studies on some medicinal plants used in
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Table 1. Chronological and geographcal details of survey and collection of medicinal plants.
Area surveyed Sl.No.
Period of survey State District Region
No.of plants
collected 1 May, 1995 Maharashtra Poona Poona, Kothrod, Ganeshkhind, Deccangymkhana. 10 2 July, 1995 Kerala Ernakulam, Angamaly Kolencherry Manjapra, Ayyampuzha, Thattekkade,
Bhoothathankette, Thavalappara, Kuttanpuzha, Panamkutty Pooyamkutty, Edamalayar, Cherai, Athani.
74
3 December,1995 Idukki Valara, Adimaly, Munnar, Marayoor, Neeryamangalam. .
11
4 January, 1996 Kerala Wyanad Kalpetta,Pookkottuchira, Panmaram,Mananthawady, Sulthanbathery, Kaikatty.
31
5 March, 1996 Tamilnadu Coimbatore Ramanadapuram, Gadhigram, Krishnagiri, Thali.
11
Tamilnadu Salem Perunthura, Salem,Dharmapuri.
13
6 July, 1996 Karnataka Bangalore Banglore, Elahanka, Essarhata, Dhanwantharivanam,
Indiranagar, Whitefield. 22
7 September, 1996 Kerala Malapuram Malapuram, Manjeri, Nilampoor, Vazhikadave. 16 8 Decmber, 1996 Kerala Palakkad Nelliyampathy, Kaikatty, Poothundy, Valayar, Attappady
Patagiri, Sitharagunda, Poothupara, Karappara. 12
9 February, 1997 Kerala Thiruvanantha -puram
Neyyar, Attingal. 4
Kerala Alapuzha Kayamkulam, Thrikunnapuzha, Harippad, Mavelikara , Chenganacheri.
9
10 August, 1997 Kerala Palakkad Mannarkad, Thalapady, Govindapuram, Kollamkode, Vadakkumcherry.
15
11 November, 1997 Kerala Kasargod Neeleswaram, Madikkai, Chalakadavu. 7
Area surveyed Sl.
No. Period of survey State District Region
No.of plants
collected 12 January, 1998 Kerala Wyanad Muthanga, Sultanbatherry, Pulpally, Ambalavayal, Mullankolli,
Nemamkadave, Vaithiri. 13
13 September – October, 1995
Kerala Trichur Athirapally, Ayyanthole, Mannuthy, Vazhachal, Peechi, Sholayar.
43
14 September, 1998 Kerala Kozhikode Kappad, Koilandy, Vadakara, Payyoli. 8 15 September, 1998 Kerala Ernakulam Athani, Iringole, Pattal, Odakkali. 30 16 January, 1999 Kerala Thiruvanantha -
puram Ponmudi, Kovalam. 3
17 January, 1999 Kerala Ernakulam Al,uva, Athani, Malayatoor, Manikamangalam, Perumbavoor, Pattimattom, Kadapara, Ellithode, , Thattekkade, Edamalayar, Malipara, Chelad, Mattancherry, Vypin.
65
18 April, 1999 Karnataka Mysore Mysore, Hussor. 5 Tamilnadu Ootacumund Dodpetta,Coonore. 6 Andhra
Pradesh Hyderabad Puttapurthi. 2
19 July, 1999 Kerala Kannur Iritty, Mattanore, Thalassery. 6 20 August, 1999 Goa Majoda Arrosin. 1
South Goa Madgoa. 2 North Goa Panagi. 1
21 October, 1999 Kerala Kollam Kulathupuzha. 5 Thiruvanantha -
puram Nedumangade, Palode. 4
Pathanamthitta Vyalathala, Konni. 3 Total 432
Table 2. Manurial treatments of Operculina turpethum
Treatment 45 days 3 months 6 months 7 months 10 months
Control - - - - -
FYM - FYM @ 7.5 tons /ha as slurry
- FYM @ 7.5 tons /ha as slurry
FYM @ 7.5 tons /ha as slurry
Fertiliser
NPK @ 62.5 : 62.5 : 62.5 kg/ha
-
NPK @ 125 : 125 : 125 kg/ha -
NPK @ 125 : 125 : 125 kg/ha + K2O @ 90 kg/ha as MoP
FYM = Farm Yard Manure NPK = Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium supplied as N, P2O5 and K2O at the rates
indicated applied in the form of 17:17:17 complex fertiliser MoP = Muriate of Potash
Table 3. Systematic position, source and official part of different rasna drugs
Sl.No
Scientific name Family Common Name
Source Plant part
1 Alpinia officinarum Hance
Zingiberaceae Bengalaratha Commer cial sample
Rhizome
2 Alpinia calcarata Rosc.
Zingiberaceae Nadan chittaratha
Cultivated sample
Rhizome
3 Alpinia galanga Sw. Zingiberaceae Aratha, Peraratha
Wild collection
Rhizome
4 Rheum emodi Wall ex Meissn.
Polygonaceae Chuvannaratha
Commercial Sample
Rhizome
5 Vanda tessellata Loud and Loud
Orchidaceae Vanda Wild Collection
Stem
Table 4. Composition of Rasnerandadi kwath
Name of the drug Sl.No. Scientific Sanskrit Malayalam
Plant part Quantity (g)
1 Alpinia sp. Rasna Aratha Rhizome 50 2 Ricinus communis Eranda Avanakke Root 50 3 Adhatoda beddomei Vasa Adalodakam Root 50 4 Tinospora cordifolia Guduchi Amruthe Stem 50 5 Asparagus racemosus Satavari Satavari Tuberous
root 50
6 Tragia involucrate Duralabha Kodithuva Root 50 7 Strobilanthes ciliatus. Sahachara Karimkurinji Root 50 8 Asteracantha longifolia Kokilaksha Vayalchulli Plant 50 9 Sida rhombifolia
ssp.retusa Bala Kurumthotti Root 50
10 Zingiber officinale Sunthi Chukku Rhizome 50 11 Kaempferia galanga Kachoora Kacholam Rhizome 50 12 Cedrus deodara Devadaru Devataram Heart
wood 50
13 Cyperus rotundus Mustha Muthanga Root 50 14 Aconitum
heterophyllum Athivisha Athividayam Tuber 8
Total 658
Table 5. Composition of Ashtavargam kwath
Name of the drug Sl.
No. Scientific Sanskrit Malayalam Plant part Quantity
(g) 1 Alpinia sp. Rasna Aratha Rhizome 100 2 Ricinus communis Eranda Avanakke Root 100 3 Zingiber officinale Sunthi Chukke Rhizome 100 4 Cedrus deodara Devadaru Devadaram Heart
wood 100
5 Strobilanthes ciliatus Sahachara Karimkurunji Root 100 6 Vitex negundo Nirgundi Karinochi Root 100 7 Sida rhombifolia
ssp.retusa Bala Kurunthotti Root 100
8 Allum sativam Lasuna Veluthulli Bulb 100 Total 800
Table 6. Composition of Rasnasapthakam kwath
Name of the drug Sl.No. Scientific Sanskrit Malayalam
Plant part Quantity (g)
1 Alpinia sp. Rasna Aratha Rhizome 100 2 Tinospora cordifolia Guduchi Amruthe Stem 100 3 Ricinus communis Eranda Avanakke Root 100 4 Cedrus deodara Devadaru Devadaram Heart
wood 100
5 Cassia fistula Aragwada Kanikkonna Stem bark
100
6 Tribulus terrestris Gokshura Njerinjil Fruit 100 7 Boerhaavia diffusa Punarnava Thazhuthama Root 100 Total 700
Table 7. Systematic position, vernacular names and source of plants collected Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
1 Naravelia zeylanica Linn.DC. Ranunculaceae Dhanavalli Vathamkolli Athirappilli. Whole plant, root 2 Dillenia indica Linn. Dilleniaceae Bharija Malampunna Dillenia Kalpetta Fruits, bark, Leaf 3 Michelia champaca Linn. Magnoliaceae Champaka Chempakam Michelia Thrissur Whole plant 4 Annona muricata Linn. Annonaceae Mullatha Soursop Aluva, Leaf, flowers, bark 5 Artabotrys hexapetalus(Linn.f) Bhandari Annonaceae Hara champaka Manoranjini Climbing ylang-
ylang Bangalore Leaf, flowers
6 Cananga odorata (Lam) Hook.f & Thoms
Annonaceae Ylang-ylang tree Mavelikkara Flower
7 Polyalthia korinti HK .f .&T.. Annonaceae Athirappilly Root 8 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.)Thw.
var.pendula Annonaceae Ulkatah,
Kashtadaruh Aranamaram Mast or Cemetry
tree Mavelikkara Bark
9 Uvaria narum(Dunal)Wall ex Wight Annonaceae Nilavalli, Vallisakhotah
Narinpanal Athirappilly Root
10 Anamirta cocculus (Linn) Wight &Arn. Menispermaceae Garalaphala Polla Fish berries Peechi seed 11 Cissampelos pareira Linn. Menispermaceae Ambashta Malathangi False pareira,
Brava Kaikatty Root
12 Cocculus hirsutus(Linn.)Diels Menispermaceae Patalagarudah Patalagarudakkadi Broom creeper Kalpetta Root, Leaf 13 Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn)Colebr. Menispermaceae Darvi,
Daruharidra Maramanjal Tree turmeric Peechi Stem, bark, root,
wood 14 Cyclea peltata (Linn) Hook.f & Thomb. Menispermaceae Kakamari,
Patha Kollakaya Pata Athani Root
15 Stephania hernandifolia (Willd) Walp. Menispermaceae Vanatiktika Patavalli Tape vine Pookkoottuchira Root 16 Tiliacora accuminata Miers. Menispermaceae Karaskara lata Vallikkanjiram Sholayar Whole plant 17 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd)Miers ex
Hook f. & Thomas Menispermaceae Guduchi Amruthe Gulancha
Tinospora Athani Stem
18 Berberis aristata DC. Berberidaceae Darvi, Daruharidra
Maramanjal Indian barberry Dodpetta Stem, bark
19 Cabomba aquatica Aubl. Cabombaceae Fish grass Athani Rhizome 20 Nelumbo nucifera Garetn Nymphaceae Ambuja Thamara Sacred lotus,
Indian lotus Mannuthy Rhizome, carpel
21 Nymphaea stellata Willd Nymphaceae Nilolpala Ambal Indian blue water Lily
Athani Rhizome, seed
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
22. Argemone mexicana Linn. Papaveraceae Svarnaksiri, Brahmadanti
Ponnummattu Mexican poppy, Prickly poppy
Ramanadapuram Whole plant
23. Brasssica juncea Czeran.& Coss. Brassicaceae Sarsapah Katuku Indian mustrard Neeleswaram Seed oil 24. Raphanus sativus Linn. Brassicaceae Mulaka Mullangi Radish Perunthura Tuberous root,
Leaf, seed 25. Capparis zeylanica Linn. Capparidaceae Karambha Karthotti Ayyampuzha Root, bark, Leaf 26. Crateva magna(Lour)DC Capparidaceae Varunah Neermathalam Three leaved
