connect the

LANs together

It uses fibre optics, cables

and even satellite signals as

a transmission media.

Transmitting data is cheaper Transmitting data is costlier Transmitting data is more

costlier

Transmission data is generally

error free

Transmission data is

generally error prone

Transmission data is

generally error free

Network Topologies: Topology refers to the schematic description of the arrangement of a

network. It is the actual geometric layout of computers and other devices connected to the

network.

Types of Network Topologies: These are mainly classified into 4 types.

1. Bus Topology:

In this network structure, a single cable runs in a building or campus. All the nodes

(terminals / computers)are connected to this single cable. It is suitable for Local Area

Network.

Fig 7: Bus Topology

Advantages:

Failure of one node will not affect the whole network.

Well suited for quick setup

Easy to install and expand

High rate of data transmission as compare to star and ring topology

Disadvantages:

A cable break can disable the entire network

Trouble shouting is very difficult

Only a single message can travel at a time

2. Ring Topology:

In this network structure, all the computers are connected to each other in the form of

a ring. i.e. first node is connected to second, second to third and so on. Finally last node is

connected to first one.

Advantages:

All the nodes have equal chance to transfer the data

These are easily extensible

It can span longer distance than other type of networks

Disadvantages:

Difficult to install

Expensive

Difficult to troubleshoot

Adding or removing computer can disturb the entire network

3. Star Topology:

In this network structure, all the computers are connected with a centralized system

called server. The central computer is also called a hub. To transmit information from one

node to another node, it should be transmitted through a central hub. The central hub

manages and controls all the functions of network.

Advantages:

Easy to install and expand.

Addition or deletion of a node is easier.

Failure of one node will not affect the entire network.

Well suited for quick setup

Easier to debug network problems through a hub

Disadvantages:

Failure of a central system i.e. hub will affect the whole network

Cost of hub is expensive.

4. Mesh Topology

In this network structure, all the computers and network devices

are interconnected with one another like a mesh. Every node has a

connection to every other node in the network. This topology is not

commonly used for most computer networks because of its installation

difficulty and expensive.

Advantages:

Failure of a single node will not affect the entire network

Data transfer rate is very fast because all the nodes are connected to each other.

Disadvantages:

Installation and re configuration is very difficult

Costlier

Hybrid Topology: Each of the topologies has their own advantages and disadvantages. So in the real world, a pure start or pure ring or bus is rarely used. Rather a combination of two or more topologies is used.

Hence, hybrid network topology uses a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). Two very commonly used hybrid network topologies include the star

ring network and star bus network.

Network Interface Cards (NICs): This is the important hardware component, which

connects the machine to the computer network. This will be fixed into one of the free slot on

the mother board. It has one port for the connection of a network cable.

These cards typically use an Ethernet connection

and are available in 10, 100, and 1000 Base-T

configurations. A 100 Base-T card can transfer data at

100 Mbps. The cards come in ISA and PCI versions and

are made by companies like 3Com and LinkSys.

Laboratory Session-2

Write-up on RAM, SDRAM, FLASH memory, Hard disks, Optical media, CD-ROM/R/RW,

DVDs, Flash drives, Keyboard, Mouse, Printers and Plotters.

Introduction to flowchart, algorithm and pseudo code.

Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is basically main memory of the computer.

RAM is a semiconductor memory made up of small memory chips that form

amemory module. These modules are installed in the RAM slots on the

motherboardof computer. Every time you open aprogram, it gets loaded from

thehard drive into the RAM. This is because reading data from the RAM is

much faster than reading data from the hard drive.

Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM): It is an improvement to

standardDRAMbecause it retrieves data alternately between two sets of memory. This

eliminates the delay caused when one bank of memory addresses is shut down while another

is prepared for reading. It is called "Synchronous" DRAM because the memory is

synchronized with the clock speed that the computer'sCPUbus speed is optimized for. The

faster thebusspeed, the faster the SDRAM can be. SDRAM speed is measured inMegahertz.

FLASH memory: Flash memory is a type of Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only

Memory (EEPROM). The name comes from how the memory is designed -- a section of

memory cells can be erased in a single action or in a "flash.". Flash memory cards used for

digital cameras, cellular phones, networking hardware, and PC cards.

Hard disks: Hard disk is prime unit of storage of the computer. Huge amount of data can be

stored and accessed in few milliseconds. The hard disk consists of more number of disks

arranged in the cylindrical order, one above another on a spindle.

The read/write heads are attached to

single access mechanism so that they cannot

move independently. All read/write heads are

moved together to position that heads on the

required track. The hard disks available today

ranges from 200 GB to 2TB and so on. The

present day hard disk ranges from 3600 rpm to

more than 10000 rpm and so on.

Advantages: High storage capacity, high data accessing rate and permanent storage medium.

Disadvantages: It is not portable.

Optical media: An optical storage media is kind of storage, which is coated with thin metal

on which bits are stored. The data can be stored in to optical storage media or read form the

optical storage media.

The devices which perform read or write operation on optical storage media are called

optical storage media.

The laser technology is used to read the data or write the data on optical storage

devices.

Examples: CD-ROM, DVD etc

Compact Disc Read-Only-Memory (CD-ROM): It is a type of optical disc that uses laser

technology to read and write data on the disc. The information stored on CDROM becomes

permanent and cannot be altered. This means that the stored information can only be read for

processing.

A CD-ROM uses the round shaped optical disk to store data, applications,

games and audio files.It can store up to 700 MB of data. It has become integral

part of every organization due to its features like reliability, reasonable, storage

capacity and easy to use of carry.

CD-Drive will be with motor to rotate the disks to perform read and write operations.

A CD-drive will consists of the components like Disc drive, disk drive motor, laser pick up

assembly tracking drive and tracking motor and so on.

Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R): The CD-R allows you to create your own CD.CD-R

drives have the ability to create CDs but they can write data on the disk only once.CD-R

technology also called as Write Once-Read much (WORM) technology.Laser technology is

used to write the data on the compact disk.CD-R drives come in IDE, SCSI and USB models.

Compact Disc Rewritable (CD-RW): CD-RW is an erasable optical disk which is used to

write data multiple times on a disk, CD-RW disks are good for data backup, data archiving or

data distribution on CDs. The disk normally holds 700MB of data.Technology to write data

multiple times on a CD was known as the Phase change Dual (PD) technology.The reflective

properties of a CD-RW are different than regular CD-ROM disks.

Digital Video Disk or Digital Versatile Disc (DVD-ROM):A DVD is a small optical disk

having high density medium and capable of storing a full-length movie on a single disk.The

high density is achieved by using both sides of the disk, special data-compression technology,

and extremely small tracks to store the data.

Advantages:Storage capacity is more compared to CDs.

Flash Drives (Pen drives): USB flash drives are removable, rewritable, and physically much

smaller drives weighing even less than 30 g. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit

board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected

inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain.

Advantages

Data stored on flash drives is impervious to scratches and dust

Mechanically very robust

Easily portable

Have higher data capacity than any other removable media.

Compared to hard drives, flash drives use little power

Flash drives are small and light-weight devices

Flash drives can be used without installing device drivers.

Disadvantages

Can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails.

Most flash drives do not have a write-protect mechanism

Flash drives are very small devices that can easily be misplaced, left behind, or

otherwise lost.

The cost per unit of storage in a flash drive is higher than that of hard disks

Keyboard: A keyboard is the primary input device used in all

computers. Keyboard hasa groupof switches resembling the

keyson an ordinary typewriter machine. Normally keyboard has

around 101 keys. The keyboard includes key that allows us to

type letters, numbers and various special symbols such as *, /, [

, % etc.

Mouse: The mouse is the key input device to be used in a Graphical User Interface (GUI).

The users can use mouse to handle the cursor pointer easily on the

screen to perform various functions like opening a program or file.

With mouse, the users no longer need to memorize commands,

which was earlier a necessity when working with text-based

command line environment such as MS-DOS.

Advantages:

Easy to use; Cheap; Can be used to quickly place the cursor anywhere on the screen

Helps to quickly and easily draw figures

Point and click capabilities makes it unnecessary to remember certain commands

Disadvantages:

Needs extra desk space to be placed and moved easily

The ball in the mechanical mouse needs to be cleaned very often for smooth

movements

Printers:The printer is an output device, which is used to get hard copy of the text displayed

on the screen. The printer is an external optional device that is connected to the computer

system using cables. The printer driver software is required to make the printer working. The

performance of a printer is measured in terms of Dots Per Inch (DPI) and Pages Per Minute

(PPM) produced by the printer.

