study of broadband postbeamformer interference canceler antenna array processor using orthogonal...
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Study of Broadband Postbeamformer InterferenceCanceler Antenna Array Processor using
Orthogonal Interference Beamformer
Lal C. Godara and Presila Israt
The School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering,
The University of New South Wales,
Australian Defence Force Academy,
Canberra ACT 2600, Australia
Email : l.godara@adfa.edu.au, p.israt@student.adfa.edu.au
Outline
• Introduction
• Preliminary Review
• Proposed Method
• Examples and Discussion
• Conclusion
Introduction
• Processing of narrowband signals induced on an array of
sensors is normally carried out by multiplying these signals by
complex weights and summing to produce the array output.
Output y(t)
x1(t)
x(t)
xL (t)
+
w l*
w L*
w1*
Postbeamformer Interference Canceller structure
• PIC Processor is a two channel processor which cancels
directional interference by forming two beams using an
antenna array.
Two Beam Processor
PIC Output
– One beam referred to as the signal beam is steered
in the signal direction,
– the second beam referred to as the interference
beam is steered away from the signal direction and
– the weighted output of the second beam is
subtracted from the first beam to form the output of
the processor.
Narrowband Signals
• In the case of narrowband signals the beam steering is
achieved by complex weighting and no physical
delays are required.
• This scheme of complex weighting to steer beams is
not possible to process broadband directional signals.
Broadband Signals
• For this case a processor normally requires a tapped
delay line filter (TDL) and physical delays between
the TDL filter and the sensors are used to steer a
beam.
• These delays are not only cumbersome and
expensive to use but also deteriorate the array
performance due to implementation errors.
Aim of this paper
• This paper presents a technique to process broadband
signals without using steering delays and
• studies the performance of PIC processor using this
method in the presence of broadband directional
signals.
Preliminary Review
• Consider an array of L elements in the presence of
two uncorrelated broadband directional sources and
uncorrelated noise.
• One source is a signal source and the other one is an
unwanted interference.
Array Signals
• Let the induced voltage on the array elements be
sampled at a sampling frequency fs and an NL
dimensional vector X(t) denotes the N samples, that
is,
TTTT )T)(N(tx,T),(tx(t),x(t)X 1
Correlation matrix
• Define an NL × NL dimensional matrix R as
TtXtXER )()(
))1(())1(()( TntxTmtxER jimnij
Fourier transform
• Define a correlation matrix at the kth bin as
)(~)(~)(~
kxkxEkR H
),())(()(~
keRkekR Hli
Hli Lil ,,1,
.
1
1)(
)1()2
(
)2
(
kNN
j
mkN
j
e
eN
ke
Proposed Method
PIC at kth bin
• Figure shows the structure of the PIC processor at the
kth bin. The output q(k) is given by
)(~)()(~)()( kxkUwkxkVkq HH
Output Power
)()()( kqkqEkP
)()(~
)()()(~
)( kUkRkUwwkVkRkV HH
)()(~
)()()(~
)( kVkRkUwkUkRkVw HH
1
0
).(N
k
kPP
Optimal weights
• The optimal weight which minimizes P(k) is given by
.)()(
~)(
)()(~
)(ˆ
kUkRkU
kUkRkVw H
H
Signal and Interference Beams
• Signal Beam
• Interference Beam )()()( kSkPkU
L
kSkV
)()( 0
Steering Vector
L
kSkSIkP
H )()()( 00
)(2))((
lN
kj
l ekS
Where P(k) is a projection matrix and is given by
The steering vector in direction θ is defined as
Algorithm summary
The following summarizes the algorithm to process
broadband signals assuming that the frequency bin
k = k1, k1 + 1, . . . , k2
corresponding to the desired frequency band.
