sumila gulyani_diamonds inclusive cities inclusive growth
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DIAMONDS & POLYGONS:Frameworks for inclusive urbanization
SUMILA GULYANI
Urbanization Knowledge Platform
The World Bank, Washington, DC
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1. Poverty rates & income inequality
poverty rate (absolute poverty); Gini coefficient (relative poverty)
2. Poverty is rural in South Asia
3. Mitigate by using social safety nets
e.g. employment guarantee schemes, food subsidies, pensions
(conditional) cash transfer programs
4. Rights-based approaches & universal access goals
Right to education, housing, justice, health care, water; MDGs
5. Participatory & inclusive governance
As inequality or exclusion, social tensions
THE DISCOURSE ON INCLUSION
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POVERTY MAP: NAIROBI
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DIAMONDS AND POLYGONS
Plotting conditions in Nairobi and Dakar
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NAIROBIS SLUMS
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DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: NAIROBIs SLUMS
28%
WELFARE% above poverty line
EMPLOYMENT% working
EDUCATION
% completed primary
LIVINGCONDITIONS
% with perm wall, waterand electricity
68%
79%
3%
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DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: DAKARs SLUMS
18%
WELFARE% above poverty line
EMPLOYMENT% working
EDUCATION
% completed primary
LIVING CONDITIONS% with perm wall, water
and electricity
39%
36%
74%
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SLUM DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: SLUMS of NAIROBI AND DAKAR
NAIROBI DAKAR
18%
36%
74%
28%
68%
79%
3% 39%
WELFARE% above poverty line
EMPLOYMENT% working
EDUCATION% completed primary
LIVING
CONDITIONS% with permwall, water
and electricity
WELFARE% above poverty line
EMPLOYMENT% working
EDUCATION% completed primary
LIVING
CONDITIONS% with permwall, water
and electricity
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LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND
UNIT
INFRASTRUCTURE
TENURE
NEIGHBORHOOD
& LOCATION
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INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: NAIROBIS SLUMS
PIPEDWATER ELECTRICITY
TOILET
SEWAGEDISPOSAL
GARBAGEPICKUP
DRAINAGE
19%
22%
25%
12%12%
25%
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INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: DAKARS SLUMS
84%
82%
94%
4%
66%73%
PIPEDWATER ELECTRICITY
TOILET
SEWAGEDISPOSAL
GARBAGEPICKUP
DRAINAGE
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PIPEDWATER ELECTRICITY
TOILET
SEWAGEDISPOSAL
GARBAGEPICKUP
DRAINAGE
INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: NAIROBI AND DAKAR
NAIROBI DAKAR
PIPEDWATER ELECTRICITY
TOILET
SEWAGEDISPOSAL
GARBAGEPICKUP
DRAINAGE
19% 22%
25%
12%12%
25%
84%
82%
94%4%
66%73%
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THE LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND:
Why is quality so bad in Nairobi?
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LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: A DYNAMIC FRAMEWORK
UNIT
INFRASTRUCTURE
TENURE
NEIGHBORHOOD& LOCATION
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S. Gulyani-June 2008
UNIT- 12% have permanent walls- 1.6 rooms per household- 2.6 persons per room
INFRASTRUCTURE- 22% have electricity- Water: 19%, toilets: 25%; drains: 25%; sewer: 12%- Public garbage collection: 11%; street lights: 17%
LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: NAIROBI
TENURE- 8% own homes- Informal land tenure- Move house in 5 yrs (avg)
NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION- 37% feel safe
- High density, irregular layout- Some located in hazardous sites
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LIVING CONDITIONS DIAMOND: NAIROBI AND DAKAR
NAIROBI DAKAR
UNIT12%
withpermanent
walls
INFRASTRUCTURE22% with electricity
TENURE8%
ownhomes
NEIGHBORHOOD& LOCATION37% feel safe
UNIT96%
withpermanent
walls
INFRASTRUCTURE82% with electricity
TENURE74%
ownhomes
NEIGHBORHOOD& LOCATION48% feel safe
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WHAT SHOULD BE DONE?