Types of Printers:

1) Impact Printers:Impact printers are those printers in which a physical contact is

established between the print head, ribbon (cartridge) and paper. E.g. Dot Matrix Printers

2) Non-Impact Printers:No physical contact is established between the print head, ribbon

(cartridge) and paper.E.g. Inkjet Printers and Laser Printers

Dot matrix, Inkjet and Laser printers

No. Dot Matrix Printer Inkjet Printer Laser Printer

1 Impact Printer Non-impact Printer Non-impact printer

It uses metal pins in its

head to create text and

graphics in the form of

Its print head does not have

metal pins, instead it has

several tiny nozzles that spray

ink onto the paper. Each

nozzle is thinner than hair.

The laser printer uses a

beam of laser for

printing.

The process of printing

involves striking a pin

against a ribbon to

produce its output.

The ink cartridges are attached

to the printer head that moves

horizontally from left to right.

The printer uses a

cylindrical drum, a toner

and the laser beam.

4 Printing speed is slower

than laser printer,

Printing speed is slower than

laser dot matrix.

Printing speed is higher

than both.

5 Character by character

printing Line by line printing It is a page printer

6 Low quality printing High quality printing High quality printing

7 Less expensive High expensive High expensive

8 Generates much noise

while printing

Generates less noise while

printing No noise

9 Speed is measured in DPI

(Dots Per Inch)

Speed is measured in CPI

(Characters Per Inch)

Speed is measured in

PPM (Pages Per Minute)

10 Monochrome (Black &

White) Printers Color printer

Monochrome and color

printer

Plotters: A plotter is similar to printer that produces hard-copy output

with high-quality colour graphics. Plotters are generally more

expensive than printers, ranging from about $1000 to $75000.

Problem Solving Techniques:

Theprocessofworkingthrough details of aproblemtoreachasolution.There are three approaches

to problem solving:

Algorithm

Flowchart

Pseudo Code

Algorithm: The algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to be followed in solving a problem. It

provides a scheme to solve a particular problem in finite number of unambiguous steps. It

helps in implementing the solution of a problem using any of the programming languages.

In order to qualify as an algorithm, a sequence of instructions must possess the following

characteristics:

Definiteness: Instructions must be precise andunambiguous i.e. each and every

instruction should be clear and should have only one meaning.

Finiteness: Noteven a single instruction must be repeated infinitely. i.e., Each

instruction should be performed in finite time.

Termination: After the algorithm gets executed, the user should get the desired result

Key features of an algorithm:

Any algorithm has a finite number of steps and some steps may involve decision

making, repetition. Broadly speaking, an algorithm exhibits three key features that can be

given as:

Sequence: Sequence means that each step of the algorithm is executed in the specified

order.

Decision: Decision statements are used when the outcome of the process depends on

some condition.

Repetition: Repetition which involves executing one or more steps for a number of

times can be implemented using constructs like the while, do-while and for loops.

These loops executed one or more steps until some condition is true.

Example: To compute the Area of Rectangle ALGM: AREA_of_RECTANGLE [This algorithm takes length and breadth, the sides of the rectangle as input and computes the area of rectangle using the formula area=length * breadth. Finally it prints the area of rectangle]

STEPS: Step 1:[Initialize]

Start Step 2: [Input the sides of Rectangle]

Read length, breadth

Step 3:[Compute the area of rectangle] Arealength*breadth

Step 4:[Display the Area]

Print Area Step 5: [Finished]

Flowcharts: A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of an algorithm. They are

basically used to design and develop complex programs to help the users to visualize the

logic of the program so that they can gain a better understanding of the program and find

flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-obvious features within it.Basically, aflowchart depicts the

“flow” of a program. The following table shows the symbols used in flowchart along with its

descriptions.

Symbol Name Description

oval Represents the terminal point

Rectangle

Represents the process steps defined in algorithm

Parallelogram Indicate the reading Operation used for input/output or data or information from/to any device

Diamond Indicates the decisions (questions) and consequently the branch points or the paths to be followed based on the result of the question

Arrows

Shows the flowchart direction and connects the various flow chart symbols

Small circle

Shows the continuation from one point in the process flow to another

Hexagon

Represents Looping structures

Predefined Process

Indicates Subroutines

Advantages of Flowcharts:

A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the sequence of steps that

must be performed to solve a problem. They are usually drawn in the early stages of

formulating computer solutions to facilitate communication between programmers and

business people.

Flowcharts help programmers to understand the logic of complicated and lengthy

problems.

They help to analyze the problem in a more effective manner

Flowchart can be used to debug programs that have error(s).

E.g.: To compute the Area of Rectangle

Limitations of using Flowcharts:

Drawing flowcharts is a laborious and a time consuming activity.

Flowchart of a complex program becomes, complex and clumsy. At times, a little bit

of alteration in the solution may require complete re-drawing of the flowchart

Essentials of what is done may get lost in the technical details of how it is done.

There are no well defined standards that limits the details that must be incorporated in

a flowchart

Read length,

breadth

Area =length*breadth

Print Area

Pseudo code: It is a form of structured English that describes algorithms. It facilitates the

designers to focus on the logic of the algorithm without getting bogged down by the details of

language syntax.

Pseudocode is a compact and informal high-level description of an algorithm that

uses the structural conventions of a programming language. It is meant for human reading

rather than machine reading, so it omits the details that are not essential for humans. Such

details include keywords, variable declarations, system-specific code and subroutines.

There are no standards defined for writing a pseudocode because it is not an

executable program. Flowcharts can be considered as a graphical alternative to pseudocode,

but are more spacious on paper.

E.g.: To compute the area of Rectangle

Input length, breadth

Area=length*breadth

Print Area

PART – B: Problem Solving in C- Implement thefollowing problems with WINDOWS

/ LINUX platform using appropriate C compiler.

1. Quadratic Equation

1. Design and develop a flowchart or an algorithm that takes three coefficients (a, b, and

c)of a Quadratic equation (ax2+bx+c=0) as input and compute all possible roots.

Implement C program for the developed flowchart/algorithm and execute the same to

output the possible roots for a given set of coefficients with appropriate messages.

Purpose: This program demonstrates IF, IF-ELSE conditional constructs.

Procedure: To read the coefficientsa, b, c and check if any of the coefficients value is 0. If

any coefficient value is 0, print appropriate messages and re-run the program. Otherwise,

calculate discriminant. Based on the discriminant value, classify and calculate all possible

roots and print them with suitable messages.

Input:Three coefficientsofquadratic equationax2+bx+c=0:a, b, c

ExpectedOutput: This program computes all possible roots for a given set of coefficients

with appropriate messages. The possible roots are:

1. Linear equation and its roots 2. Real & equal roots 3. Real & distinct roots 4. Imaginary roots

1.1 Algorithm

ALGM:Quadratic Equation[This algorithm takes three coefficients as input and computes

the roots]

Steps:

1. [Initialize] Start

2. [Input coefficients of quadratic equation]

read a,b,c

3. [Check for valid coefficients]

Ifa =0andb= 0then

print “Roots cannot be determined”

[Check for linear equation]

else a=0then

root1 ← (-c/b)

print “Linear equation”,root1

goto step 5

4. [Compute discriminant value]

disc ← b*b-4*a*c

5. [Based on discriminant value, classify and calculate all possible roots and print them]

5.1 [If discriminant value is 0, roots are real & equal.]

if disc=0 then

root1← root2 ← (-b/2*a)

print “Real & equal roots”, root1, root2

5.2 [ If discriminant value is >0, roots are real & distinct.]

else ifdisc>0then

root1← (-b+√disc)/(2*a) root2 ← (-b-√disc)/(2*a) print “Real & distinct roots”, root1, root2

5.3 [ If discriminant value is <0, roots are imaginary.]

real ← -b/(2*a)

imag ← √(fabs(disc))/(2*a) root1 ← (real) + i (imag)

root2 ← (real) - i (imag)

print “Imaginary roots”, root1, root2

6. [Finished] End

1.2 Flowchart

1.3 Program

/* Program to calculate all possible roots of a quadratic equation */

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> int main() { float a, b, c, disc; float root1,root2,real,imag; clrscr(); printf("Enter a,b,c values\n"); scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c); if( (a == 0) && (b == 0) ) { printf("Invalid coefficients\n"); printf(" Try Again with valid inputs !!!!\n"); }

elseif(a == 0) { printf("linear equation\n"); root1 = -c / b; printf("Root=%.3f", root1); }

else {

disc = b*b - 4*a*c; if(disc == 0) { printf("The roots are real and equal\n"); root1 = root2 = -b/(2*a); printf("Root1 = %.3f \nRoot2 = %.3f", root1,root2); } elseif(disc>0) { printf("The roots are Real and Distinct\n"); root1 = (-b+sqrt(disc)) / (2*a); root2 = (-b-sqrt(disc)) / (2*a); printf("Root1 = %.3f \nRoot2 = %.3f",root1,root2); } else { printf("The roots are Real and Imaginary\n"); real = -b / (2*a);

imag = sqrt(fabs(disc)) / (2*a);//fabs() returns only numberignoring sign printf("Root1 = %.3f + i %.3f \n",real,imag); printf("Root2 = %.3f - i %.3f",real,imag); } } return 0; }

1.4 Test Cases

Parameters Expected output Obtained output

1 a =0,b=0,c=0 Invalid coefficients Try Again with valid inputs !!!!