Algorithm
)()()( kSkPkU
• Estimate R using
• Calculate R(k) using
• Select V(k) and U(k) using
• Calculate the optimal weight using
.)()(
~)(
)()(~
)(ˆ
kUkRkU
kUkRkVw H
H
L
kSkV
)()( 0
),())(()(~
keRkekR Hli
Hli Lil ,,1,
TtXtXER )()(
Power
The mean output power at each bin is given by
)()()( kqkqEkP
)()(~
)()()(~
)( kUkRkUwwkVkRkV HH
)()(~
)()()(~
)( kVkRkUwkUkRkVw HH
Signal to Noise ratio (SNR)
• Substituting ( ) the correlation matrix for𝑅 𝑘 signal and noise,
the expressions for the output signal power and the
noise power can be obtained. Then the output SNR( ) 𝑘
is given by
))(ˆ( kwPS
))(ˆ( kwPN
))(ˆ(
))(ˆ()(
kwP
kwPkSNR
N
S
Theoretical Results
Let Ω( ) denote the output SNR at the centre frequency of the 𝑘
k 𝑡ℎbin. From the analysis of narrowband PIC it follows that
)()(1)(
)()(
)(
)()(
0
02 kakk
kak
k
kLpk
n
S
)(
)()(
2
kLp
kka
I
n
)()(
)()()()()(0
kUkUL
kUkSkSkUk H
HII
H
Theoretical Result
)()(
1
)()(
)(
)(
)()( 2
2
2
kLpk
kLpk
k
k
kLpk
I
n
I
n
n
S
200 )()()()(
1)(L
kSkSkSkSk
HII
H
When the interference beam is formed with 𝑆𝜃 ( ) = 𝑘 𝑆 𝐼 ( ), 𝑘
then 𝛾 0( ) = ( ) and 𝑘 𝑘𝜌 Ω(k) becomes
Value of ρ for 4 element array with N=125
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Interference angle in degree
a
t diffe
rent bin
k = 28
k = 52
Comments
• One observes from figure that when θs is close to θI , ρ(k) is very small. As
θs moves away from θI , ρ(k) varies monotonically with k whereas when θs
is far away from θI , ρ(k) is between about 0.9 and 1.0 and variation with k
is not monotonical.
• Ω(k) depends on ρ(k) which in turn depends on array geometry and relative
positions of the two directions. For example when interference is about
1400, ρ(k) increases monotonically between 0.5 to 0.95 whereas when
interference is at about 600 the increase with bins is not monotonical and the
variation between about 0.92 and 1.0. This variation reflects on Ω(k).
Example
• A linear array of 4 elements
• Number of samples N = 125
• Desired normalised frequency 0.22 to 0.42
• Interference direction variable
• Signal direction =110 degree
• Signal power =1
• Interference power =1
• Noise =1
Output SNR (Theory vs. Simulation)
30 35 40 45 50
0
2
4
6
Different bin k
Sig
nal
to n
ois
e ra
tio
s in
dB
SNR(k)(k)
I = 105
I = 70
I = 95
Comments
• One observes from Figure that SNR( ) 𝑘 and Ω( ) 𝑘 in all cases are almost the
same. Furthermore for interference source, making angles of 1050 and 950
with the line of the array, both SNR( ) 𝑘 and Ω( ) 𝑘 increase with 𝑘 similar to
the increase in ( ) whereas for interference angle of 70𝜌 𝑘 0, the signal to
noise ratio increases with first and then drops after reaching to a 𝑘
maximum as expected from the variation in ( ) 𝜌 𝑘 shown in previous
Figure. Thus confirming the analytical study that the output SNR varies
with k and the variation depends upon the relative positions of signal and
interference sources.
Signal to noise ratios (effect of large no. of samples)
250 300 350 400-2
0
2
4
6
8
Different bin k
Sig
nal to
nois
e ra
tios in
dB
SNR(k)(k)
I = 95
I = 70
I = 105
Comments
• Figure shows the same results for = 1000 to show that as 𝑁 𝑁
increases SNR( ) approaches Ω( ).𝑘 𝑘
Output signal to noise ratios (for low noise)
30 35 40 45 505
10
15
20
25
30
Different bin k
Sig
nal to
noise
ratios in
dB
SNR(k)(k)
I = 105
I = 95
I = 70
Comments
• Figure shows the effect of low background noise 0.01 and 100
respectively. One notes that for a very low noise Ω( ) 𝑘 ∝ (𝑘) 𝑘
which is evident from the figure . One also observe from the
figure that the effect of finite bandwidth is clearly evident in
this case. For the case of high noise, it follows that SNR is
very small in all cases which is evident from the next figure.
Example(s): Signal to noise ratios (for large noise)
30 35 40 45 50-15
-10
-5
0
Different bin k
Sig
nal
to n
ois
e ra
tio i
n d
B
I = 70
I = 95
I = 105
Example(s): Output interference Power
30 35 40 45 50-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
Different bin k
Ou
tpu
t In
terf
eren
ce P
ow
er i
n d
B
I = 70
I = 95
I = 105
Comments
• Figure shows the variation in 𝑝𝐼 ( ) as a function of . One 𝑘 𝑘
observes from the figure that the process cancels less
interference when the interference is closer to the signal
source.
Conclusion
• We proposed OIB method for PIC processor which effectively cancels
interference without suppressing the signal.
• Analytical expression for SNR was derived to study the performance
of OIB method.
• Analytical results show that the output SNR depends on the relative
positions of the sources, input signal power, input interference power
and background noise.
• Simulation results were presented to support the analytical expression.
QUESTION
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