caper Adimali Stem, bark
27. Hybanthus enneaspermus (Linn.) F.Muell.
Violaceae Amburuna, Charati
Orila thammara Athani Whole plant
28. Viola odorata Linn. Violaceae Nilapushpa Sweet violet Bangalore Leaf, whole plant 29. Polygala chinensis Linn. Polygalaceae Chuvanna Polygala Athirapilly Root 30. Talinum portulacifolium (Forst)Aschers
ex Schwf. Portulacaceae Sambar cheera Malipara Leaf
31. Camellia sinensis (Linn.) Kuntze Theaceae Syamaparnicha Teyila Tea Ooty Leaf 32. Shorea robusta Gaertn f. Dipterocarpaceae Salah,
Asvakarnah Salaorksham Sal Ayyampuzha Bark, Leaf, fruits,
resin 33. Vateria indica Linn. Dipterocarpaceae Ajakarnah,
Sarjah Vellappayin Indian copal tree Iringole Bark, resin, oil
34. Garcinia gummi-gutta (Linn)Robs. Clusiaceae Vrksamla Kudappuli Pot tamarind Valara Fruit rind 35. Garcina indica Choisy. Clusiaceae Poonampuli Kokam butter tree Panagi Fruits, seed 36. Garcina mangostana Linn. Clusiaceae Mangosteen Mangosteen Cherai Fruits, seed 37. Abelmoschus moschatus Medicus Malvaceae Latakasturika Kasturivenda Maskmallon Mattancherry seed 38. Abutilon indicum(Linn.) Sweet. Malvaceae Atibala Velluram Abutillon,
Country mallow Chelad Plant, Leaf, root
39. Gossypium arboreum Linn. Malvaceae Raksatika Malamparuthi, Kattuparuthi
Tree Cotton Sulthanbathery Leaf
40. Gossypium herbaceum Linn. Malvaceae Karpasa, Kuruparuthi Common cotton, Salem root, Leaf, flowers, seed
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
41. Hibiscus aculeatus Roxb. Malvaceae Sathambasti Pathimugham Munnar Root, Leaf 42. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. Malvaceae Japa, Java,
Rudrapushpam Chembarathi Shoe flower,
Chinese hibiscus Aluva root, Leaf, flowers
43. Pavonia odorata Willd. Malvaceae Hrivera Eruveli Malayatoor Root 44. Sida rhombifolia Linn. Malvaceae Atibala Vankurunthotti Prickly sida Pattal Whole plant 45. Sida rhombifolia Linn.
ssp.retusa(Linn)Borssum Malvaceae Bala Kurunthotti Country mallow Manjapra Root, Leaf
46. Sida spinosa Linn. Malvaceae Mahabala Anakurunthotti Prickly sida Manjaly Whole plant 47. Guazuma tomentosea H.B.&K. Sterculiaceae Rudraksham Banglore Root, fruit 48. Helicteris isora Linn. Sterculiaceae Avarthini Idampurivallpiri East Indian screw
tree Ayyampuzha Fruits
49. Sterculia foetida Linn. Sterculiaceae Putidaru Poothiunarthy Aluva Wood 50. Theobroma cacao Linn. Sterculiaceae Coco Coco Manjapra Seeda 51. Urena lobata Linn. Sterculiaceae Vanabhenda Urakam Urena Thattekkad Leaf, root 52. Waltheria indica Linn. Sterculiaceae Bhuthathankettu Root 53. Corchorus capsularis Linn. Tiliaceae Kalasaka White jute Manjapra 54. Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl. Tiliaceae Dhanurksha
Kottam,Chadachi. Dhaman Iringole Bark, fruits
55. Biophytum sensitivum (Linn.)D.C. Oxalidaceae Lajjalu, Laksh- mane
Mukkutti Common wood-sorr
Aluva Whole plant
56. Aegle marmelos(Linn)Corr. Rutaceae Bilwa Koovalam The bael tree, Holy fruit tree
Manjally Roots, Leaf, fruits
57. Citrus aurantifolia (Christn) Swingle. Rutaceae Brhatjambeera Cherunarakam Lime Iringole Fruits 58. Citrus limon (Linn) Burmf. Rutaceae Matulungah Odichukuthi. Lemon Coimbatore Fruits 59. Citrus reticulata Blanco. Rutaceae Suadunarangah Orange. Loose skinned
orange Bangalore Fruits, flowers
60. Glycosmis arborea(Roxb)DC Rutaceae Kupiluh, Asvasakhotah
Kuttipanal. Sholayar Whole plant
61. Limonia acidissima Linn. Rutaceae Kapitthah Vilarmaram. Wood apple Neryamangalam Bark, Leaf, fruit, gum
62. Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng. Rutaceae Kolasakh Kariveppe. Curry Leaf Aluva Root, bark, Leaf 63. Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack Rutaceae Orange jasmine Kovalam Leaf
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
64. Ruta chalepensis Linn = R. graveolens Linn.
Rutaceae Gucchapatra Aruta Garden rue Bangalore Whole plant, oil
65. Ochna jabotapita Linn. Ochnaceae Kanakachampa Carnival bush Aluva Bark, root 66. Commiphora mukul(Hook ex stocks)Engl Burseraceae Gugguluh,
Mahisaksah Guggulu Indian bedellium
tree Coimbatore Resinous gum
67. Triibulus terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae Gokshura Njerinjil Puncture vine, Land caltrops
Coimbatore Fruits
68. Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Meliaceae Nimba Aryaveppe Neem tree, Margosa tree
Perumbavoor Bark, Leaf, flowes, seed oil
69. Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Mahanimba Malaveppe Persian lilac, pride of China
Sholayar Root, Leaf, seed, flowers
70. Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. Meliaceae Triparnika, Amlavalli
Nilanarakam Goanese ipecacunanha
Aluva Whole plant
71. Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Celastraceae Jyothishmati Kiliteenippanji Climbing chaff plant
Kothrod Bark, Leaf, seed
72. Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Badarah, Kolahkoli
Ilantha, lanthappazham
Indian jujube, Chinese date
Manjapra Seed, whole plant
73. Zizyphus oenoplia (Linn.) Mill Rhamnaceae Karkandhuh Tutali, Cheriyalanta
Jackal jujube Kuttampuzha Root
74. Cayratia carnosa(Wall ex Wight) Gagnep.
Vitaceae Gandirah Amarchakodi Fox grape Iritti Whole plant
75. Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Vitaceae Asthisrinkhala Changalmparanda Edible stemmed vine
Kaikatty Stem, root
76. Vitis vinifera Linn. Vitaceae Drakha Mundiri Wine grape Bangalore Ripe fruits, Leaf, stem, flowers
77. Allophylus serratus (Roxb)Kurz Sapindaceae Triputah Mukkannapperuky, Mukkannanpelu
Sholayar Whole plant
78. Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. Sapindaceae Indravalli Valliuzhinja Balloon vine, Hearts seed
Athani. Whole pant, seed
79. Dodonaea angustifolia Linn. Sapindaceae Unnataruvi Pooyamkutti Leaf 80. Sapindius laurifolius Vahl. Sapindaceae Phenilah,
Aristakah Urulinci, Urunci Soapnut tree Sholayar Root, bark, fruits
81. Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. Sapindaceae Mukulakah, Raktamrah
Poovam Lac tree, Ceylon oak
Sulthanbatherry Bark, oil
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
82. Anacardium occidentale Linn. Anacardiaceae Vrkkabijah, Vrkkaphalah
Kasumavu Cashewnut tree Ayyampuzha Root, bark, Leaf, fruits, seed
83. Buchanania lanzani Spreng. Anacardiaceae Priyalah, Tapasya
Mural, Mungapera Almond tree, cheronjee
Ayyampuzha Root, Leaf, fruits
84. Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f. Anacardiaceae Kattuchere Ayyampuzha seed 85. Lannea coromandelica(Houtt) Merr. Anacardiaceae Thigini KarasuKalasu Wodier, Thingam Koilandy Bark, Leaf 86. Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f. Anacardiaceae Bhallataka Chere, henkotta Marking nut tree,
Oriental cashew Ayyampuzha Fruits
87. Spondias pinnata (Linn, ) Kurz. Anacardiaceae Amratakah Ambazham Wild mango,Hog plum
Ayyampuzha Bark, Leaf, fruits
88. Abrus precatorius Linn. Fabaceae Gunja Kunni Indian liquorice Ayyampuzha Roots, Leaf 89. Abrus pulchellus Wall. Fabaceae Gunja Vellakunni Muthanga seed 90. Arachis hypogaea Linn. Fabaceae Bhucanakan Nilakkadala Groundnut Munnar seed 91. Butea monosperma(Lam.)Taub. Fabaceae Palasa Plase Flame of the
forest, Bastard teak
Kalpetta Bark, Leaf, flowes, seed
92. Cajanas cajan(Linn.)Millsp. Fabaceae Adhaki Thuvara Red gram, pigeon pea
Salem Leaf, seed
93. Cicer arietinum Linn. Fabaceae Chanakah Kodala Bengal Gram, Chick pea
Salem Leaf, seed
94. Clitoria ternatea Linn. Fabaceae Aparajitha Sankhupushpam Butterfly pea Peechi Roots, Leaf, seed 95. Crotalaria alata Buch- Ham. Fabaceae Mannuthy Leaf, seed 96. Crotalaria juncea Linn. Fabaceae Sana Wuckoonar Sunn, Sann,
Hemp Mannuthy Leaf, seed
97. Crotalaria retusa Linn. Fabaceae Sanapuspi Kilukiluppa Rattle wort Mannuthy Whole plant 98. Crotalaria verrucosa Linn. Fabaceae Athani Whole plant 99. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Fabaceae Sihmsapa Etty Sisso Malayatoor Root, Leaf, bark,
wood 100. Desmodium gangeticum (Linn.) DC. Fabaceae Prsniparni Orila Desmodium Valayar Root 101. Desmodium latifolium DC. Fabaceae Prsniparni Orila Desmodium Vazhachal Root
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
102. Desmodium motorium Merrill Fabaceae Ramanamappacha Vazhachal Leaf 103. Desmodium triflorum (Linn.) DC Fabaceae Hamsapati Nilamparanda Vazhachal Whole plant 104. Erythrina indica Linn. Fabaceae Paribhadra Murikke Indian coral tree Angamaly Bark.Leaf 105. Flemingia grahamiana W&A Fabaceae Malayatoor 106. Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Fabaceae Neeli Neelamari Indian indigo Manjapra Leaf, roots 107. Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Fabaceae Kulatthah Muthira Horse gram Valayar Seed 108. Muccuna monosperma DC. Fabaceae Khatavanji Malanthelli Kothrod 109. Mucuna pruriens Hook. Fabaceae Atmagupta Naykkurnam Common cowitch,