Invalid coefficients Try Again with valid inputs !!!!

2 a =0,b=2,c= 8 Linear equation Root = -4

Linear equation Root =-4.000

3 a = 1,b= 6,c= 9 Roots are real and equal Root1 = -3 and Root2= -3

Roots are real and equal Root1 = -3.000 and Root2= -3.000

4 a = 1,b= -5,c= 3 Roots are real and distinct Root1 = 4.30 and Root2= 0.69

Roots are real and distinct Root1 = 4.303 and Root2= 0.697

6 a = 1,b= 4,c= 7 Roots are real and imaginary Root1 = -2 + i 1.73 Root2 = -2 – i 1.73

Roots are real and imaginary Root1 = -2.000 + i 1.732 Root2 = -2.000 – i 1.732

Test for the following cases & record your observations

7 a =0,b= 4,c= 5

8 a = 2,b= -7,c=0

9 a = 2,b= -7,c=8

Viva Questions:

1. What is quadratic Equation?

2. What is math.h ?

3. What are decision making capabilities of C language?

4. Write the syntax of “ if ”statement?

5. Difference between if and switch statements?

6. Write an unconditional controlstatement in C. 7. Write a flowchart for ‘ if’ conditional construct?

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a program to swap two integers with and without using temporary variables

2. Write a program to check whether a person is eligible to vote

3. Write a program to check whether a number is even or odd

4. Write a program to check whether a number is positive negative or zero using nested if

statement

5. Write a program to find largest of two numbers

6. Write a program to find largest of three numbers using nested if else statement

7. Write a program to find largest of three numbers using else if ladder

8. Write a program to display the grade based on marks obtained by the students using else

if ladder

9. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations based on the users choice using else if

ladder

Other alternates:

Try the same quadratic equation program using switch statement.

2. Palindrome

2. Design and develop an algorithm to find the reverse of an integer number NUM

andcheck whether it is PALINDROME or NOT. Implement a C program for the

developedalgorithm that takes an integer number as input and output the reverse of the

samewith suitable messages. Ex: Num: 2014, Reverse: 4102, Not a Palindrome.

Purpose: This program demonstrates the WHILE loop.

Procedure:Input the original number num, reverse itto rev. Check whether original

numbernum is same as its reverse number rev. If it is same, the number is palindrome.

Otherwise, the given number is not palindrome.

Input:An integer number num.

Expected Output: Reversed number revandchecks whether it is palindrome or not.

2.1 Algorithm

ALGM: Palindrome[This algorithm takesan integer number as input and output the reverse

of the same. Also checks the number is palindrome or not]

Steps:

2. [Input the original number] read num

3. [Set number num to a variable n]

n ← num

4. [Iterate until num is not equal to 0. If num value becomes 0, control comes out of the loop. So num’s original value is lost. So, num value is stored in other variable n in step 3. In step 4, reverse of the number is calculated.] while ( num != 0) do

remainder ← num mod 10

num ← num/10

rev ← rev * 10 +remainder

5. [Print reverse number]

print rev

6. [Check if original number & reverse number are same. If it is, number is palindrome.

Otherwise, not palindrome] if (rev = n)then

print palindrome else

print not a palindrome endif

7. [Finished] End

2.2 Program

/* Program to calculate whether a given number is palindrome or not */

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { int n,rev=0,num, remainder ; clrscr(); printf("Enter the number\n"); scanf("%d",&num); n=num; while(num!=0) //Reversing the number { remainder = num%10; num = num/10; rev = rev*10+ remainder; } printf("The reverse number is %d",rev); if(rev == n) printf("\n%d is a palindrome",n); else printf("\n%d is not a palindrome",n); return 0; }

2.3 Test cases

Parameters Expected output Obtained output Remarks

1 N = 1441 Reverse number is 1441

Palindrome Reverse number is: 1441

1441 is a palindrome PASS

Not a palindrome Reverse Number: 7899

9987 is not a palindrome PASS

3 N = -12221 Reverse number is -12221

Palindrome Reverse number : -12221 -12221 is a palindrome

4 N = -6758 Reverse number is -8576

Not a palindrome Reverse Number: -8576

-6758 is not a palindrome PASS

Palindrome Reverse number : 0 0 is a palindrome

N=1010 Reverse number is 0101

Not a Palindrome Reverse number :101

1010 is not a palindrome Pass

7 N=0101 Reverse number is 101

Palindrome Reverse number :101 101 is a palindrome

6 N = 1234

7 N = 1100

8 N = 0203

Viva Questions:

1. What are Looping control statements? 2. Explain while loop. 3. What is the output of this C code?

Faculty should give code here 4. What is the difference between while and for loops?

5. What are the Entry controlled and Exit controlled loops in C ?

6. Write the flowchart for ‘while’ loop. 7. Write the flowchart for ‘do..while’ loop

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a program to find factorial of a number using while loop

2. Write a program to convert binary to decimal and vice versa using while loop

3. Write a program to find sum of n natural numbers using while loop

4. Write a program to find factorial of a number using do-while loop

5. Write a program to convert binary to decimal and vice versa using do-while loop

Other alternate:

Try the same palindrome program using for/do-whilestatement.

3. Square Root and Leap Year

3.1 Square Root of a given Number

3a. Design and develop a flowchart to find the square root of a given number

N.Implement a C program for the same and execute for all possible inputs withappropriate

messages. Note: Don’t use library function sqrt(n).

3.1.1 Flowchart

3.1.2 Program

/* Program to calculate square root of the given number without using built in function */

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> int main()// Please add the logic { int s; double x,d,n; clrscr(); printf("Enter the number\n"); scanf("%lf",&n); if(n>=0) { for(s=1;s*s<=n;s++); //calculating decimal part of the square root s--; for(d = 0.001;d < 1.0;d += 0.001) // calculating the fractional part { x = (double)s + d; if((x*x > (double)n)) { x = x - 0.001; break; } } printf("The square root of the given number is %.3lf\n", x); printf("The square root as per built in function sqrt()is %.2lf", sqrt(n)); } else { printf( "No square root to a negative number"); } return 0; }

3.1.3 Test cases

Parameters Expected output Obtained output

1 N=49 Square root is 7 Square root is 7.000

Using built in function Sqrt() is 7.00 PASS

2 N=30 Square root is 5.477 Square root is 5.477

3 N=50.5 Square root is 7.106 Square root is 7.106

4 N= -4 No square root to a negative number

No square root to a negative number PASS

5 N = 0 Square root is 0 Square root = 0 PASS

6 N = 2

7 N = 16.25

Viva Questions:

1. What is typecasting? Explain with an examples.

2. Difference between float and double data types.

3. Explain for loop?

4. What is a use of break statement?

5. Difference between continue and break statement?

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a program to find the sum of n natural numbers using for loop

2. Write a program to illustrate the usage of unconditional branching

statements(break,continue and goto)

3. Write a program to find sum of squares of n natural numbers using for loop

4. Write a program to generate Fibonacci series for a given number using for loop

5. Write a program to find factorial of a given number using for loop

6. Write a program to calculate xn using for loop

7. Write a program to evalvate ex series using for loop

8. Write a program to find the sum of digits of a number using for loop

9. Write a program to find the sum of series 1+1/2+1/3+……+1/n using for loop

10. Write a program to print the following patterns using nested for loop

a) 1 b) * * * c) 1 2 3

1 2 * * * 1 2

1 2 3 * * * 1

Other alternate :

This program can be done by using while loop also. Cant be done using other methods?

3.2 Leap Year

3b. Design and develop a C program to read a year as an input and find whether it is

leapyear or not. Also consider end of the centuries.

3.2.1 Program

/* Program to find whether given year is leap year or not */ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { int year; clrscr(); printf("Enter valid year\n"); scanf("%d",&year); if((year%4==0) && (year%100!=0) || (year%400 ==0)) //check for leap year { printf("%d is leap year", year); } else { printf("%d is not a leap year",year); } return 0; }

3.2.2 Test Cases

1 Year=2012 Leap year 2012 is a leap year PASS

2 Year=1900 Not a leap year 1900 is not a leap year PASS

3 Year=2000 Leap year 2000 is a leap year PASS

Test for the following cases & record your observations.

