subnational redd+ in the amazon rainforest
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Subnational REDD+
in the AmazonAmy Duchelle, Sven Wunder, Eduardo Marinho
THINKING beyond the canopy
Emergence of subnational REDD+ initiatives
Since 2007, hundreds of
subnational REDD+ initiatives
have emerged in the tropics
Since 2010, some evolved to
jurisdictional approaches (i.e.
led by states or municipalities)
Since 2004, Brazil has cut
deforestation by three fourths
(mainly by env. enforcement)
On-the-ground evidence for
how local people could benefit
or lose from REDD+
Field methods
-Proponent interviews
- Village, women’s,
household surveys
(intervention & control)
• 70+ villages
• 2000+ smallholders
• 121 largeholders
8 sites in South
America
Ucayali
Subnational REDD+ initiatives sampled (Brazil & Peru, 2010-2014)
Drivers of deforestation at sampled sites
0 2 4 6 8 10
Large-scale agric.
Large-scale infrastructure projects
Land grabbing
Large-scale timber harvest (legal)
Large-scale timber harvest (illegal)
Subsistence fuelwood collection
Mining
Large-scale ranching
Small-scale legal timber harvest
NTFP harvesting
Forest fires
Small-scale traditional agric.
Small-scale illegal timber harvest
Small-scale frontier agric.
Small to med-scale ranchers
THINKING beyond the canopy
Initiative categories
Project
Non-marketMarket
Jurisdictional
Market Non-market
• State/municipal boundary
• Local govt. leadership• Project boundary
• NGO/Co. proponent
Acre São Félix
Cotriguaçu
Jari/Amapá
Madre de Dios
Ucayali
Bolsa
Floresta
Transamazon
THINKING beyond the canopy
Smallholder income shares and REDD+ incentives (livelihood support)
67
Ucayali
71
Madre de Dios
49
São Félix do Xingu
34
Cotriguaçu
Livestock reliant sites:
• Sustainable milk
production (Cotri)
• ‘Best practices’ for
cattle ranching (SFX)
Forest reliant sites:
• Local Brazil nut
processing plant
(Madre de Dios)
• Small-scale timber
production (Ucayali)
Forest Livestock Agriculture Wage/Biz Other
THINKING beyond the canopy
REDD+ strategies disentangled
Tenure
regularization
Technology
improvements
Environmental
education
Payments for
Environmental
Services
Subsidies
Provision of inputs
Taxes
Tax exemptions
Regulatory measures
(Prohibition, Rules) e
Fines
Disincentives
CertificationCredit
Insurance
Market interventions
(Quotas,
max/min prices)
Courtesy of J. Börner
THINKING beyond the canopy
REDD+ interventions by initiatives
ENABLING CONDITIONS
Supporting environmental compliance (CAR, restoration)
Tenure regularization
Environmental education
Community MRV
INCENTIVES
Direct cash transfers (conditional)
Livelihood support (conditional)
Livelihood support (non-conditional)
DISINCENTIVES
Deforestation/fire control
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
SFX
SFX
SFX
SFX
Cotri
Cotri
Cotri
Jari
Jari
Jari
BF
BF
MDD
MDD
Ucay
Ucay
TAmaz
TAmaz
TAmaz
Acre
TAmaz
THINKING beyond the canopy
REDD+ & perceived tenure security
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% p
arce
l sec
uri
ty
Secure Insecure
THINKING beyond the canopy
REDD+ & environmental compliance
Site Total land / hh (ha)
Forest cleared per year (ha)
Forest cover (%)
Annual rate clearing (%)
Acre 179 (355) 1.2 (0.9) 88.3 1.0
Transamazon 90 (70) 1.8 (2.5) 67.2 2.0
Cotriguaçu 55 (30) 1.4 (2.8) 42.4 2.5
São Félix do Xingu 74 (66) 1.6 (2.8) 47.0 2.2
Jari-Amapá 61 (69) 0.4 (0.7) 89.3 1.0
Madre de Dios 836 (596) 0.3 (0.6) 98.0 >0.001
Ucayali 2640 (2380) 0.2 (0.5) ~90 >0.001
THINKING beyond the canopy
Conclusion: REDD+ strategy mix
Independent of REDD+ type, proponents pursue
a mix of interventions (esp. enabling conditions,
positive incentives) that reflect local conditions
Environmental enforcement is a key disincentive
– but more from regulators than REDD+
proponents – often pre-dating REDD+ (Brazil)
Conditional PES remain limited so far; more faith
in changing livelihoods (ICDP+) – due to REDD+
financing horizons, managing local expectation,
compensatory focus, conservation paradigms…
Financial support for GCS-REDD+:Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, Australian Agency for International Development,
European Commission, UK Department for International Development.
Publications: http://www.cifor.org/online-library/browse/mitigating-
climate-change.html
Videos/Blogs: http://blog.cifor.org/amazonia
THINKING beyond the canopy
Characteristics of sampled REDD+ initiatives
Country Initiative Name Type of Proponent
Approach Funding source
Area (km2)
Brazil System of Incentives for Environmental Services (SISA), Acre
Government Jurisdictional (state)
Amazon Fund KfW
152,581
Brazil Cotriguaçu Sempre Verde, Mato Grosso
NGO Jurisdictional (municipality)
PackardFundo Vale
9,123
Brazil Sustainable Settlements in the Amazon, Pará
NGO Project Amazon Fund 2,299
Brazil Green Development in Amazon (SFX), Pará
NGO Jurisdictional (municipality)
Moore Amazon Fund
84,212
Brazil Bolsa Floresta, Amazonas NGO Project Amazon Fund Marriot
100,000
Brazil Jari/Amapá Private sector Project Biofílica 660
Peru REDD+ in Brazil Nut Concessions, Madre de Dios
Private sector Project BAM 2,907
Peru REDD+ in Native Communities,Ucayali
NGO Project AIDER, ITTO, TNC
907
THINKING beyond the canopy
Income shares at Amazon REDD+ sites
67
UcayaliMadre de DiosJari-Amapá
São Félix do XinguMato GrossoTransamazonAcre
THINKING beyond the canopy
Income sources at REDD+ sites
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Ucayali
Madre de Dios
Jari-Amapá
São Félix doXingu
Mato Grosso
Transamazon
Acre
% cash + subsistence income
Forest/Environ Agriculture Livestock Wage/Business Other
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