cowhage Iringole Leaf, seed, hairs
110. Pongamia pinnata(Linn.)Pierre Fabaceae Karangah Unge, Ponge. Indian beach, Pongam oil tree
Mattannore Root, bark, Leaf, seed oil
111. Pseudarthria viscida(Linn)Wight&Arn. Fabaceae Salaparni Moovila. Mattannore Root 112. Psoralea corylifolia Linn. Fabaceae Bakuchi Karkolari. Kothrod Seeds 113. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Asana Venga Indian kino tree,
Malabar kino tree Malayatoor Leaf, heart wood,
gum 114. Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. Fabaceae Raktachandan Rekthachandanam Red sandal wood Bangalore Heart wood 115. Sesbania grandiflora(Linn)Poir. Fabaceae Agastyah Agathi Swamp pea,
Sesban Salem Root, bark, Leaf,
fruits, flowers 116. Tephrosia purpurea(Linn)Pers. Fabaceae Sarapunkha Kozhinjil Wild indigo,
purple tephrosia Eliithode Whole plant, root
117. Uraria picta Desv. Fabaceae Prsniparni Orila Vaithiri Root 118. Vigna pilosa Baker Fabaceae Mudgaparni Katttupayar Ayyampuzha Root 119. Vigna radiata (Linn.) Wilczek
var.sublobata (Roxb)Verdc. Fabaceae Masaparni Kattuzhunne Wild black gram Ayyampuzha Root
120. Vigna radiata(Linn.)Wilezeck Fabaceae Mudgah Cherupayar Green gram Ayyampuzha Seed 121. Zornia diphylla Pers. Fabaceae Kalakomban Athani Root, bark 122. Bauhinia purpurea Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kanchanara Mandaram Butterfly tree Aluva Root, bark 123. Bauhinia variegata Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kanchanara Mandaram Orchid tree Aluva Root, bark
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
124. Guilandina bonduc (Linn.)Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Lathakarancha Kazhanchi Fever nut, bonduc nut
Ayyampuzha Root, bark, seed, Leaf
125. Caesalpinia sappan Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Patarangah Chappangam Sappan wood, Brazil wood
Odakkali Heart wood
126. Cassia alata Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Elakajam Ring worm senna, Canda labara bush
Sholayar Leaf, seed
127. Cassia auriculata Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Avarthaki Avara The tanners cassia, aviram
Sholayar Root, Leaf.flowers
128. Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Aragwadha Kanikonna Indian laburnum Malayatoor Bark, root 129. Cassia mimosoides Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Padarchunda Madikkai 130. Cassia occidentalis Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kasamarda Nataram, Takara Negro coffee,
Stinking wood Iritti Leaf, root, whole
plant 131. Cassia sophera Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kasamarda Ponnaveram Manjapra Root 132. Cassia tora Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Chakramarda Thakara Foetid cassia Mattanoor Leaf, seed 133. Saraca asoca (Roxb)de.Wilde Caesalpiniaceae Asokah Asokam Ashoka Malayatoor. Bark, Leaf, flowers,
seed 134. Tamarindus indica Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Tintrini Puli, Kolpuli Tamarind tree Aluva Leaf, fruits, seed 135. Acacia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Arivelam Cassie flower Payyoli Bark, heat wood,
kath 136. Acacia catechu (Linn.f)Wild. Mimosaceae Khadirah Karingali Cutch tree,
catechu Dharmapuri Bark, heat wood,
kath 137. Acacia nilotica (Linn.)Willd .ex Del. Mimosaceae Barburah Karivelam Babul, Black
babool Dharmapuri Bark, gum
138. Adenanthera pavonia Linn. Mimosaceae Kucandanah Manchadi Coral wood tree, wead wood tree
Thalapady Bark, Leaf, seed, heart wood
139. Albizia lebbeck (Linn.)Benth. Mimosaceae Sirisah Nenmenivaka Siris tree Malayatoor Bark., flowers, seed 140. Neptunia oleracea Lour. Mimosaceae Alambusa Nirthottawadi Sensitive water
plant Govindapuram Whole plant
141. Rosa centrifolia Linn. Rosaceae Saumyagandha, Satapatra
Rosa Cabbage rose Manjery Root, Leaf, flowers
142. Bryophyllum calycinum Salesb. Crassulaceae Elamulachi Life plant Malayatoor Leaf
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
143 Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.)Pers. Crassulaceae Parnabigah Elamulachi Thalassery Leaf 144 Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Rhizophoraceae Paniccha Kandal,
Pikandal True mangrove Vypin Bark
145 Calycopteris floribunda Lam. Combretaceae Susavi Pullanni Athani Leaf, fruits 146 Quisqualis indica Linn. Combretaceae Rangoon creeper Aluva Fruits, seed 147 Terminalia arjuna(Roxb.ex.DC)Wight &
Arn. Combretaceae Arjuna Neermaruthe Arjun Ganeshkhind Bark
148 Terminalia belerica(Gaertn.)Roxb. Combretaceae Bidhitaki Thanni Belleric myrobalan
Iringole Bark, fruit rind, seed oil
149 Terminalia catappa Linn. Combretaceae Grahadruma Nattubadam Country almond, Indian almond
Iringole Kernal oil
150 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Haritaki, Pathiya,
Kadukka Chebulic myrobalan
Elahanka Mature fruit rind, immature fruit
151 Terminalia crenulata Roth. Combretaceae Chagakarnah Thembavu Black murdah Muthanga Bark 152 Careya arborea Roxb. Myrtaceae Kumbi,
Katabhi Pezhu Kumbi Malayatoor Bark, Leaf, flowers,
fruits 153 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae Nilaniryasa Yukkali Maram Blue gum,
Eucalypt Marayoor Leaf, oil
154 Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. Myrtaceae Cajput tree Deccangymkhana Bark, Leaf, oil 155 Pimenta officinalis Lindl Myrtaceae Sarvasugandhi All spice Ambalavayal Flowr buds, Leaf 156 Psidium guajava Linn. Myrtaceae Mansala Pera Guava tree Kaikatty Root, Leaf, flowers,
fruits 157 Punica granatum Linn. Myrtaceae Dadima Mathalanaragm Pomegranate Sivajinagar Fruit, Fruit rind 158 Syzygium aromaticum(Linn.)Merrill. &
Perry Myrtaceae Lavangam Karayambu Clove tree, clove Thrissur Dried flower bud,
oil 159 Syzygium cumini (Linn) Skeels. Myrtaceae Jambuh Njaval Jaman, black
plum Manjery Bark, Leaf, fruits,
seed 160 Melastoma malabarthricum Linn. Melastomaceae Kalathi Melastoma Peechi. 161 Osbeckia rosea Fys. Melastomaceae Mavelikara Whole plant
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
162 Ammania multiflora Roxb. Lythraceae Kurandika Nirumelneruppu Ayyampuzha Leaf 163 Lagerstroemia flos - reginae Roxb. Lythraceae Manimaruthe Koothupara Bark 164 Lawsonia inermis Linn. Lythraceae Madhavai Mayilanchi Hena Aluva Leaf 165 Woodfordia fruticosa(Linn.)Kurz. Lythraceae Dhataki Thathiri Fire flame wood,
woodfordiaa Madgoa Dried flowers
166 Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.)Raven. Onagraceae Bhulawanga Kattu karayambt Poothundy Whole plant 167 Turnera ulmifolia Linn. Turnerace Cheravathali West Indian holy
sager rose Thalapady Whole plant
168 Passiflora edulis Sims. Passifloraceae Passion fruit Passion fruit Patagiri Fruit, seed, fruit rind
169 Passiflora foetida Linn. Passifloraceae Poochapazham Stinking passion flower
Manarkkad Fruit
170 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn Cucurbitaceae Koosmanda Kumbalam Ashgourd Manjery Fruit, seed 171 Diplocylos palmatus (Linn) Geffry =
Bryonia laciniosa Linn. Cucurbitaceae Lingini Neyyunni Bryoms Nilampoor Fruit
172 Coccinia grandis (Linn.) Voigt = Cephalandra indica Naud.
Cucurbitaceae Bimbika, Bimbi
Koval Little gourd Thavalappara Leaf, fruit, root
173 Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrader Cucurbitaceae Visala Kattuvellari Colocynth Vazikadavu Fruit, seed, root 174 Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi Cucurbitaceae Amlavetasah Njerinjampuli Athirapilly Leaf, root 175 Trichosanthes lobata Roxb. Cucurbitaceae Thiktapatola Kattupadavalam,
Kaipan padavalamWild snake guard Munnar Whole plant
176 Anethum graveolens Linn = Peucedanum graveolens Linn.
Apiaceae Satapushpa Satakuppa Dill Salem Fruit
177 Centella asiatica (Linn) Urban = Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn.
Apiaceae Mandukaparni Kudangal, Kudavan
Indian pennywort Aluva Whole plant
178 Coriandrum sativum Linn. Apiaceae Dhanyakam, Dhanyaka
Kothampalayari, Malli
Coriander Salem Fruit
179 Daucus carota Linn. Apiaceae Garjarah Carrot Carrot Bangalore Tuberous root, seed
180 Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Spraugue= Trachyspermum involucratum Wolf. non Marie.