4 Year = 1786

5 Year = 2045

6 Year = 2016

Viva Questions:

1. Why n++ executes faster than n+1?

2. Explain about % and ! operator.

3. Which of the operators has associativity from Right to Left?

4. List the operators having same precedence?

5. Which of the following operator has the highest precedence in the following?

a) () b) sizeof c) * d) +

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a program to demonstrate the use of logical operators? 2. Write a program to demonstrate the use of relational operators? 3. Write a program to calculate number days between the two dates?

Alternate ways :

This program can be executed without using && and || operators.

4. Polynomial Equation

4.Design and develop an algorithm for evaluating the polynomial f(x) = a4x4 + a3x

a2x2+ a1x + a0, for a given value of x and its coefficients using Horner’s

method.Implement a C program for the developed algorithm and execute for different

sets of values ofcoefficients and x.

Input:An array of different set of values of coefficientsa4, a3,a2, a1and constant a0-a[]

Indeterminate or variable -x

Number of coefficients- n

ExpectedOutput:Sum of all terms of the polynomial - sum

Purpose: This program describes FOR loop.

Procedure: To read x, n, a[ ] . Calculate the terms of polynomial and add each term to

sum by iterating from n to 0. Thenprint sum value.

4.1 Algorithm

ALGM: EVAL_POLYNOMIALf(x) = a4x4+ a3x

3+ a2x

2+ a1x+ a0using Horner’s

method

Steps:

2. [Input the number of coefficients n]

read n

3. Set sum to 0

4. [Read all coefficients a1, a2, a3, a4and constanta0]

Foreach value i in array a(i)do

read n+1 coefficients

endfor

5. [Input variable x]

read x

6. [Iterate from n to 0. Calculate each term a4x4, a3x ,a2x

2,a1x, a0 . ]

Foreach value iin array a(i) do

sum ← sum * x + a[i]

endfor

7. Print sum

8. [Finished]

EndEnd

4.2 Program

/* Evaluating the polynomial f(x) = a4x4+ a3x

3+ a2x

2+ a1x+ a0 using Horner’s method

(n, i, sum, a[], x) */

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { int n,i,sum=0,a[10],x; clrscr(); printf("enter the number of co-efficients n>=0\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("enter the n+1 co-efficients\n"); for(i=n;i>=0;i--) { printf("Enter a[%d] th coefficient : ",i); scanf("%d",&a[i]); } printf("enter value of x\n"); scanf("%d",&x); for(i=n;i>0;i--) { sum=sum+x*a[i]; } sum=sum+a[0]; printf("the value of sum is %d",sum); return 0; }

4.3 Test Cases

Input Parameters Expected

output

Obtained

output

Remarks

Enter the no of coefficients of N= 4 enter the coefficient n+1 of array a

a[4]=1 a[3]=2 a[2]=3 a[1]=4 a[0]=5

Enter the value of x = 1

Sum = 15 Sum = 15 PASS

2 N= 0 enter the coefficient n+1 of array a

a[0]=25 Enter the value of x = 2

Sum = 25 Sum = 25 PASS

5 N=2 and X=3 a[2]= -3, a[1]= 4,a[0] = -5

6 N=5 and X=2 Give negative coefficients

Viva Questions:

1. What is an array? Give an example 2. What is an multidimensional array? 3. How to declare and initialize one dimensional array? 4. What are the advantages of an array? 5. Differentiate between i++ and i-- ?

Exercise Problems

1. Write a program to Calculate the sum of polynomial without using Horners method 2. Write a program to add all the element of single dimensional array. 3. Write a program to find largest and smallest number in an array. 4. Write a c program to find out second largest element of an unsorted array. 5. Write a c program for delete an element at desired position in an array. 6. Write a c program for insert an element at desired position in an array.

5. Sine Series 5. Write C Program to compute Sin(x) using Taylor series approximation given by

Sin(x) = x - (x3/3!) + (x

5/5!) - (x

7/7!) + …….Compare the result with the built- in Library

function and print both the results.

5.1 Flowchart

5.2 Program

/* Program to calculate sine value of given angle */ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> #define PI 3.142 int main() { int i, degree; float x, sum=0,term,nume,deno; clrscr(); printf("Enter the value of degree"); scanf("%d",&degree); x = degree * (PI/180); //converting degree into radian nume = x; deno = 1;

i=2; do { //calculating the sine value.

term = nume/deno; nume = -nume*x*x;

deno = deno*i*(i+1); sum=sum+term;

i=i+2; } while (fabs(term) >= 0.00001); // Accurate to 4 digits printf("The sine of %d is %.3f\n", degree, sum); printf("The sine function of %d is %.3f", degree, sin(x)); return 0; }

5.3 Test Cases

1 Degree = 0 The sine of 0 is = 0 The sine of 0 is= 0.000

Using inbuilt function sin(0)= 0.000 PASS

2 Degree = 30 The sine of 30=0.500 The sine of 30 is= 0.500

3 Degree = 60 The sine of 600 = 0.866 The sine of 60 is= 0.866

4 Degree = -10 The sine of -100 = -0.17 The sine of -10 is= - 0.174

Using inbuilt function sin(-10)= -0.174 PASS

5 Degree = 90

6 Degree = 45

Viva Questions:

1. What is pre-processor directive?

2. What is difference between const and #define.

3. What is use of fabs().

4. What is variable initialization and why is it important?

5. What is the difference between the = symbol and == symbol?

6. Can the curly brackets { } be used to enclose a single line of code?

Exercise Problems:

1. Write C Program to compute cos(x) using Taylor series approximation. 2. Write C Program to compute exusing Taylor series approximation. 3. Write a C program to compute Log x

Other alternates:

This program can be executed by reading number of terms

6. Bubble Sort

6. Develop an algorithm, implement and execute a C program that reads N integer

numbers and arrange them in ascending order using Bubble Sort.

Purpose:This program demonstrates NESTED FOR loop.

Procedure: To read an array of elements a[ ] . While iterating, compare each pair of adjacent

items in every pass. If the former value is greater than the latter one, their positions are

swapped. Over a number of passes, at most equal to the number of elements in the list, all of

the values drift into their correct positions. Then print sorted array elements.

Input: Number of Elements – n

An array of unsorted elements – a[ ]

Output: An array of sorted elements – a[ ]

6.1 Algorithm

ALGM: Bubble Sort[ This algorithm takes a list of unordered numbers and arrange them in

ascending order using Bubble Sort method]

Steps:

2. [Input number of elements]

read n

3. [Input unsorted elements in array]

read elements in array a[ ]

4. print elements of array a[ ]

5. [Iterate array a[ ] in two loops. Outer loop gives number of passes. Inner loop does

swap task.

In each pass, compare each pair of adjacent items. If former element is greater than

latter one, swap them.]

[Iterate array a[ ] with for each value i in array a[i] to n do

for each value j in array a[j] to n-1 do [Compare each pair of adjacent elements]

if (a[j] > a[j+1])then

[Swap these elements using temp variable]

temp ← a[j]

a[j] ← a[j+1]

a[j+1] ← temp

endfor

6. Print array with sorted elements

7. [Finished]

6.2 Program

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { int n,i,j,a[10],temp; clrscr(); printf("Enter the no. of elements : \n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter the array elements \n"); for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); printf("The original elements are \n"); for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) printf("%d ",a[i]); for(j= 1 ; j <= n-1 ; j++) // Number of Passes { for(i = 0 ; i <= n-j-1; i++) // Comparisons if(a[i] > a[i+1]) { temp = a[i]; a[i] = a[i+1]; a[i+1] = temp; } } printf("\n The Sorted elements are \n"); for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) printf("%d ",a[i]); return 0; }

6.3 Test Cases

No Input Parameters Expected output Obtained output Remarks

A[5]={23,4,6,12,40} Sorted ele are:

A[5]={4,6,12,23,40} A ={23,4,6,12,40}

Sorted A ={4,6,12,23,40} PASS

A[4]={67,5,0,34} Sorted ele are:

A[4]={0,5,34,67} Org={67,5,0,34}

Sorted={0,5,34,67} PASS

A[4]={-3,-9,12,6} Sorted ele are:

A[4]={-9,-3,6,12} Org={-3,-9,12,6}

Sorted={-9,-3,6,12} PASS

A[5]={12,23,6,54,6} Sorted ele are:

A[5]={6,6,12,23,54} Org={12,23,6,54,6}

Sorted={6,6,12,23,54} PASS

6 N=15

Viva Questions:

1. Why the name bubble sort? 2. Mention the different types of sorting techniques? 3. Explain the logic of bubble sort with an example. 4. What is nested for loop?

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a program in c to swap two numbers without using temporary variable. 2. Write a program to sort elements using selection sort. 3. Write a program to reverse the element of an array number without using another array. 4. Write a program to sort an element in descending order bubble sort. 5. Write a program to find the first and second largest element in array.

