studying geography chapter 1: section 2 september 3, 2013
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Studying GeographyChapter 1: Section 2
September 3, 2013
Objectives
1. Explain how geographers and mapmakers organize our world.
2. Identify special kinds of maps geographers use.
3. Describe how geographers use climate graphs and population pyramids.
Vocabulary Section 2: Part 1
Grid- lines that circle the globe in an east-west and north-south directions
Latitude- lines drawn in an east-west direction
Longitude- lines drawn in a north-south direction
Equator- imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between Earth’s North Pole and South Pole
Parallels- another name for lines of latitude because they are always parallel to the equator and measure distance north and south of it.
Meridians- another name for lines of longitude and they measure distance east and west of the prime meridian
Prime Meridian- imaginary line drawn from the north pole through Greenwich, England to the south pole.
Degrees- the way distance is measured with parallels and meridians
Organizing the Globe
GridLatitudeLongitudeEquatorPrime
Meridian
Geographers and Mapmakers Organize the World…
By drawing lines on the globeBy identifying hemispheres,
landmasses, and bodies of water
By making and using maps
What Are Some Ways Geographers Organize Our
World?
Hemispheres, Continents, Oceans, and Grids Hemispheres: There are four hemispheres.
The equator divides northern and southern hemispheres. The prime meridian divides eastern and western hemispheres.
Continents: Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America
Oceans: Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific Grids: lines that circle the globe in an
east-west and north-south directions
In which hemispheres is the United States located? Which continents are located entirely within the Southern Hemisphere?
Using the Geographer’s Tools
Map Projections
Advantages Disadvantages
Cylindrical Used by navigators because it shows true direction and shape
Exaggerates landmasses at high latitudes
Conic Accurate for areas with long east-west dimensions
Not as accurate for areas that extend mostly north to south
Flat-Plane Used by pilots and navigators because it shows true direction and area sizes
Distorts shapes
Cylindrical Projection
The Cylinder only touches the globe at the equator
Meridians are pulled apart and are parallel to each other instead of meeting at the Poles
Mercator Map is a cylindrical projection
Useful for navigators shows true direction and shape
Conic Projection Conic Projections
are most useful for areas that have long east-west dimensions, such as the United States and Russia
Most accurate along the lines of latitude where it touches the globe
Retains almost true shapes and sizes of landmasses along those locations
Flat-Plane Map Projections
Appear to touch the globe at one point, such as the North Pole or the South Pole
Useful for showing true direction for airplane pilots and ship navigators
Also shows true area sizes, but distorts shapes
Great Circle Route
The shortest route between any two places on the planet
Useful for pilots and ship captains for navigation
What are 3 Kinds of Map Projections that Mapmakers Use?
Special-Purpose Maps
Climate and Precipitation Maps— Show weather patterns and atmospheric conditions
Population and Economic Maps— Show the distribution of people, natural resources, and land usage patterns
Elevation Profiles and Topographic Maps— Show physical features of the land
Important Geographic Characteristics
Climate graphs show average temperatures and precipitation in a place.
Population pyramids show percentages of males and females by age group in a country’s population. They help us understand population trends.
Chapter Review
1. What are two main branches in the study of geography?
2. What six essential elements help us organize the study of geography?
3. How are the three kinds of regions defined?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three main map projections?
5. What are six kinds of special-purpose maps?
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