Apiaceae Ajmoda Ayamodakam Ajowan Banglore Fruit
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
181 Canthium parviflorum Lam. Rubiaceae Manjerry Bark, Leaf 182 Cattunaregum spinosa (Thunb.) Triv.
= Randia dumetorum (Retz.)Poiret Rubiaceae Madanah Malankara Emetic nut tree Ayyampuzha Bark, fruit
183 Coffea arabica Linn. Rubiaceae Rajapiluh Cheru Kappi Arabian coffee Mysore Seed 184 Coffea robusta Linden Rubiaceae Robusta coffee Mysore Seed 185 Coffea travancorensis Wight & Arn. Rubiaceae Pushkaramulla Malayatoor 186 Gardenia gummifera Linn Rubiaceae Nadihingu Sommanadhi kayam Thrissur Gum 187 Hedyotis herbacea Linn = Oldenlandia
corymbosa Linn. Rubiaceae Chayaparpati Parpadakapullu Chay root Manjerry Whole plant
188 Ixora coccinea Linn. Rubiaceae Paranti Tecci, Chetti, Thetti
Jungle flameisora Edamalayar Root, flower
189 Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb) Korth. Rubiaceae Vitanah Vimpu, Neerkkathampu
Kedal Bangalore Root
190 Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Rubiaceae Manjanathi Cherai Fruit 191 Morinda umbellata Linn. Rubiaceae Peetha daru Cherai Root, Leaf 192 Ophiorrhiza mungos Linn. Rubiaceae Sarpaksi Avilpori Ayyampuzha Root 193 Pavetta indica Linn. Rubiaceae Papata Pavatta White pavatta Kothamangalam Root Leaf 194 Pavetta indica var. tomentosa Hook.f. Rubiaceae Kuttampuzha Root 195 Rubia cordifolia Linn.sensu Hook.F. Rubiaceae Manjishta Manjatty. . Kalpatta Root Stalk & Root. 196 Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Asteraceae Nilampoor Whole plant 197 Ageratum conyzoides Linn. Asteraceae Visamustih Kattappa, Appa Goatsweed Pulpalli Plant, Leaf 198 Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clark) Pamp =
Artemisia vulgaris.auct non Linn. Asteraceae Damanakah Makkippuve Worm seed Ootty Leaf, flowering
tops 199 Artemisia parviflora Buch.Ham.ex. Roxb Asteraceae Artemisia Mullamkolli Plant, Leaf 200 Elephantopus scaber Linn. Asteraceae Hastipadi,
Gojihva Anayadiyan Pricly leaved
elephants foot Manjerry Root, Leaf, flowers
201 Elipta prostrata (Linn.) Linn = E. alba (Linn.) Hassk
Asteraceae Bhringaraj Kayyunyam, Kayyunni
Trailing eclipta Manjerry Whole plant
202 Emilia sonchifoila (Linn.) DC. Asteraceae Sarasrutih Muyalchevi Nilampoor Whole plant 203 Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl. Asteraceae Ayapanah Ayappana,
Vishapacha Ayyappana tea Pulpally Whole plant
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
204 Pleuchea lanceolata C.B.Clarke Asteraceae Rasna Poona Leaf 205 Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Asteraceae Mundi,
Sravani Adakamani East Ubduab
glole-thistle Peechi Whole plant
206 Spilanthes acmella Murr. Asteraceae Kuppamanjal Kalpetta Flowers 207 Vernonia anthelmintica Willd =
Centratherum anthelminticum (Linn) O.Ktze
Asteraceae Arayajeera, Aranya
Kattujeerakam Purple, fleebane Vazhachal Seed
208 Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less. Asteraceae Sahadevi Puvamkuruntila Ash coloured fleebane
Peechi Whole plant
209 Wedelia chinensis (Obseck) Merrill Asteraceae Pitabringaraj Manjakayyunyam, Attingal Whole plant 210 Scaevola taccada Roxb. Goodeniaceae Bhadraksha Bhadraksham Chalakadavu Leaf, fruit, root 211 Plumbago auriculata Lam. Plumbaginaceae Neela koduveli Plumbago Mannutyhy Root 212 Plumbago indica Linn. Plumbaginaceae Chitrakah Chithikaduveli Rosy flowered
leadwort Pattimattom Root
213 Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Plumbaginaceae Chitrakah Vellakkoduveli White plumbago Pattimattom Root 214 Achras sapota Linn. Sapotaceae Sapota Sapodilla plum Mannuthy Fruit 215 Chrysophyilum cainito Linn. Sapotaceae West indian star
apple,Butter lime Mannuthy Fruit
216 Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Macbride Sapotaceae Madhukah Illipp Irippa South Indian mahoca
Krishnagiri Flower, bark, fruit
217 Mimusops elengi Linn. Sapotaceae Bakulah Elanji Bullet wood tree Kothamangalam Flower, bark, fruit 218 Sideroxylon tomentosum Roxb. Sapotaceae Aluva 219 Jasminum angustifolium (Linn.) Willd. Oleaceae Vanamallika,
Asphota Kattumulake Wild jasmine,
Spanish jasmine Odakkali Flower, Leaf
220 Jasminum grandiflorum (Linn.) Kobuski Oleaceae Jati, Malati Pichakam Common jamine, catalonian jasmine
Odakkali Flower, Whole plant
221 Jasminum muttiflorum (Burm.f) Andr. Oleaceae Kundah Kurukkuthimulla Downy jasmine Peechi Leaf, flowers 222 Jasminum sambac (Linn.) Ait Oleaceae Mallika Mulla Arabian jasmine,
Tuscan jasmine Kappad Root, Leaf, flowers
223 Nyctanthes arbor- tristis Linn. Oleaceae Parijatah Parijatam Flight jasmine, coral jasmine
Bangalore Flowers, Leaf
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
224 Calotropis gigantea (Linn) R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Arka Erukke Calotropis Athani Leaf, root 225 Ceropegia tuberosa Roxb. Asclepiadaceae Somalata Somalate Moon plant,
Moon creeper Kalpetta Whole plant
226 Cosmostigma racemosa Wight Asclepiadaceae Vattuvalli Kappad Root, bark 227 Cryptolepis buchanani Roem & Schult Asclepiadaceae Karanta. Kallipalvalli Manjapra Leaf 228 Cynanchum callialata Han. ex Wight. Asclepiadaceae Wyanad Leaf, root 229 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. Asclepiadaceae Mashasringi,
Madhunasini Chakkarakkoli, Madhurmkolli
Periploca of the woods
Mananthawady Leaf, whole plant
230 Hemedesmus indicus R.Br Asclepiadaceae Sariba Naruneendi Indian sarasaparilla
Kayyamkulam Leaf, root, stem
231 Holostemma ada-kodien Schultes Asclepiadaceae Jivanti, Arkapushpi
Adakodiyan, Adapathiyan
Ayyampuzha Tuberous root, Leaf
232 Leptadenia reticulata Wight & Arn. Asclepiadaceae Jivanti Bangalore Leaf, root 233 Pergularia daemia (Forsk) Chiov =
P.extensa (Jacq) N.E.Br Asclepiadaceae Kurutakah,
Uttamarni Velipparuti Neelaswaram Whole plant
234 Sarcostemma acidum (Voight) Voigt Asclepiadaceae Somalatha Somalatha Moon plant, Moon creeper
Vadakancherry, Palakkad Dt.
Whole plant
235 Tylophora indica (Burm.f) Merrill Asclepiadaceae Lataksiri Vallippala Emetic swallow wort
Pookottuchira Leaf, root, flowers
236 Watakkakka volubilis (Linn.f) Stapf. Asclepiadaceae Madhumalathi Vatakkaka kodi Pullpalli Leaf, root, flowers 237 Strychnos nux – vomica Linn. Loganiaceae Karaskarah Kanniram Strychnine tree,
snake wood Kappad Bark, Leaf, seed
238 Alstonia scholaris R.Br. Apocynaceae Saptaparnah Ezhilampala Devils tree, Dita bark
Athani Bark, latex
239 Alstonia venenata R.Br. Apocynaceae Vishaghni Analivegam Nelliyampathi Bark, latex 240 Cascabella thevetia ( Linn.) Lippold Apocynaceae Asvaghna Mancha arali Lucky nut tree,
Yellow oleander Attingal Leaf, root
241 Catharanthus pusillus G.Don Apocynaceae Sankhi Kapavila Aluva Whole plant 242 Catharanthus roseus (Linn.) G.Don =
Vinca rosea Linn. Apocynaceae Nithyakalyani Ushamalari Perwinkle Athani Leaf, root
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
243 Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon.) Alston. Apocynaceae Murva, Morata Perumkurumba Nelliyampathi Root 244 Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.Ham)
Wallich ex Don= H.antidisenterica (Roxb ex Fleming) Wall ex D C
Apocynaceae Kutaja Kudakapala Kurchi, Conessi Ayyampuzha Bark, seed
245 Ichnocarpus frutescens (Linn.) R.Br. Apocynaceae Krishna sariba Palvalli Athani Leaf, root, flowers 246 Nerium oleander Linn. Apocynaceae Karavirah Arali Indian Oleander Hussor 247 Plumeria rubra Linn. Apocynaceae Lal chamba Ezhachampakam Temple or Pagoda
tree Coimbatore Bark, Leaf, flower,
root 248 Rauwolfia serpentina (Linn.) Benth ex
Kurz. Apocynaceae Sarpagandha Sarpagandhi Rauvolfia root,
Serpentine root Edamalayar Root
249 Rauwolfia tetraphylla Linn. Apocynaceae Malappuram Root 250 Tabarnaemontana divaricata (Linn)
R.Br ex Roem & Schultes . Apocynaceae Nandivriksha Nambiyarvattom Forbidden root Athan Root, flowers,
latex 251 Vallaris solanacea Kuntze. Apocynaceae Bhadravalla Mavelikkara Bark, latex, seed 252 Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb) R.Br. Apocynaceae Svetakutagah Dandappala Pala indigo plant Peechi Leaf, bark, seed 253 Wrightia tomentosa Roem. & Schult. Apocynaceae Neelampala,
Milampala
Peechi Bark, seed
254 Heliotropium indicum Linn. Boraginaceae Vrscikali Tekkada Common heliotrope, Cherry pie
Ponmudy Whole plant
255 Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f) Boji. Convolvulaceae Vridhadaru Samudrapacha The elephant creeper
Puttaparthi Leaf, root,
256 Evolvulus alsinoides (Linn.) Linn. Convolvulaceae Vishnukranthi Vishnukranthi Iringole Whole plant 257 Evolvulus nummularius (Linn.) Linn. Convolvulaceae Krishakranthi Iringole Whole plant 258 Ipomoea mauritiana Jacq.
= I .paniculata R.Br Convolvulaceae Vidari Palmuthukke Giant Potato Ayyanthol Tuberous root
259 Ipomoea pes - tigridis Linn. Convolvulaceae Pulichuvadi Tiger foot plant Bhoothathankette, EKM
Whole plant
260 Ipomea sepiaria Roxb. Convolvulaceae Laxmana Thiruthali Malayattoor Whole plant 261 Merremia tridentata (Linn.) Hall. f.ssp.
tridentata Convolvulaceae Prasarani Prasarani Athani Whole plant
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
262 Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso
Convolvulaceae Trivruth Trikolpakonna Indian Jalap, Turpeth
Kothrod Root
263 Brunfelsia calycina Benth .var. macrantha Raffill
Solanaceae Yesterday Today tommorrow
Kalpetta Root
264 Cestrum nocturnam Linn. Solanaceae Nisagandhi Queen of the night
Angamaly Leaf
265 Datura metel Linn. Solanaceae Durdhura Ummam Thorn apple Athani Leaf, seed, whole plant
266 Nicotiana tabacum Linn. Solanaceae Tamakhuh Pukayila Tobacco plant Madikkai Leaf 267 Solanam nigrum Linn. Solanaceae Karamthakali Manithakali Black night shade Madikkai Leaf, fruit, whole
plant 268 Solanam anguivi Lam.
= S .indicum Linn. Solanaceae Brihati Putharichunda Poison berry Kulathupuzha Root
269 Solanum melongena Linn. var incanum (Linn.) Kuntz.
Solanaceae Vartaku Vazhuthana Brinjal Kollam Root, fruit
270 Solanum seaforthianum Andr. Solanaceae Potato creeper Kalpetta Whole plant 271 Solanum surattense Burm.f. Solanaceae Kantakari Kandakari Yellow berried
night shade Kappad Whole plant
272 Solanum trilobatum Linn. Solanaceae Alarka Tutuvalam Salem Whole plant 273 Withania somnifera Dunal. Solanaceae Aswagandha Ammukkuram Winter cherry Whitefield Root 274 Artanema sesamoides Benth. Scrophulariaceae Manjapra Whole plant, root 275 Bacopa monnieri (Linn.). Pennel Scrophulariaceae Brahmi Brahmi Thyme leaved
gratiola Athani. Whole plant
276 Limnophila aromatica (Linn) Merr.= L.gratissima Blume
Scrophulariaceae Amragandha Manganari Kollam Whole plant
277 Utricularia aurea Lour. = U.flexuosa Vahl.
Lentibulariaceae Patagiri Whole plant
278 Oroxylum indicum (Linn.) Benth ex Kuntz
Bignoniaceae Syonaka Palakapayyani Indian trumpt tree Malayatoor Roots, Leaf, fruits, seed