7. Matrix Multiplication

7. Develop, implement and execute a C program that reads two matrices A (m x n )and B (p x q

) and Compute the product A and B. Read matrix A in row major orderand matrix B in column

major order. Print both the input matrices and resultant matrixwith suitable headings and in

matrix format. Program must check the compatibility oforders of the matrices for

multiplication. Report appropriate message in case ofincompatibility.

7.1 Program

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5],m,n,p,q,i,j,k; clrscr(); printf("Enter the size of first matrix\n"); scanf("%d %d",&m,&n); printf("Enter the size of second matrix\n"); scanf("%d %d",&p,&q); if(n==p) { printf("Enter the elements of first matrix\n"); for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<n;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } printf("Enter the elements of the second matrix\n"); for(i=0;i<p;i++) { for(j=0;j<q;j++) { scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<q;j++) { c[i][j]=0; for(k=0;k<n;k++) { c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j]; } } } printf("The product of two matrix is\n"); for(i=0;i<m;i++) { for(j=0;j<q;j++) { printf("%d\t",c[i][j]);

} printf("\n"); } } else printf("Multiplication is not possible\n"); return 0; }

7.2 Test Cases

Test No Input Parameters Expected output Obtained output Remarks

Matrix A Size= 2, 2 Matrix B Size= 2, 2

Elements= 1 2 5 6

3 4 * 7 8

The product of two matrix 19 22 43 50

The product of two matrix

19 22 43 50

2 Matrix A Size= 2, 3 Matrix B Size= 2, 2

Invalid input

Multiplication not possible

Elements= 1 2 42 4 2 1 3 * 32 1 1

The product of two matrix 12 12 1013

12 12 1013

Elements= 4 -5 10 -7 8 9 * 3 2

-25 38 107 -38

The product of two matrix -25 38 107 -38

5 Matrix A Size= 2, 3 Matrix B Size=3, 2

Viva Questions:

1. What are multi dimensional arrays? 2. How to initialize two dimensional arrays? 3. How to pass a two dimensional array as function parameter? 4. How the memory is allocated for two dimensional array

Exercise Problems:

1. Write the program to add and subtract two matrix. 2. Program to find the transpose of a matrices. 3. Program to find determinants of a matrices.

4. Program to find the diagonal elements of a matrix.

8. Binary Searching Technique

8. Develop, implement and execute a c program to search a name in list of names using

Binary Searching Technique

8.1 Program

/* progrm to search an name using binary search */ #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { char name[10][20], key[20]; int n, i, low, high, mid, found=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter the number of names to read, n="); scanf("%d", &n); printf("Enter the names in ascending order\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%s", name[i]); printf("Enter the name to be search:"); scanf("%s", key); low=0; high=n-1; while(low<=high && !found) { mid=(low + high)/2; if(strcmp(name[mid],key)==0) found=1; elseif(strcmp(name[mid],key)<0) low=mid+1; else high=mid-1; } if(found == 1) printf("Name found in position : %d",mid+1); else printf("Name not found"); return 0; }

8.2 Test Cases

Input Parameters Expected output Obtained output Remarks

1 N=5 name[0] = amar name[1] = chethan name[2] = girish name[3] = manoj name[4] = yadu key = chethan

name found in position : 2

2 N=5 name[0] = amar name[1] = chethan name[2] = girish name[3] = manoj name[4] = yadu key = yadu

name found in position : 5

name[0] = bhaskar name[1] = darshan name[2] = nagaraj name[3] = sathish name[4] = teju name[5] = vishwas key = prakash

name not found name not found PASS

4 N=4 name[0] = sathish name[1] = kiran name[2] = adarash name[3] = bhaskar key = sathish

Names are not in ascending order

Name not found Fail Note: Always

enter the

names in

ascending

Test the following cases and record

name[0] = sathish name[1] = kiran name[2] = adarash name[3] = bhaskar key = kiran

6 N=3 name[0] = amar name[1] = chethan name[2] = girish key = amarrr

Viva Questions:

1. Explain how the binary search program works? 2. Which arethe different types of searching techniques? 3. What is difference between linear search and binary search?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of binary search techniques?

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a program in C to a search an element using linear search. 2. Write a program in C to sort and search an element using binary search.

9. String Copy and Frequency of Vowels

9.Write and execute a C program that

i. Implements string copy operation STRCOPY(str1,str2) that copies a string str1 to

another string str2 without using library function.

ii. Reads a sentence and prints frequency of each of the vowels and total count of

consonants.

9.1 String Copy without using library function

Implements string copy operation STRCOPY(str1,str2) that copies a string str1 to another

string str2 without using library function. This program supposed to be implemented using

functions

9.1.1 Program

/* program to copy string without using library function */

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

// function to copy a string

void strcopy(chars1[50], char s2[50])

int i=0;

while(s[1i]!='\0')

s2[i]=s1[i];

s2[i]='\0';

int main()

char str1[50],str2[50];

clrscr();

printf("Enter the source string\n");

gets(str1);

strcopy(str1,str2);

printf("Destination string is\n");

puts(str2);

return 0;

9.1.2 Test Cases

1 Str1=RNSIT Str2=RNSIT Destination string

Str2=hello PASS

2 Str1=CSE & ISE

Dept Str2=CSE & ISE Dept

Destination string Str2=CSE & ISE Dept

3 Str1 =

ello#%good

4 Str1 = 12345

Viva Questions

1. Define a Function?

2. What is the difference between User-defined and Standard library/Pre-defined functions?

3. Is main() a user-defined function or pre-defined function? 4. What is the Calling function and Called function? 5. What are the Actual parameters /arguments and Formal parameters/arguments? 6. Explain the concept of pass by value / call by value? 7. Explain the void type in C ? 8. What is NULL Character ? 9. What is the difference between character and a string? 10. What are string constants? 11. What are character constants?

Exercise Problems

1. Program to reverse a string without using built-in function. 2. Program to copy a string with using library function. 3. Program to check the given string is palindrome or not. 4. Program to string concatenation without using strcat()

9.2 Vowels and Consonants Count

ii. Reads a sentence and prints frequency of each of the vowels and total count

ofconsonants.

9.2.1 Program

/* program to prints frequency of vowels and total count of consonants */

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char s[100],ch; int i,vc=0,cc=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter the sentence\n"); gets(s); for(i=0;i<strlen(s);i++) { if(isalpha(s[i])) { ch=tolower(s[i]); if(ch=='a'||ch=='e'||ch=='i'||ch=='o'||ch=='u') vc++; else cc++; } } printf("No of vowels=%d\n",vc); printf("No of consonants=%d",cc); }

9.2.2 Test Cases

1 Str = hello apple umbrella Vowels=7

Consonants=11 Vowels=7

Consonants=11 PASS

2 Str=FIRE FOX Vowels=3

Consonants=4 PASS

3 Str= bitty butter 123 Vowels=3

Consonants=8 PASS

4 Str = qwerty@#$

5 Str = DER$ gthy

Viva Questions:

1. Mention some built-in functions of string.h header file

2. What is isalpha function?

3. What is tolower function?

4. What is strlen function?

5. What is strcpy function?

6. What is strcat function?

7. How the of strcmp( ) function works?

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a c program to delete the all consonants from given string.

2. Write a c program to sort the characters of a string.

3. Program to convert uppercase to lowercase and vice versa

4. Program to print the ASCII value of a given character

5. Program to find the string length without using built-in function.

6. Write a program to find a substring in a given string.

10. Right Rotate and isprime or not

10. i)Design and develop a C function RightShift(x ,n) that takes two integers x and n

as input and returns value of the integer x rotated to the right by n positions. Assume the

integers are unsigned. Write a C program that invokes this function with different values

for x and n and tabulate the results with suitable headings.

ii) Design and develop a C function isprime(num) that accepts an integer argument and

returns 1 if the argument isprime, a 0 otherwise. Write a C program that invokes this

function to generate prime numbers between the given ranges

10.1 Right Rotate by n Positions

Design and develop a C function RightShift(x ,n) that takes two integers x and n as input and

returns value of the integer x rotated to the right by n positions.