IN WHAT SQUENCE?
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S. Gulyani-June 2008
28%
WELFARE% above poverty line
EMPLOYMENT% working
EDUCATION% completed primary
LIVING
CONDITIONS% with permwall, water
and electricity
68%
79%
3%
SLUM DEVELOPMENT(Improving lives)
INFRASTRUCTURE(Improving services)
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? SEVERAL OPTIONS
PIPEDWATER ELECTRICITY
TOILET
SEWAGEDISPOSAL
GARBAGEPICKUP
PUBLIC
TRANSIT
19% 22%
25%
12%12%
20%
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UNIT- 12% have permanent walls
INFRASTRUCTURE- 22% have electricity
UPGRADINGS MESO GOAL?: IMPROVING LIVING CONDITIONS
TENURE- 8% own homes
NEIGHBORHOOD & LOCATION- 37% feel safe
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AND IN DAKAR, EMPHASIZE EDUCATION & JOBS
18%
WELFARE% above poverty line
EMPLOYMENT% working
EDUCATION
% completed primary
LIVING CONDITIONS% with perm wall, water
and electricity
39%
36%
74%
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BROADER IMPLICATIONS
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1. Poverty is multi-dimensional. Its not just income.
2. Inclusive access to jobs, education, living conditions
3. Education/incomes insufficient to ensure good living
conditions They are a key element of poverty
Improving living conditions must be a development goal in itself
Urban policymakers should push for both of the above
BROADER IMPLICATIONS: URBAN POVERTY & INCLUSION
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4. Heterogeneity among & within cities
Within cities: among neighborhoods & among HHs
5. Entry points for inclusion vary by context
6. Diamonds & Polygons: Tools for decisions Provide baselines & overtime highlight dynamics
Help reveal whatinterventions
Help understand howto intervene
BROADER IMPLICATIONS: URBAN POVERTY & INCLUSION
MNA ARABIA AGRABAH MAYOR DASHBOARD PROTOTYPE
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Environment
GHG emission/capita:
Air pollution: PM2.5 orPM10
MNA > ARABIA > AGRABAH MAYORs DASHBOARD PROTOTYPE
PEERGROUPS:
Mid-East , C40 ,C100
WBPROJECTS:
Transport | Urban
MDG s:
(report)
Economics & Business
GROWTH
(report)
COMPOSITION
(report)
Development & Infrastructure
UNEMPLOYMENT: 11%
DOING BUSINSS: 5th(Natl) | 42nd(MNA)
ENTERPRISES
Global Rankings
INDEX WORLD MNA
Population 131 9
GDP 139 7
Green Index 20 3
Congestion N/A N/A
Livable Index 62 3
58%Citizen Feedback
Satisfaction
Confidence 57 CONSUMER
FIRM
SCity Management & Finance
CREDITRATING A- (report)
BUDGETALLOCATN:
REVENUEEXPENDITURE
$3,523 mil, $210/capita$4,100 mil, $244/capita
ASSETS /LIABILITIES
parks, public space, cultural,brown-field, crime, climate vuln
DEBT $8,300 mil , $290/capita STAFF: 62,205
Thematic Indicators
Economy
Environment
Social Inclusion
Governance
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THANK YOU
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S. Gulyani-June 2008
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IN DAKAR?
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INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON DAKARS SLUMS
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INFRASTRUCTURE POLYGON: DAKARS SLUMS
84%
82%
94%
4%
66%73%
PIPEDWATER ELECTRICITY
TOILET
SEWAGEDISPOSAL
GARBAGEPICKUP
DRAINAGE
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Dakar
DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND DAKAR
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DEVELOPMENT DIAMOND: DAKAR
18%
WELFARE% above poverty line
EMPLOYMENT% working
EDUCATION
% completed primary
LIVING CONDITIONS% with perm wall, water
and electricity
39%
36%
74%
TENURE MIX AND COMPLEX POLITICAL ECONOMY
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To unlock the tap and improve housing,
need to altertenure mix.
Need a deal between govt, structure owners and tenants
TENURE MIX AND COMPLEX POLITICAL ECONOMY
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