279 Stereospermum colais (Buch) Ham.ex Dillw.
Bignoniaceae Padala Paathiri Trumpet flower tree, Yellow snake tree
Malayatoor Root, Leaf, flowers, seed
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
280 Pedalium murex Linn. Pedaliaceae Kakkamulle, Anajerinjil
Tiger Claw plant Attingal Root, fruit, whole plant
281 Sesamum indicum Linn. Pedaliaceae Tila Ellu Gingelly, Sesam seed
Kayyamkulam seed, oil, Leaf, flowers
282 Acanthus illicifolius Linn. Acanthaceae Harkusa Chakkaramulli Sea holly Cherai Leaf, root 283 Adhatoda beddomei C.B.Clarke Acanthaceae Vasa Chittadalodakam Odakali Leaf, root 284 Adhatoda zeylanica Medicas. Acanthaceae Vasa Adalodakam Malabar nut Athirapally Leaf, root 285 Adhatoda zeylanica Medicas
(Manjapra Eco – Type) Acanthaceae Vasa Adalodakam Malabar nut Manjapra Leaf, root
286 Andrographis lineata Nees. Acanthaceae Kozhikode 287 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f) Wall
ex. Nees. Acanthaceae Bhunimba Kiriyath Green chiretta,
Kalmegh, Creat Nilampoor Whole plant
288 Blepharis boerhaavifolia Pers. Acanthaceae Murikooty pacha Panamaram Whole plant 289 Callacanthus grandiflorus (Dalz.)Radik Acanthaceae Panamaram Root 290 Ecobolium virde (Forsk.) Merrill Acanthaceae Odiyamadantha Malapuram Root 291 Gendarusa vulgaris Nees. Acanthaceae Nilanirgundi Vadamkolli Malapuram Leaf 292 Hygrophila auriculata (K.S.chum) Heine
= Astercantha longifolia (Linn) Nees. Acanthaceae Kokilaksha Vayalchulli Longleaved
barleria Ayyanthol Root whole plant,
seed 293 Niligiranthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek =
Strobilanthes ciliatus Nees. Acanthaceae Sahashrah,
Sairayaka Karimkurunji Munnar Root
294 Peristrophe bicalyculata Nees. Acanthaceae Kaikatty Plant, root 295 Rhinacanthus communis Nees. Acanthaceae Yuthikaparni Nagamulla
,Puzhukolli
Angamaly Whole plant
296 Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Verbenaceae Priyangu Cheruthekke Ayyampuzha Root, fruit 297 Clerodendrum inerme (Linn.)Gaertn Verbenaceae Kundali, vangai Neernochi Vazhachal Leaf 298 Clerodendrum phlomoides Linn. Verbenaceae Panamkuthi 299 Clerodendrum serratum (Linn) Moon Verbenaceae Bharnji Cheruthekke Ayymapuzha Leaf, root 300 Premna corymbosa Rottl. Verbenaceae Agnimandha Munja Muthanga Root 301 Vitex negundo Linn. Verbenaceae Neergundi Karinochi Fiveleaved chaste
tree Nelliyampathy Leaf, root
302 Vitex trifolia Linn. Verbenaceae Threeleaved chaste tree
Nelliyampathy Leaf, root
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
303 Anisochilus carnosus Wall Lamiaceae Perundurai Leaf 304 Anisomeles malabarica (Linn) R.Br ex
Sims. Lamiaceae Vankunthah,
mahadronah Karimthumba Malabar cat mint Perundurai Whole plant
305 Coleus zeylanica (Benth.) Cramer Lamiaceae Hrivera Eruveli Manjapra Whole plant 306 Mentha arvensis Linn. Lamiaceae Mint Pepper mint Indiranagar Leaf 307 Mentha piperita Linn. Lamiaceae Banglore Plant, oil 308 Ocimum americanum Linn. Lamiaceae Aranyathulsi Kattuthulasi Hoary basil Athani Leaf, seed 309 Ocimum basilicum Linn. Lamiaceae Ramthulsi Ramathulasi Sweet basil Coimbatore Whole plant 310 Ocimum gratissimum Linn. Lamiaceae Vrdhu -tulsi Kattu -thrithavu Shruby Basil Coimbatore Whole plant 311 Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke Lamiaceae Karpoorthulasi Karpoorathulasi Camphor basil Coimbatore Leaf 312 Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn. Lamiaceae Surasahlatha Krishnathulasi Holy basil,
Sacred basil Athani Whole plant
313 Plectranthus ambonicus (Lour) Spreng = Coleus ambonicus (Lour.) Spreng
Lamiaceae Karpooravalli Kanchikurka, Panikurka
Country borage, Indian borage
Malayattoor Leaf
314 Pogostemon heyneanus Benth. Lamiaceae Panamaram Leaf 315 Pogostemon cablin Benth.
= P. patchouli Pellet Lamiaceae Pachila Patchouly Trichur Leaf
316 Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. Nyctaginaceae Poonarnava Thazhuthama Hogweed, Pigweed
Chenganoor Root, whole plant
317 Mirabilis jalapa Linn. Nyctaginaceae Krishnakela Antimalari Four O'clock plant, marvel of peru
Harippad Tuberous root
318 Achyranthus aspera Linn. Amaranthaceae Apamarga Kadaladi Prickly chaff plant Athani Flower, root 319 Aerva javanica Juss ex Schult. Amaranthaceae Neyyar Whole plant 320 Aerva lanata (Linn.) Juss ex Schult. Amaranthaceae Bhadra Cherula Athani Whole plant 321 Alternanthera sessilis (Linn) R.Br.ex DC Amaranthaceae Matsyksi,
patturah Ponnaganni Kalpetta Whole plant
322 Alternanthera triandra Lam. Amaranthaceae Neyyar Whole plant
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
323 Cyathula prostrata (Linn.) Blume. Amaranthaceae Raktapamargh Cherukadaladi Small prickly chaffy plant
Athani Root, whole plant
324 Basella alba var rubra (Linn) Stewart Chenopodiaceae Upodoka Vasalaccira Indian Spinach Dhanwanthari-vanam
Whole plant, Leaf
325 Rivinia humulis Linn. Phytolaccaceae Blood berry Palode Berry 326 Antigonon leptopusHook & Arn. Polygonaceae Coral creeper Aluva Tuber 327 Muhlenbeckia bracteata Retz. Polygonaceae Centipede plant Neyyar Whole plant 328 Polygonum barbatum Linn. Polygonaceae Veluthamodalamukku Ayyampuzha Root 329 Polygonum chinense Linn. Polygonaceae Ayyampuzha Root 330 Polygonum glabrum Willd. Polygonaceae Chuvanamodalamukku Ayyampuzha Root 331 Nepenthes khasiana Hook.f. Nepenthaceae Pitcher plant Poona Liquid in the
pitcher 332 Aristolochia grandiflora Sw. Aristolochiaceae Thathamachedi Pelican flower Indiranagar Root 333 Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. Aristolochiaceae Dhumra-patra Aduteendappala Worm killer,The
bracteated birth wort
Arrosin Root, Leaf
334 Aristolochia indica Linn. Aristolochiaceae Eswari Karalakam Indian birth wort Athani Root, Leaf, fruit 335 Herkeria subpeltata Piperaceae Muthanga 336 Piper betle Linn. Piperaceae Thamboolavalli Vettilakodi Betle pepper Kozhikode Leaf, plant 337 Piper chaba Hunter = P. retrofractum
Vahl. Piperaceae Vanpippali Vanthippali Java long pepper Kadapara Dried spikes
338 Piper longum Linn. Piperaceae Pippali Thippali Long pepper Odakali Dried spikes, root 339 Piper nigrum Linn. Piperaceae Maricha Kurumulake Black pepper Athani Dried berries, root 340 Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae Jati, Jatiphala Jati Nutmeg tree,
mace tree Athani Seed, aril
341 Myristica malabarica Linn. Myristicaceae Vanyajati, gostani
Pasupasi, Kattujadi
Bombay mace, false nutmeg
Vaithira Seed, aril
342 Santalum album Linn. Santalaceae Candanah Chandanam Sandal wood tree Essarhata Heart wood, oil 343 Acalypha fruticosa Forsk. Euphorbiaceae Birch - leaved
acalypha Nedumangad Leaf
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
344 Acalypha indica Linn. Euphorbiaceae Haridhamanja Kuppameni Indian acalypha Athani Whole plant 345 Baliospermum montanum (Willd)
Muell.Arg Euphorbiaceae Danti Nagadanti Malayatoor Root, Leaf, seed
346 Croton tiglium Linn. Euphorbiaceae Danti beejah, jepales
Neervalam Purging croton, croton oil plant
Malayatoor Seed, oil
347 Drypetes roxburghii (Wall) Huresawa = Putranjva roxburghii Wall.
Euphorbiaceae Putranjeeva Puttilanni, Putranjeeva Deccangymkhana Leaf, seed
348 Emblica officinalis Gaertn Euphorbiaceae Amla, Amlaki Nellicka Indian gooseberry Bangalore Fruit, dried fruit rint
349 Euphorbia antiquorum Linn. Euphorbiaceae Vajrakantakah Chathurakalli Triangular spurge Munnuthy Juice, latex 350 Euphorbia ligularia Roxb = Euphorbia
nerifolia auct non Linn. Euphorbiaceae Snuhi Elakalli Common milk
huge Panamkuthi Whole plant, latex
351 Euphorbia thymifolia Linn. Euphorbiaceae Laghudugdhika Nilappala Athani Whole plant 352 Jatropha glandulifera Roxb. Euphorbiaceae Nikumba Atala, Nakadanti Malayatoor Root 353 Mallotus philippinensis (Lam) Muell.Arg Euphorbiaceae Kambilaka Manjana Kamala tree Kalpetta Glandular hairs of
fruit, seed 354 Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Bhumi amlaki Keezhanelli Athani Whole plant 355 Ricinus communis Linn.. Euphorbiaceae Eranda Avanake Castor plant Haripad Root, Leaf, seed,
oil 356 Tragia involucrata Linn. Euphorbiaceae Panchamgula,
Dushparsa Kodithoova Indian stinging
nettle Malayatoor Root, seed
357 Laportea crenulata Gaudich Urticaceae Aanaviratti Devil nettle, fever nettle
Nelliyampathy Root, seed
358 Trema orientalis Blume. Urticaceae Jeevanti Ratthi Charcoal tree, Indian nettle tree
Thrissur Root
359 Ceratophyllum desmersum Linn. Ceratophyllaceae Shivala Manjerry Whole plant 360 Antiaris toxicaria (Pers) Lesch Moraceae Arayanjili,
Maravri Upas tree Vythiri Latex, seed
361 Ficus arnottiana (Miq) Miq. Moraceae Kapitanah, Parisah
Kalarayal Valayar Leaf, bark
362 Ficus benghalensis Linn. Moraceae Nyagrodah, vatah
Peral Banyan tree Muthanga Aerial root, bark, Leaf, buds, fruit, latex
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
363 Ficus hispida Linn. Moraceae Kakodumbarh Parkam Kattathi
Odakali Bark, fruit
364 Ficus benghalensis var. krishna C.DC. Moraceae Vythiri Bark 365 Ficus microcarpa Linn. Moraceae Plaksah Ithi Bangalore Bark, Leaf, root 366 Ficus racemosa Linn. Moraceae Udumbarah Athi Cluster fig, Gutar
fig Vythiri Bark, Leaf, root,
fruit, latex 367 Ficus religiosa Linn. Moraceae Pippalah,
Asvattam Arayal Peepal tree,
Sacred fig Pokottuchira Bark, Leaf, tender
shoot, fruit, seed, latex
368 Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae Sakotah, Patrollekhteru
Paruva, Parakam Siamese rough bush
Kothamangalam Bark, Leaf, seed, latex
369 Cannabis sativa Linn. Cannabinaceae Bhanga Kanjave Truehemp, soft hemp, marijuand
Marayoor Fibre, flowering top of female plant, seed oil, resin.