10.1.1 Program

/* program to rotate right */

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h> #include<math.h>

//function to right rotate unsignedint RightShift(unsignedint x,unsignedint n) { int i; for(i=0;i<n;i++) { if(x%2==0) x=x>>1; else { x=x>>1; x=x+32768; } } return(x); }

void main()

{ unsignedint x,y,n,i,value; char input; clrscr(); do {

printf("\nEnter the number and the no of bits to be” “rotated\n"); scanf("%u %u",&x,&n); y=x; value=RightShift(x,n); printf("\nCALULATED VALUE rightrot of %u,%u=%u",y,n,value); printf("\nTocontinue press 'y' else press 'n'\n"); input=getche(); }while(input!='n'); }

10.1.2 TestCases

No Input Parameters Expected output

Obtained

output Remarks

1 X=4 & N=1

(hint: binary for 4: 0000 0000 0000 0100)

Result=2 (hint : after rotation :

0000 0000 0000 0010)

Result=2 PASS

2 X=5 & N=2

(hint: binary for : 0000 0000 0000 0101)

Result=16385 (hint : after rotation :

0100 0000 0000 0001) Result=16385

Test for the following cases and Record the observation

3 X=8 & N=4

4 X=15 & N=3

Viva Question

1. Explain bitwise operators in C? 2. What is difference between integer and unsigned integer? 3. Explain the function without return type and return value with example? 4. What is difference between getch() and getche()? 5. What are library functions?

Exercise Problems

1. Write a c program to convert decimal number to binary number. 2. Write a c program to convert decimal number to octal number. 3. Write a program to find the 1’s complement of a number? 4. Write a program to find the 2’s complement of a number? 5. Write a program for an unsigned integer to left rotate by n position. 6. Write a program to shift right an integer by n positions.

10.2 To Check Prime or Not

10 ii). Design and develop a function isprime (x) that accepts an integer argument

and returns 1 if the argument is prime and 0 otherwise. The function must use plain

division checking approach to determine if a given number isprime. Invoke this function

from the main with different values obtained from the user and print appropriate messages

10.2.1 Program

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int isprime(int num) { int i; if(num==0 || num==1) { return 0; } for(i=2;i<= sqrt(num);i++) { if(num%i==0) return(0); } return(1); } int main() { int x,y,i,flag=0; clrscr(); printf("Enter a range\n"); scanf("%d%d",&x,&y); printf("The prime numbers are\n"); for(i=x;i<=y;i++) { if(isprime(i)) { printf("%d\t",i); flag=1; } } if(flag==0) { printf("There are no prime numbers between this range\n") } return 0; }

10.2.2 Test Cases

1 Range

X=0 & Y=10 Prime numbers are

2 3 5 7 Prime numbers are

2 3 5 7 PASS

2 Range

X=5 & Y=15 Prime numbers are

5 7 11 13 Prime numbers are

5 7 11 13 PASS

3 Range

X=8 & Y=10 There are no prime

numbers There are no prime

numbers PASS

Test for the following cases and Record the observations

4 Range

X=10 & Y=30

5 Range

X=15 & Y=25

Viva Question

1. Why is the return type used? 2. What is function prototype? 3. What is the default value returned by a function? 4. Which is the even prime number?

Exercise Problem:

1. Write a program to generate a prime number between range 1 to 100.

11. Factorial of number using Recursive function

11. Draw the flow chart and write a Recursive C function to find the factorial of

number n! defined by fact(n)=1, if n=0, otherwise fact(n)=n*fact(n-1),using this function

write a c program to compute the binomial co-efficient nCr. Tabulate the results for

different values of n and r using suitable messages.

11.1 Program

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int fact(int n) { if(n==0) { return 1; } Return (n*fact(n-1)); } void main() { int n,r,res; clrscr(); printf("Enter the value of n and r\n"); scanf("%d%d",&n,&r); res=fact(n)/(fact(n-r)*fact(r)); printf("The NCR is = %d",res); }

11.2 Test Cases:

1 N=4 & R=2 4C2 = 6 4C2 = 6 PASS

2 N=5 & R=5 5C5 = 1 5C5 = 1 PASS

Test for the following cases and Records

3 N=6 & R=0

4 N=7 & R=3

5 N = 3 & R = 1

Hint: Enter N>=R.

Viva Questions

1. Define the term recursion. 2. Explain how recursive function works. 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of recursive function. 4. Give the general syntax of a recursive function.

Exercise Problems

1. Write a program to find of GCD of two numbers using recursion. 2. Write a program using recursive to generate the Fibonacci series. 3. Write a program to find the sum of all numbers from 1 to N using recursive 4. Recursive solutions for Linear and Binary Search 5. Recursive solution for Binomial Coefficient

12. Copy the Contents Of File

12. Given two university information files "studentname.txt" and "usn.txt" that contains

students names and USN respectively. Write a C program to a new file called "output.txt" and

copy the content of files "studentname.txt" and "usn.txt" into output file in the sequence shows

below. Display the content of output file "output.txt" on to the screen.

Student Name USN

Name1 USN1

Name2 USN2

…. …. …. ….

12.1 Program /* program to merge two files */ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { FILE *fptr1,*fptr2,*fptr3; char ch1,ch2; clrscr(); fptr1 = fopen("studentn.txt", "r"); if (fptr1 == NULL) { printf("Cannot open file \n"); exit(0); } fptr2 = fopen("usn.txt", "r"); if (fptr2 == NULL) { printf("Cannot open file \n"); exit(0); } fptr3 = fopen("output.txt" ,"w"); do { while ((ch1 = fgetc(fptr1)) != '\n') { if (ch1 == EOF) break; else fputc(ch1, fptr3); } fputc('\t',fptr3); while ((ch2 = fgetc(fptr2)) != '\n') { if (ch2 == EOF) break; else fputc(ch2, fptr3); } fputc('\n', fptr3); }while(ch1 !=EOF || ch2 !=EOF);

Heading

fclose(fptr3); fptr3 = fopen("output.txt", "r"); printf("Student Name \t USN\n"); printf("-----------------------\n"); while((ch1=fgetc(fptr3))!=EOF) printf("%c",ch1); fclose(fptr1); fclose(fptr2); fclose(fptr3); }

12.2 Test Cases Test No Input Parameters Expected output Obtained output Remarks

1 Don’t create the studentn.txt file

Cannot open file Cannot open file and exits

2 Create a file student.txt

contains names Manoj Suresh Kiran Don’t create usn.txt

Cannot open file Cannot open file and exits

3 Create a file student.txt

contains names

Manoj Suresh Kiran Create file usn.txt

Creates output.txt

and contains

Manoj 100

Suresh 200

Kiran 300

In output device

Student name usn

--------------------------- Manoj 100 Suresh 200 Kiran 300

In output.txt file Manoj 100 Suresh 200 Kiran 300

In output device

Student name usn

--------------------------- Manoj 100 Suresh 200 Kiran 300

Viva Questions:

1. What is file? 2. File is type of ___________? Ans: Struct type 3. What is file mode ? Mention the different types of file mode ? 4. What is pointer and NULL pointer? 5. Write the syntax of fopen( ) and fclose ( )? 6. How the fgetc( ) and fputc( ) works ? 7. If there is any error while opening a file, fopen will return__________? Ans : NULL 8. EOF indicate________? Ans : End – of – file (EOF) is used to report end of file.

9. What is difference between fgetc( ) and fgets( )?

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a program in C to a copy one file to another file. 2. Write a program in C to count number of words, blank space, & number of lines in a

file. 3. Write a program in C to merge two files.

13. Student Recordusing Array of Structures

13. Write a C program to maintain a record of "n" student details using an array of

structures with four fields (Roll number, Name, marks, and Grade). Each field is of an

appropriate data type. Print the marks of the student given name as input.

13.1 Program /* program to maintain a record of student using structrue */ #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct student { int rollno, marks; char name[20], grade; }; void main() { int i, n, count=0; struct student s[10]; char sname[20]; clrscr(); printf("Enter the number of student details n="); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\nenter the %d student details \n",i+1); printf("enter the roll number:"); scanf("%d",&s[i].rollno); printf("enter the student name without white spaces:"); scanf("%s", s[i].name); printf("enter the marks : "); scanf("%d", &s[i].marks); printf("enter the grade : "); fflush(stdin); scanf("%c",&s[i].grade); } printf("\nStudent details are \n"); printf("\nRollno\tName\t\t\tMarks\tGrade\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("%d\t%s\t\t%d\t%c\n", s[i].rollno, s[i].name, s[i].marks, s[i].grade); printf("\nEnter the student name to print the marks:"); scanf("%s", sname); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { if(strcmp(s[i].name, sname)==0) { printf("\nMarks of the student is : %d", s[i].marks); count++; } } if(count==0) printf("Given student name is not found"); }

13.2 TestCases

Input Parameters Expected

output

Obtained

output

1 N=3, Enter the student details of 3 student

Roll no Name Marks Grade

S[0]. 100 Divya 90 A

S[1]. 200 Pavithra 80 B

S[2] 300 Tanisha 60 C

Enter name = Divya to print the marks

Divya Marks=

Divya Marks= 90

S[0]. 100 Krish 75 A

S[1]. 200 Krish 80 B

Enter name = krish to print the marks

Krish Marks=

S[0]. 100 Divya 90 A

S[1]. 200 Pavithra 80 B

S[2] 300 Tanisha 60 C

Enter name = pallavi to print the marks

Given student

name not found

Given student

name not found

Test the following cases and records 4

Viva Questions:

1. What is a structure?

2. Give the difference between an array and a structure?

3. Does the definition of a structure create memory space?

4. How are individual elements of a structure accessed?

5. What is an enumerated data?

6. What is union?

7. What are the difference between structure and union?

8. What is the use of fflush( ).

9. Difference between strcmp() and strcmpi().

Exercise Problems:

1. Write a program in C to create employee details using a structure.(the members of structure are empno, ename, basic salary, HRA, DA, Gross_salary).

14. Use of Pointers

14. Write a C program using pointers to compute the sum, mean and standard

deviation of all elements stored in an array of n real numbers.

Mean :is the average of the numbers. i.ethe sum of a collection of numbers divided by the

number of numbers in the collection

Standard deviation(SD) : measures the amount of variation ordispersionfrom the

average. For a finite set of numbers, the standard deviation is found by taking thesquare

rootof theaverageof the squared differences of the values from their average value.

14.1 Program

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> int main() { float a[10], *ptr, mean, std, sum=0, sumstd=0; int n,i; clrscr(); printf("Enter the no of elements\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("Enter the array elements\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { scanf("%f",&a[i]); } ptr=a; for(i=0;i<n;i++) { sum=sum+ *ptr; ptr++; } mean=sum/n; ptr=a; for(i=0;i<n;i++) { sumstd=sumstd + pow((*ptr - mean),2); ptr++; } std= sqrt(sumstd/n); printf("Sum=%f\t",sum); printf("Mean=%f\t",mean); printf("Standard deviation=%f\t",std); }

14.2 Test Cases

No Input Parameters Expected output Obtained output Remarks

Array elements 2 4 4 4 5 5 7 9

Sum=40 Mean=5 Standard

deviation=2

Sum=40 Mean=5 Standard

deviation=2

Array elements 1 2 3 4

Sum=10 Mean=2.5 Standard

deviation=0.790569

Sum=10 Mean=2.5 Standard

deviation=0.790569

Test for the following cases and Records

Array elements 2 3 4 8 10

Array elements 1 3 5 7 9 11

Viva Question :

1. Define pointer?

2. What does * and & operator indicate with respect to pointer.

3. What are the advantages of using pointer.

4. How is a pointer variable declared?

5. Give the difference between static allocation and dynamic allocation of memory

space.

6. Give the difference between call by value and call by reference

7. What is the effect of the ++ and --operators on pointer variable

Exercise Problem:

1. Write a program to display the value and address of a variable.

2. Write a program to illustrate pointer initialization.

3. Write a program to show the amount of space required to store variables (i.e. int,

float, and char variable) and space reserved for pointers.

4. Write a c program to swap the contents of two variables by passing address to the

function.

APPENDIX - A

General Viva & Exercise Problems

Viva and Exercise problems on Basic concepts of C program

1. Define preprocessor directives.

2. What is the syntax for preprocessor directive?

3. What are header files?

4. What does include stands for?

5. Give some examples of built-in functions stored in math.h ,conoi.h ,stdio.h,string.h.

6. What type of a function is main()?

7. What are variables?

8. Name the basic data type available in C.

9. What is the size of following data type?

a) int b) float c) char d)long int e) double

10. What are format specifiers?

11. Name the format specifiers for the following data type.

a) int b) float c) char d)long int e) double

12. Name formatted input output functions.

13. Give the syntax for printf() and scanf().

14. In which header file, printf() is defined?

15. What are the arguments taken by the function printf( )?

16. What are the two arguments taken by scanf()?

17. What is the output of the following code?

void main()

int a;

printf (“%d”,x); }

18. Name unformatted input output functions.

19. How many characters is read by the function getchar() and gets ()?

20. How do you differentiate getche() and getchar()?

21. What is the significance of using getch() in the program?

22. What are compound statements?

23. What are built-in functions?

24. How many keywords are available in C?

25. Keywords are also known as _________.

26. What are Identifiers?

27. What are Constants?

28. Name the three types of coding constants?

29. What are qualifiers?

30. What is the range of unsigned integer?

31. Give the syntax for defined constant?

32. What is const? Where is it used?

33. Give an example for character constant.

34. What is ASCII value?

35. How characters are stored in memory?

36. How many bits is equal to 1 byte?

37. Half byte is known as _______.

38. What is a compiler?

39. What is an assembler?

Exercise

1. Write a program to print “Hello World”.

2. Write a program to print your name, college, usn.

3. Write a program to print the pattern * * * * *

* * * * *

4. Write a program to read a number and display the number.

5. Write a program to add,subtract,multiply and divide two integers.

6. Write a program to read a character and display it using unformatted input output

functions.

7. Write a program to find the ASCII value of a character.

Viva and Exercise problems on Operators

1. What is an operator?

2. Name the different types of operators in C.

3. What is associativity?

4. Arithmetic operators are left to right associative.(True / false)

5. How multiple assignments are done? Is it left to right or right to left associative?

6. Name relational operators? It is also known as ______.

7. What are unary operators?

8. Give some examples for unary operators.

9. What is an address operator?

10. Give the syntax for ternary operator.

11. What type of operator is increment operator?

12. Which operator is used to know the size of all data type?

13. Name logical operator. Why is it used?

14. Which operator has highest precedence among logical operators?

15. What type of operators are >> and <<?

16. Is there any rotate operator in C?

17. = is an example of -------------------------- operator.

18. A=b. Explain this?

19. What is declaration?

20. Give an example of initialization of variable. How it works?

21. What are local variables?

22. What are global variables?

23. What is the significance of giving semicolon at the end of every statement?

24. What are backslash constants?

25. What does this indicates \a and \t?

26. Differentiate implicit and explicit type conversion.

27. Explicit type conversion is known as___________.

28. Both the variables should be of same data type in implicit type

conversion(True/false)?

29. Explain explicit conversion with syntax.

30. What is the output of following code?

void main ()

int a=6, c;

float b=9.0;

c=a/b;

printf(“%d”,c);

31. What is the output of the following code?

void main ()

int a=10,b=5;

float c;

c = (float) a/b;

printf(“%f”,c);

32. Differentiate post and pre increment operator.

33. Write the output for the following code?

void main ()

int a=8, b, c=10, d;

b = ++a;

printf(“%d\n%d”,a,b); d=c++;

printf(“%d\n%d”,c,d); }

Exercise

1. Write a program to demonstrate arithmetic operators.

2. Write a program to print the right most digit of a number.

3. Write a program to demonstrate relational operators.

4. Write a program to demonstrate logical operators.

5. Write a program to demonstrate bitwise operators.

6. Write a program to demonstrate post& pre increment of a variable(post & pre decrement)?

7. Write a program to find the size of all data type using sizeof( ) operator.

8. Write a program to find largest to two integers using conditional operator.

9. Write a program to demonstrate implicit and explicit type conversion .

10. Write a program to find the radius of a circle.

11. Write a program to swap two integers with and without using temporary variables.

12. Write a program to convert degrees into radians and vice versa.

13. Write a program to convert Celsius into Fahrenheit.

14. Write a program to demonstrate literal constant defined constant and memory constant.

Viva and Exercise problems on Branching and Looping

1. Name conditional branching statements.

2. Write the syntax for if.

3. Name two way decision statement.

4. What is meant by dangling if?

5. Give examples for multiway decision statements.

6. Write the syntax for switch case and else if ladder.

7. Name the different instance where switch case and else if ladder is used.

8. What is the difference between multiple if and else if ladder?

9. What is default? What is the significance of using it in switch case?

10. Can we use continue in switch case?

11. Can the case value be float in switch case?

12. Explain unconditional branching statement.

13. What is the output of the above code? for(i=0;i<5;i++) for(i=0;i<5;i++) { { if(i==3) continue; if(i==3)break; printf(“%d”,i); printf(“%d”,i); } }

14. What is break?

15. Explain the syntax for goto? Why it is not recommended in C?

16. How many times conditional branching statements will work?

17. What are loops?

18. Differentiate event controlled and counter controlled loop.

19. Explain the syntax of while and do-while loop.

20. The minimum times do-while loop will work-------------.

21. While loop is also known as _________.

22. Why do-while loop is also known as exit-controlled loop? Justify.

23. How many times the loop will work?

24. Explain the syntax of for loop.

25. Explain nested for loop.

26. Write the code to print the following code.

27. Write for loop in terms of while loop.

28. What type of loop is this.

for (; ;)

29. Give a real time example where nested for loop is used.

30. pow() is defined in which header file?