370 Casuarina eqiuisetifolia Linn. Casuarinaceae Chowka Beef wood Ootty Bark, needles 371 Gnetum ula Brongn Gnetaceae Ingudi Otal Dodpeta Kernal oil 372 Cycas circinalis Linn. Cycadaceae Varaguna,
Hintalah. Intu, Intulnpana Cycus Edamalayar Seed (Sago)
373 Cycas rumphii Miq. Cycadaceae Tutappana Poona Root 374 Cycus revoluta Thunb. Cycadaceae Madanagames wari Malayatoor seed 375 Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinaceae Saralah Charlam Chirpine,
Himalayan long leaved pine
Ootty Oil
376 Hydrilla verticillata (Linn.f) Royle Hydrocharitaceae Hydrlla Wild cherry Madgoa Whole plant 377 Vallisneria spiralis Linn. Hydrocharitaceae Vallisnaria Eel grass, Tape
grass Vythiri Leaf
378 Geodorum densiflorum Schlechter Orchidaceae Jilanthi kizhange Kulathupuzha Root, stalk 379 Malaxis acuminata D.Don. Orchidaceae Jivakah Jeevakam Jeevak Muthanga Green swollen stem
base 380 Malaxis muscifera (Lindley) Kuntze Orchidaceae Rsavhakam Edavakam Risavak Muthanga Green swollen stem
base
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
381 Nervilia aragoana Gaudich Orchidaceae Padmajarini Oilathamara Muthanga Whole plant 382 Nervilia plicata (Andr.) Schltr Orchidaceae Kalthamara Muthanga Whole plant 383 Vanda tessellata (Roxb) Hook.ex Don.
=V.roxburghii R.Br. Orchidaceae Rasna, Atirasa Vanda Nilambur Leaf, root
384 Vanilla planifolia Andr. Orchidaceae Vanila Vanila Kolencherry Fruit 385 Agave americana Linn. Amaryllidaceae Kalakantala Panamkattazha American aloe,
Centuary plant Dharmapuri Leaf, root
386 Crinum asiaticum Linn. Amaryllidaceae Nagadamani Kattulli Chelad Bulb 387 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Amaryllidaceae Musali Nilappana Iringole Rootstolk 388 Tacca leontopetaloides (Linn.) Kuntz. Taccaceae Bat flowe, fiji
arrowroot Kolencherry Tubers, Leaf
389 Trichopus zeylanicus Gaertn. Dioscoreaceae Arogyappacha Kulathupuzha Whole plant 390 Aloe barbadensis Mill. Liliaceae Ghirta kumari,
Kumari Kattuvazha , Kattarvazha
Indian aloes Salem Leaf, , juice, elio
391 Allium sativum Linn. Liliaceae Lasuna Velluli Garlic Marayoor Tuberous root 392 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae Satavari Satavari Wild asparagus Bhoothathankettu Tuberous root 393 Gloriosa superba Linn. Liliaceae Langali, visalya Menthonni Malabar glory
lilly Athani Rhizome, seed
394 Musa paradisiaca Linn. Liliaceae Kadali Kadalivazha Kadali , plantain Kalady Fruit, stem, root stalk
395 Musa superba Roxb. Liliaceae Kalluvazha Wild plantain Malayatoor Seed 396 Sansevieria roxburghiana Schultz.f. Liliaceae Murva Indian bowstring
hemp Aluva Root
397 Smilax china Linn. Liliaceae Dvipantaravaca, Madhusuni
Pavu, Cheenapavu China root Ayyampuzha Rhizome
398 Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. Musaceae Traveller's palm Arrosin Seed 399 Alpinia calcarata Rosc Zingiberaceae Rasna Chittaratha Lesser galangal Odakkali Rhizome 400 Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd Zingiberaceae Rasna Aratha Greater galangal Neriyamangalam Rhizome
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
401 Alpinia malaccensis Rosc Zingiberaceae Kaikatty Rhizome 402 Curcuma longa Linn. Zingiberaceae Haridra Manjal Turmeric Athani Rhizome 403 Curcuma amada Roxb. Zingiberaceae Amradrakam Mangainchi Mango ginger Bhoothathankettu Rhizome 404 Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Zingiberaceae Aranyaharidra Kasthoorimanjal Wild turmeric Kozhikode Rhizome 405 Curcuma zeodaria Rosc. Zingiberaceae Sati Pula kizhanna Zeodary Kothamangalam Rhizome 406 Costus speciosus (Koeing ex Retz)
J.E.Smith Zingiberaceae Chanda Channakoova Spiral ginger Kaikatty Rhizome
407 Elettaria cardamomum Maton Zingiberaceae Ela Elam Cardamom Nelliyampathy Fruit, seed 408 Kaempferia galanga Linn. Zingiberaceae Sathi, Karchura Kachooram,
Kacholam Kaempferia Thattekkad Rhizome
409 Kaempferia rotunda Linn. Zingiberaceae Bhuchambaka, hallkah
Chengalneer- kizhange
Indian crocus Vadakancherry Rhizome
410 Maranta arundinacea Linn. Zingiberaceae Tavashiri, tugaksiri
Koova West Indian arrow root
Ponmudy Rhizome
411 Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae Ardrakam Inji Ginger Athani Rhizome 412 Zingiber zerumbet Linn.f Zingiberaceae Vanardraka Kolinji Vazhachal Rhizome 413 Pandanus odoratissimus Linn.f Pandanaceae Ketaki Pookaitha,
Thazhambu Screw pine Harippad Leaf, flower, flower
oil, root 414 Acorus calamus Linn. Araceae Vacha Vayambu Sweet flag,
Acorus Edamalayar Rhizome
415 Arisaema intermedium Blume. Araceae Kattuchena Madikkai Corm 416 Pothos scandens Linn. Araceae Parisa, Paruvakkodi Cherai Stem, Leaf, root 417 Rhaphidophora laciniata (Burm.f) Merr
= Rhaphidophora pertusa (Roxb) Schutt Araceae Spotya-
bhujangam Elittadiyan Chengannore Stem
418 Cyperus esculentus Linn. Cyperaceae Bhadramusta Kuzhimuthanga Chufa, rush nut, Tiger nut
Mananthawady Tubers
419 Cyperus rotundus Linn. Cyperaceae Musta Muthanga Nut grass Athani Tubers
Sl. No.
Sceintific Name Family Sanskrit Malayalam Common English Name
Places of Collection
Parts used
420 Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.)Willd. Poaceae Vamsah Mula , Illi Bamboo Panamaram 421 Coix lachryma jobi Linn. Poaceae Gavedhukah Kattugothambu,
Kakkapalunke Job's tear Athani,. Seed, root
422 Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stap.f Poaceae Bhustrnah Injipullu West Indian lemon grass
Marayoor Whole plant
423 Cymbopogon martini (Roxb) Wats. Poaceae Dhyamakah Sambharappulle Roshagrass, rusagrass
Odakkali Whole plant
424 Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers Poaceae Durva Karuka Barmuda or Conch grass
Manjally Whole plant
425 Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stap.f Poaceae Darbhah, Kusa Darbha Sacrificial grass Vayalathala Root, whole plant 426 Hordeum vulgare Linn. Poaceae Yavah Barely, Yavam Barley Hyderabad Grains 427 Oryza sativa Linn. Poaceae Sali, Dhanyah Njavaranellu Aluva Grain 428 Panicum sumantrense Roth ex
Roem.et.Schult Poaceae Syamakah Chama Little millet Attapady Grains
429 Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. Poaceae Munjah Ama Devil sugarcane, Reedy sugarcane
Manikamangalam Root, stem
430 Saccharum officinarum Linn. Poaceae Ikshu, Pundrakah
Karimbe Sugarcane Coimbatore Stem, root
431 Saccharum spontaneum Linn. Poaceae Kasah Kusa, Njanjana Thatch grass, Wild sugar cane
Kalady, EKM Dist. Root
432 Zea mays Linn. Poaceae Mahakayah Cholam, Makkacholam
Maize Krishnagiri, Tamilnadu
Grain
Table 8. Growth characteristics of Aloe barbadensis
Dimension (cm) Sl. No. Length Breadth
1 51 4.17 2 50 5.16 3 58 5.66 4 59 5.83 5 48 6.00
Mean 53.2 5.36
Table 9. Leaf yield of Aloe barbadensis in different harvests
Yield (t/ha) Sl. No.
Age at harvest
(months) 1996
planted crop 1997
planted crop1998
planted crop1 6 70.00 79.44 75.56 2 8 83.33 86.67 83.33 3 10 111.67 105.56 107.22 4 14 133.33 128.89 124.44 5 18 154.17 146.67 150.00 6 24 116.67 127.78 133.33
Total 669.17 675.00 673.89 Table 10. Growth and yield characteristics of Alpinia calcarata (1998 planted crop)
Leaf dimension Sl. No.
Plant Height Length Breadth
Rhizome Diameter
(cm)
Fresh rhizome yield(kg/plant)
Dry rhizome yield(kg/plant)
1 150 51 6.0 2.0 7.0 2.5
2 114 45 6.6 2.0 6.5 2.2
3 142 51 4.5 2.0 5.2 1.3
4 128 46 6.3 1.9 5.7 1.6
5 130 39 5.0 2.1 6.3 2.0
Mean 132.8 46.4 5.6 2.02 6.1 1.9
Table 11. Fresh rhizome yield of Alpinia calcarata crops cultivated in four consecutive
years from 1995.
Year of Planting
1995
1996
1997
1998
Mean
Yield (t/ha) 183.0 159.0 171.0 168.0 170.2
Table 12. Growth characteristics of Anisomeles malabarica
Leaf dimensions (cm) Breadth
Sl. No.
Plant height (cm) Length Range Mean
No.of branches
1 127 17.0 3.0 – 4.5 3.8 18 2 123 13.0 2.5 – 3.0 2.6 22 3 112 15.5 1.5 – 2.4 1.9 22 4 117 10.5 3.2 – 4.0 3.5 20 5 186 13.0 2.5 – 3.5 3.1 22
Mean 133 13.8 2.98 20.80 Table13. Leaf yield of Anisomeles malabarica during 1996, 1997 and 1998
Leaf yield (t/ha) for crop planted in Sl. No.
Age at harvest
(months) 1996 1997 1998
Mean
1 3 60.0 56.0 68.0 61.3 2 5 84.0 92.0 88.0 88.0 3 7 96.0 96.0 104.0 98.7 4 10 100.0 104.0 112.0 105.3 5 13 72.0 64.0 80.0 72.0 6 16 44.0 52.0 64.0 53.3 7 20 24.8 28.0 44.0 32.3 8 24 12.4 16.4 21.2 16.7
Mean 493.2 508.4 581.2 527.6
Table 14. Leaf yield of Bacopa monnieri in different harvests during 1997-1999
Yield (t/ha) of crop planted in Sl.No. Age at harvest (days)
1997 1998 1999
1 90 37.5 40.5 32.5 2 135 25.0 35.0 36.5 3 180 25.7 21.2 23.7 4 225 19.5 15.0 15.7 5 270 13.7 10.7 9.0 6 315 10.0 8.75 7.0 7 375 8.0 6.75 5.5
Total 139.4 137.0 129.9 Table 15. Growth characteristics of Holostemma adakodien
Leaf dimension (cm)Sl. No.
Height (cm)
Number of vines /plant
Length Breadth Age at first flowering
1 22 8 6.5 6 121 2 21 14 8.5 8 130 3 23.5 16 5.5 4.8 115 4 26 18 4.5 4.2 120 5 19 14 3.3 2.5 124 6 23 13 4.0 3.0 128
Mean 22.4 13.83 5.38 4.75 123 Table 16. Fruit characteristics of Holostemma adakodien
Size of fruit (cm) Sl.No. No.of fruits /plant Length Breadth
1 13 9.2 6.2 2 20 8.5 6.5 3 18 12.1 7.1 4 18 9.8 4.2 5 16 10.8 7.5 6 14 11.4 8.2
Mean 16.5 10.3 6.6
Table 17. Yield characteristics of Holostemma adakodien
Yield of tuber per plant (g)
Sl. No.
Age at harvest
(months) Fresh weight
Dry weight
Driage (%)
1 8 265 106.00 40.0 2 9 385 157.47 40.9 3 11 408 170.95 41.9 4 15 420 178.50 42.5 5 17 450 192.15 42.7 6 18 460 184.00 42.0 7 20 462 198.19 42.9 8 22 476 204.68 43.0 9 24 488 210.32 43.1
Table 18. Root characteristics of Holostemma adakodien Sl. No. Total no.
of roots No. of
tubers per plant
Total length of
root tubers (cm)
Length at which
thickening starts (cm)
Average diameter of root tuber
(cm) 1 12 3 175 40 1.91 2 10 3 166 42.4 2.61 3 13 4 159 45.1 3.00 4 8 5 148 37.5 2.50 5 10 4 161 39.5 1.98
Mean 11.4 3.4 161.8 42.9 2.40 Table 19. Growth characteristics of Indigofera tinctoria Sl. No. Plant height
(cm) No.of branches Height at branching
stage (cm) 1 85 29 22 2 92 30 24 3 90 21 22 4 88 20 26 5 87 18 21
Mean 88.40 23.6 23
Table 20. Root yield of Indigofera tinctoria Sl. No.
Age at harvest (months)
Fresh weight (g/plant)
Dry weight (g/plant)
Driage (%)
1 8 210 77.8 37.04 2 12 268.8 120.9 45.00 3 18 318.7 152.0 47.69 4 24 406 208.0 51.23
Table 21. Leaf yield of Indigofera tinctoria Sl. No. Age at harvest
(days) Yield (t/ha)
1 90 20.0 2 135 56.0 3 180 60.0 4 225 45.0 5 270 40.0 6 330 30.0 7 390 24.8
Total 275.8 Table 22. Growth characteristics of Kaempferia rotunda
Plant height (cm)
Leaf length (cm)
Leaf breadth (cm)
Sl. No.
1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 1 25.0 28.0 45 52.0 7.5 8.1 2 20.0 24.5 41 45.5 7.0 6.9 3 19.0 18.5 39 40.0 6.1 6.0 4 28.0 23.0 42 49.2 6.3 5.8 5 26.0 25.0 48 40.5 6.2 6.2
Mean 23.6 23.8 43 45.4 6.6 6.6
Table 23. Yield characteristics of Kaempferia rotunda (1996 crop)
Sl. No.
No. of fingers/plant
No.of ovoid tubers/plant
Yield (g/plant)
1 18.0 90.0 550.0 2 16.0 65.0 520.0 3 20.0 129.0 650.0 4 21.0 130.0 650.0 5 26.0 140.0 660.0
Mean 20.2 110.8 606.0 Table 24. Rhizome yield of Kaempferia rotunda
Sl. No. Year Yield (t/ha) 1 1996 25.2 2 1997 23.9 3 1998 25.2
Mean 24.76 Table 25. Growth and yield characteristics of Operculina turpethum
Height of plant (cm) Sl. No. at vining at flowering
Yield (g/plant)
1 12 630 110 2 15 600 150 3 14.6 620 165
Mean 13.86 616.66 141.66
Table 26. Yield of Pogostemon patchouli in different harvests in 1997-98 and 1998-99
experiments
Leaf yield (t/ha) 1997-98
experiment 1998-99
experiment Mean Sl. No.
Stage of harvest
(days after planting) Fresh Dry Fresh Dry Fresh Dry
1 45 24.5 3.43 24.0 3.50 24.25 3.47
2 120 31.4 4.31 33.9 4.74 32.7 4.55
3 180 40.3 5.15 41.3 5.69 40.8 5.42
4 240 30.9 3.95 34.5 4.55 32.7 4.25
5 360 17.5 2.21 20.5 2.62 19.0 2.42
Total 144.6 19.05 154.2 21.1 149.4 20.07 Table 27. Plant height (cm) of Acorus calamus under different spacings and types of
irrigation water
Type of irrigation water
Spacing (cm)
Fresh Effluent
Mean
30x30 60.66 83.04 71.85 60x60 59.84 84.60 72.22 Mean 60.25 83.82
Table 28. Breadth of leaf (cm) of Acorus calamus under different spacings and types of
irrigation water
Type of irrigation water Spacing (cm) Fresh Effluent Mean
30 x 30 1.59 2.69 2.14 60 x 60 1.58 3.52 2.55 Mean 1.58 3.10
Table 29. Length of rhizome (cm) of Acous calamus under different spacings and types
of irrigation water
Type of irrigation water Spacing (cm) Fresh Effluent Mean
30x30 69.20 75.00 72.10 60x60 71.00 95.60 83.30 Mean 70.10 85.30
Table 30. Diameter of rhizome (cm) of Acorus calamus under different spacings and types
of irrigation water
Type of irrigation water
Spacing (cm)
Fresh Effluent
Mean
30 x 30 1.74 3.5 2.62 60 x 60 1.67 4.9 3.28 Mean 1.70 4.2
Table 31. Rhizome yield (t/ha) of Acorus calamus under different spacings and types of
irrigation water
Type of irrigation waterSpacing (cm) Fresh Effluent
Mean
30x30 18.61 24.28 21.45 60x60 17.07 26.11 21.59 Mean 17.84 25.20
Table 32. Growth and yield characteristics of three cultivated types of Adhatoda
Leaf dimensions (cm) Plant types Habit Height
(cm) Length Breadth
No.of branches
No. of leaves/ plant
Leaf yield (t/ha)
A. vasica Erect 27.5 26.2 7.6 5.60 76.16 47.78 A. beddomei Erect 87.5 10.5 2.68 11.00 57.78 45.22 Manjapra ecotype
Repent 45.0 19.3 5.7 14.40 207.3
6 75.55
Table 33. Chemical characteristics of Holostemma adakodien tubers at different stages of growth
Total carbohydrates Total proteins Total alkaloids Age
(months) Content (%)
Yield per plant (g)
Content (%)
Yield per plant (g)
Content (%)
Yield per plant (g)
8 58.14 154.000 3.94 10.441 1.10 2.915 9 56.50 217.525 8.95 34.457 1.25 4.812 11 56.00 228.480 10.00 40.800 1.40 5.712 15 55.00 231.000 11.00 46.200 1.50 6.300 17 53.00 238.500 11.50 51.750 1.52 6.840 18 53.50 246.100 11.30 51.980 1.40 6.440 20 54.00 249.480 10.21 47.170 1.36 6.280 22 55.76 265.417 8.38 39.888 1.24 5.902 24 56.00 273.280 6.62 32.30 1.16 5.66
Table 34. Yield and protein content of seedlings and clones of Holostemma adakodien at different periods.
Tuber yield (g/plant) Protein content (%) Age at harvest
(months) Seed
propagated Vegetatively propagated
Seed propagated
Vegetatively propagated
11 160 408 3.12 9.38 15 250 418 5.45 10.30 17 295 430 8.84 11.08 18 300 435 10.15 11.25 24 400 440 7.92 7.25
Mean 281 426.5 7.09 9.85
Table 35. Root characteristics and tuber yield of Holostemma adakodien grown in tilled and untilled soil
Total length of root
(cm) Length at which
tuberisation started (cm)
Yield of tubers (g per plant)
Sl. No.
Tilled Untilled Tilled Untilled Tilled Untilled 1 185 132 50 25 210 440 2 176 146 62.4 28 228 420 3 189 143 65.1 30 242 410 4 191 138 57.5 32 255 405 5 179 145 60.5 27 230 425
Mean 184 140.8 59.1 28.4 233 420
Table 36. Establishment and leaf size of May-planted and August-planted Holostemma adakodien
May-planted August-planted
Establishment (%) No. Leaf length (cm)
Leaf breadth
(cm) After 4 months
After 10 months
Leaf length (cm)
Leaf breadth
(cm) 1 6.5 6.0 57.0 22.8 3.2 3.1 2 8.5 8.0 40.0 20.0 3.8 3.5 3 5.5 4.8 56.0 24.0 2.9 2.9 4 4.5 4.2 40.0 24.0 2.4 2.3 5 3.3 2.5 46.0 20.0 2.2 2.0
Mean 4.04 3.64 47.8 22.16 2.9 2.76
Table 37. Yield characteristics of May-planted and August-planted Holostemma adakodien
May-planted August-planted No. No. of fruits
No. of tubers
Tuber yield (g/plant)
No. of fruits
No. of tubers
Tuber yield (g/plant)
1 13 3 410 5 2 120 2 20 3 416 6 1 85 3 18 4 423 8 3 88 4 18 5 392 6 3 62 5 16 4 399 5 2 100.5
Mean 17 3.8 408 6 2.2 91.1
Table 38. Physico-chemical characteristics of market samples of Holostemma adakodien
Dimension of pieces (cm) Length Breadth Sl.
No Source Colour
Range Mean Range Mean
Protein (%)
Alkaloid (%)
A Chirayath Drug House, Trichur
Yellowish brown
2.5-4.7
3.72 0.63-1.52
1.05 6.20 1.20
B R. D. Drug House, Mattancherry, Cochin
,, 0.7-4.5
3.12 0.63-1.91
1.14 4.50 1.18
C C.D. Ouseph & Sons, Trichur
,, 0.65-5.00
3.81 0.82-1.86
1.24 5.00 1.15
D G. D. V. Chett-iyar & Sons, Plakkad
,, 0.95-6.25
4.01 0.28-2.00
1.77 7.15 1.50
Mean -- -- 3.67 -- 1.30 5.71 1.25 Table 39. Growth characteristics of January-planted and May-planted crops of
Indigofera tinctoria
January-planted May-planted Sl. No. Plant height
(cm) No. of
branches/plant Plant height
(cm) No. of
branches/plant 1 38 9 45 12 2 43 9 47 13 3 37 7 53 19 4 39 9 49 17 5 41 11 48 15
Mean 33 7.5 40.33 12.67
Table40. Yield of January-planted and May-planted crops of Indigofera tinctoria
January planted May planted Time of harvest
Time of harvest
Age (months)
Month
Leaf yield
(kg/plot) Age (months)
Month
Leaf yield
(kg/plot)
3 Mar 40 2 July 70 4.5 Apr 100 3 Aug 135 6 June 120 4 Sept 160 7.5 July 90 5 Oct 120 9 Sept 80 6.5 Nov 90
11 Nov 60 8 Jan 60 13 Jan 50 - - --
Total 540 Total 635
Table 41. Colour and absorption maximum of macerated neelamari leaves.
Treatment No. Colour of the extract Absorbance at 604 nm Old leaves Pale yellow 0.010 Young leaves Light violet 3.037 Juice of old leaves Pale violet 2.975 Juice of young leaves Deep violet 2.969
Table 42.Colour and absorbance of neelamari leaves of different age groups Treatment No.