31. Which is the preferable loop to find gcd of a number?

32. What is the advantage of using Horner’s method over simple method?

33. Name the different instances where break statement is used.

Exercise

1. Write a program to check whether a person is eligible to vote using if construct.

2. Write a program to check whether a number is even using if construct.

3. Write a program to check whether a student has secured distinction using if construct.

4. Write a program to check whether a number is positive negative or zero using

multiple if statement.

5. Write a program to find the roots of quadratic equation using multiple if statement.

6. Write a program to find largest of two numbers using if else statement.

7. Write a program to check whether a number is even or odd using if else statement.

8. Write a program to check whether the entered digit is vowel or consonant using if else

statement.

9. Write a program to find largest of three numbers using nested if else statement.

10. Write a program to find largest of three numbers using else if ladder.

11. Write a program to check whether a number is positive negative or zero using else if

ladder.

12. Write a program to display the grade based on marks obtained by the students using

else if ladder.

13. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations based on the users choice using

else if ladder.

14. Write a program to find the roots of quadratic equation using else if ladder.

15. Write a program to perform arithmetic operations based on users choice using switch

statement.

16. Write a program to calculate area of circle area of rectangle and area of square based

on users choice using switch statement.

17. Write a program to check whether an entered character is vowel or consonant using

switch statement.

18. Write a numbers program to print the numbers 1 to 10 using while loop.

19. Write a program to reverse a number using while loop.

20. Write a program to find factorial of a number using while loop.

21. Write a program to convert binary to decimal and vice versa using while loop.

22. Write a program to find sum of n natural numbers using while loop.

23. Write a program to find factorial of a number using do-while loop.

24. Write a program to convert binary to decimal and vice versa using do-while loop.

25. Write a program to print the numbers 1to 10 using for loop.

26. Write a program to find the sum of n natural numbers using for loop.

27. Write a program to find sum of squares of n natural numbers using for loop.

28. Write a program to find fibonacci of a given number using for loop.

29. Write a program to find factorial of a given number using for loop.

30. Write a program to determine whether a given number is prime or not using for loop.

31. Write a program to determine whether a given number is even or odd using for loop.

32. Write a program to check whether a number is divisible by 3 using for loop.

33. Write a program to calculate pow(x,n) using for loop.

34. Write a program to evaluate ex series using for loop.

35. Write a program to find the sum of digits of a number using for loop.

36. Write a program to find the sum of series 1+1/2+1/3+……+1/n using for loop

37. Write a program to print the following patterns using nestedfor loop

a) 1 b) * * * c) 1 2 3

1 2 * * * 1 2

1 2 3 * * * 1

38. Write a program to illustrate the usage of unconditional branching

statements(break,continue and goto).

Viva and Exercise problems on Arrays and Strings

1. What is an array?

2. Name the different types of arrays.

3. Can we store name usn and marks of a student in the single array?

4. The name of an array holds what?

5. Give the syntax for declaring 1D array.

6. What are the different ways of 1D array initialization?

7. The integer value associated with the array names indicates what?

8. What does the subscript of the array indicates?

9. How do we access the value stored in array?

10. Can we declare a 2D array without size? Justify.

11. Explain the working of linear search.

12. Name the different sorting techniques.

13. How binary search is more efficient than linear search?

14. What is a string?

15. In which header file all the string built-in function are stored?

16. Why address operator is not used while reading a string?

17. Generally gets() is used to read a string instead of scanf(). Why?

18. Give the syntax and explain the following built-in functions.

a. strlen() b. strrev( ) c. strcpy( ) d. strcat( ) e. strstr( ) f. strcmp()

19. On which basis string comparison is done using the function strcmp( )?

20. How many arguments does the function strcat( ) takes?

21. What does ‘\0’ represents?

22. What is the size of 0 and \0?

23. What is a null character?

24. Differentiate character constant and string constant?

25. How do you represent string constant?

Exercise

1. Write a program to read and display the elements of 1D array.

2. Write a program to find the sum and average of all elements of 1D array

3. Write a program to find the largest of array element.

4. Write a program to perform two 1D array addition.

5. Write a program to perform binary search on array elements.

6. Write a program to read and display the elements of 2D array.

7. Write a program to find the sum and average of all elements of 2D array.

8. Write a program to perform two 2D array addition.

9. Write a program to find transpose of a matrix.

10. Write a program to fill upper triangular and lower triangular matrix with 0 and

diagonal elements with 1.

11. Write a program to find norm of a matrix.

12. Write a program to perform linear search.

13. Write a program to print Fibonacci series up to N.

14. Write a program to read a string and display it.

15. Write a program to find the length of a string using and without using built-in

function.

16. Write a program to concatenate the string using and without using built-in function.

17. Write a program to reverse a string using and without using built-in function.

18. Write a program to compare the string using and without using built-in function.

19. Write a program to find the occurrence of a character in a string using and without

using built-in function.

20. Write a program to reverse a string and check whether it is palindrome or not.

Viva and Exercise problems on Functions

1. Define function.

2. What is user defined function and what is the need of it?

3. Name the three elements of user defined function.

4. Write the syntax for function declaration and function call.

5. What does return type in function declaration indicate?

6. What are actual and formal parameters?

7. How do we declare formal parameters?

8. Is it necessary to mention the name of variable in the function declaration(True /

False)?

9. What is a function call?

10. What type of a function is main()?

11. Write the syntax for actual parameters.

12. What are three aspects actual parameters and formal parameters should match?

13. Explain function definition.

14. How many return statements can be coded in a program?

15. What is the syntax of return statement?

16. What are the two ways of parameter passing technique?

Exercise

1. Write a program to perform addition of two numbers using function.

2. Write a program to find factorial of a number using function.

3. Write a program to swap two integers using function.

4. Write a program to find area of a circle using function.

5. Write a program to find Fibonacci of a number using function.

6. Write a program to check whether any character from string 2 is present in string 1

without using built-in function.

Viva and Exercise problems on Pointers and Recursion

1. What is a pointer?

2. How to declare a pointer?

3. What does a pointer hold?

4. What is a null pointer?

5. In pass by address, the formal parameters should be declared as ____________.

6. * is also known as__________ operator.

7. Can we have pointer to pointer?

8. Differentiate a normal variable and a pointer.

9. What is the output of the following program?

void main()

int a=10;

int *p;

printf(“%d”,a); printf(“%u”,p); printf(“%d”,*p); printf(“%u”,&a);

10. What is recursion?

11. Why base case is required in recursion?

12. When the return statement will be executed ?

13. Which data structure is used to implement recursion?

14. Give examples for recursion.

15. Differentiate iteration and recursion.

Exercise

1. Write a program to find factorial of a number using recursion.

2. Write a program to demonstrate tower of Hanoi using recursion.

3. Write a program to declare and initialize the pointers.

4. Write a program to illustrate pointer to pointer concept.

5. Write a program to illustrate array of pointers.

Viva and Exercise problems on Data Structures

1. What are the two operations implemented on stack?

2. What is data structure?

3. What type of data structure a stack is?

4. What is queue?

5. List the operations on queue.

6. What is importance of the top in the stack?

7. How many ends queue consist of?

8. Give an example of first in first out data structure.

9. What is a queue?

Exercise

1. Write a program to create stack using arrays.

2. Write a program to create queue using arrays.

Viva and Exercise problems on structures and unions

1. What is a structure?

2. Name the derived data types.

3. Can we store more than one data type in structure?

4. What is advantage of using structure over an array?

5. Give the syntax of structure.

6. How the structure elements are accessed?

7. When the memory is allocated to structure?

8. What is union?

9. What is the total memory allocated for union?

10. Can we copy two structures of same type?

11. Are logical operations allowed on structures?

Exercise

1. Write a program to create structures.

2. Write a program to implement array of structures.

3. Write a program to implement pointer to array of structures.

APENDIX - B

Screenshots Of C Program Execution’ In Windows Operating System:

Open Turbo C and click on File -> New to open the editor to type the program.

Turbo C Editor to type the program:

Type the C program

Click File-> Save as to save the C program or Press F2

Save with appropriate File name with .c extension and press ok

Click Compile -> Compile (This is option within compile menu) to compile C program or

press alt+F9:

Compilation process:

Click Run -> Run (This the option within the run menu) or Press ctrl+F9to execute the C

program:

Press Alt+F5to see the output screen

Screenshots of C Program Execution’ in Linux Operating System:

Click Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal on desktop to open terminal shown

below:

Enter vi command in following format: vi Hello.c where Hello is file name and it is

programmer’s choice.

Now, editor is opened. Press ’i’ key or ’insert’ key to change editor to insert mode, where

we can type the program.

Now, press ESC : wq in editor to come back to terminal.

:w is to save the program. q is to quit the editor.

Type cc command following program name to compile the program.

Ex: cc Hello.c

After compilation, run the program using ./a.out command to see the output.

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