Visual colour Absorbance at 604 nm
T1 Bluish violet 2.975 T2 Bluish violet 2.999 T3 Bluish violet 3.038 T4 Bluish violet 2.969
Table 43. The colour and absorbance characteristics of the oil extract of leaves and herbal ingredients of neelabbhringadi oil separately and in combination
Absorbance at Treatment
Visible colour 670nm 600nm 580nmOil extract of neelamari leaves Bluish violet 1.20 2.70 1.90 Oil extract of other ingredients Greenish
yellow 1.20 2.70 1.90
Oil extract of neelamari leaves with other ingredients
Green 2.60 0.65 0.28
Table 44. Growth characteristics of Mentha arvensis grown in open sunlight and under shade
IN OPEN UNDER SHADE
Leaf dimension
Leaf dimension
Sl.No.
Plan
t H
eigh
t (cm
)
Leng
th
(cm
)
Bre
adth
(c
m)
No.
of
bran
ches
/ pla
nt
Inte
rnod
al
Len g
th (c
m)
Plan
t he
i ght
(cm
)
Leng
th
(cm
)
Bre
adth
(c
m)
No.
of
banc
hes /
pla
nt
Inte
rnod
al
leng
th (c
m)
1 28 4.70 1.60 38.0 1.5 34.0 8.80 3.16 26.0 2 2 26 4.80 1.50 23.0 1.5 44.0 5.60 2.35 33.0 2 3 24 4.40 1.60 31.0 1.5 41.0 6.90 2.05 31.0 2 4 25 5.10 1.50 26.0 1.5 34.0 6.30 2.04 36.0 2 5 27 5.30 1.70 26.0 1.5 30.0 6.60 2.07 28.0 2
Mean 26 4.86 1.58 28.8 1.5 36.6 6.84 2.62 28.8 2 Table 45. Yield of Mentha arvensis grown in open sunlight and under shade
IN OPEN UNDER SHADE Sl. No. Age at
harvest (days) Yield (t/ha)
Age at harvest (days)
Yield (t/ha)
1 40 2.86 50 6.762 70 7.50 80 12.503 100 6.00 110 9.504 140 5.10 150 7.505 200 4.50 210 3.25
Total 25.96 39.51
Table 46. Growth characteristics of vegetatively propagated plants of Operculina turpethum
(1997 experiment)
Dimensions of leaf (cm) Replication
No. Length Breadth
Diameter of stem (cm)
Age at flowering (days)
1 12.5 16 1.76 195 2 14 16 2.10 178 3 14.5 17.5 1.68 198 4 16.5 18 0.63 202 5 12 16 0.73 187 6 13.5 15.2 1.92 175 7 12 11.5 1.79 178 8 8 8.3 2.37 184 9 9 7.5 2.00 196 10 7 6.2 2.51 187
Mean 10.82 12.02 1.46 156.67
Table 47. Growth characteristics of seed propagated plants of Operculina turpethum (1997 experiment)
Dimensions of leaf
(cm) Replication
No. Length Breadth
Diameter of stem (cm)
Age at flowering (days)
1 11.8 13.8 1.84 368 2 11.5 13.0 0.92 354 3 12.3 13.2 0.76 347 4 12.0 13.0 0.42 345 5 11.3 12.5 1.94 370 6 6.0 5.0 2.20 385 7 7.0 7.0 1.73 372 8 6.5 6.2 1.76 373 9 7.5 6.5 1.94 382 10 4.5 4.0 2.14 378
Mean 8.22 8.56 1.29 306.17
Table 48. Yield characteristics of vegetatively propagated plants of Opercuilina turpethum
Dimension of
root (cm) Yield of roots (kg/plant)
1997 experiment 1998 experiment
Mean
Sl. No.
Age at harvest (days)
Length Dia. Fresh Dry Fresh Dry Fresh Dry
1 365 97.2 1.62 1.750 1.295 1.720 1.283 1.735 1.289 2 400 97.6 1.78 1.805 1.350 1.825 1.387 1.815 1.369 3 430 98.5 1.95 1.895 1.432 1.860 1.415 1.878 1.424 4 460 98.7 2.03 1.880 1.436 1.730 1.316 1.805 1.376 5 490 98.0 2.03 1.050 0.804 0.950 0.725 1.000 0.765 6 520 70.0 2.02 0.840 0.643 0.785 0.596 0.813 0.620 7 550 55.0 2.03 0.565 0.437 0.325 0.249 0.445 0.343
Mean 321.5 68.33 1.46 1.223 0.925 1.149 0.871 1.186 0.898 Table 49. Yield characteristics of seed propagated plants of Operculina turpethum
Dimension of root (cm)
Yield of roots (kg/plant)
1997 experiment
1998 experiment
Mean Sl. No.
Age at harvest (days) Length Dia.
Fresh Dry Fresh Dry Fresh Dry 1 365 88 1.21 0.890 0.640 1.110 0.793 1.000 0.717 2 400 92 1.36 1.020 0.753 1.210 0.883 1.115 0.818 3 430 93.4 1.46 1.426 1.117 1.390 1.039 1.408 1.078 4 460 98.0 1.71 1.510 1.150 1.585 1.201 1.548 1.176 5 490 97.5 1.84 1.520 1.158 1.610 1.223 1.565 1.191 6 520 98.2 1.88 1.540 1.178 1.660 1.264 1.600 1.221 7 550 96.1 1.87 1.510 1.159 1.620 1.237 1.565 1.198 8 580 78.4 1.90 0.710 0.810 0.619 1.192 0.665 1.001 9 610 45.0 1.91 0.645 0.500 0.540 0.415 0.5925 0.458
Mean 367.08 71.51 1.38 1.077 0.847 1.134 0.925 1.1055 0.886
Table 50. Characteristics of Operculina turpethum under different manurial treatments
Treatment Age at flowering (days)
Age at harvest (months)
Mortality (%)
Diameter of root
(cm)
Fresh Root yield (t/ha)
Control 220 18 10 0.90 7.2 FYM 180 12 5 2.04 66.5 Fertiliser 160 8 20 1.66 40.0
Table 51. Physical characteristics of the market trivrit
Dimension of pieces (cm) Length Breadth
Sl. No.
Source Colour
Range Mean Range Mean 1 SITCO Light brown
to brown 7.0-30.0 15.8 1.5-10.0 7.5
2 Sarada Trading ,, 11.5-24.0 17.1 1.7-9.2 5.2 3 Hindustan
Herbs ,, 11.0-19.0 13.8 2.5-10.3 5.8
4 Sanjay Trading ,, 7.0-19.0 13.1 1.3-14.9 6.1 Table 52. Biochemical characteristics of Operculina turpethum and Marsdenia tenacissima
Sl. No. Sample description Crude
fibre (%)
Chloroform extractables (%)
Acetone extractables (%)
Water extractables (%)
1 O. turpethum, stem, authentic
79.23 5.43 5.08 9.41
2 O. turpethum, root, authentic
33.36 8.01 8.89 21.16
3 O. turpethum, stem, market
28.49 9.13 9.48 21.33
4 M. tenacissima, stem, authentic
48.58 2.65 3.48 9.55
5 M. tenacissima, root, authentic
30.75 5.56 6.09 13.57
Table 53. Growth characteristics of Piper chaba and Piper longum
Sl. Leaf dimension (at 150 days) Fruit dimension (at harvest)
P. chaba P. longum P. chaba P. longum No.
Leng
th
(cm
)
Bre
adth
(c
m)
Leng
th
(cm
)
Bre
adth
(c
m)
Leng
th
(cm
)
Dia
met
er
(cm
)
Leng
th
(cm
)
Dia
met
er
(cm
)
1 17.0 5.3 8.5 6.3 6.0 1.1 3.0 0.8 2 16.0 6.1 8.0 6.1 6.4 1.1 2.0 0.5 3 17.5 5.1 6.5 4.6 5.5 1.1 2.2 0.5 4 14.5 4.1 6.0 5.1 5.0 1.0 3.4. 0.6 5 14.0 4.1 5.8 4.9 5.3 1.1 2.5 0.5
Mean
15.8 4.9 6.9 5.4 5.6 1.1 2.6 0.5
Table 54. Fruit yield of Piper chaba and Piper longum in 1996-98 and 1997-99 experiments
P. chaba P. longum Fresh fruit yield
(t/ha) Fresh fruit yield (t/ha)
Period of harvest (months after planting)
1996–98 experimen
t
1997–99 experiment
Driage (%)
Period of harvest (months after planting)
1996-98 experimen
t
1997-99 experimen
t
Driage (%)
6.5-10 234.5 256.3 28.8 4.5-10 181.5 201.0 20.0 10-18 484.6 463.1 30 10-18 362.0 367.0 15.0 18-24 404.0 443.7 32.5 18-24 352.5 334.8 17.5 Total 1123.1 1163.1 Total 896.0 902.8 Mean 1143.1 30.3 Mean 899.4 16.47
Table 55. Establishment of patchouli seedlings under shaded and unshaded conditions. Treatment Replication
No. No. of plants established
Establishment (%)
Shaded 1 41 82.0 ,, 2 43 86.0 ,, 3 43 86.0
Mean 42.3 84.7 Unshaded 1 21 42.0
,, 2 21 42.0 ,, 3 20 40.0
Mean 20.7 41.3
Table 56. Growth characteristics of Ruta chalapensis at three months age under shade and under direct sunlight.
Planted under 75% agro
pack shade net Open condition
Plant height (cm)
No.of branches
Plant height (cm)
No.of branches
Sl. No.
1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1995 1996 1 77.0 70.60 6.0 6.0 32.0 28.0 6.0 7.0 2 84.0 78.00 6.0 6.0 38.0 35.0 7.0 7.0 3 71.0 82.00 5.0 4.0 29.0 38.0 9.0 8.0 4 77.0 73.50 4.0 5.0 40.0 36.4 6.0 7.0 5 70.5 74.50 4.0 5.0 39.0 33.5 8.0 7.0
Annual Mean 75.9 75.62 5.0 5.2 35.6 34.1 7.2 7.2
Overall Mean 75.76 5.1 34.85 7.2
Table 57. Yield characteristics of Ruta chalapensis under shaded and unshaded conditions
Yield of plant tops (t/ha)
Under Shade In open condition Age at harvest (days)
1995 1996 Mean 1995 1996 Mean 180 88.80 103.70 96.25 40.75 50.30 45.52 240 61.72 67.50 64.61 26.66 38.27 32.46 330 74.07 62.65 68.36 19.75 24.07 21.91 450 32.09 40.43 36.26 5.40 1.38 3.39
Total 256.79 274.38 265.58 92.56 114.04 103.30
Table 58. Yield of Wedelia chinensis at different stages (t/ha)
Age at harvest (days) Spacing (cm) 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 Total
25 x 25 43.3 58.3 75.0 103.3 125.0 89.7 40.8 535.5 50 x 50 0 213.3 125.0 137.7 161.7 186.7 213.3 1037.7
Table 59. Fluorescence characteristics of rasna drugs
No. Source Powder as such Powder with NaOH in methanol and mounted
on glass plate
Powder with NaOH in methanol mounted in nitro-
cellulose paper 1 Alpinia officinarum Greenish yellow Reddish brown Greenish yellow
2 Alpinia calcarata Greenish yellow Reddish brown Greenish yellow
3 Alpinia galanga Greenish yellow Reddish brown Greenish yellow
4 Rheum emodi Ash coloured Dark brown Ash coloured
5 Vanda tessellata Brown Dirty green Dirty green with violet tinge
Table 60. Physico chemical properties of the rasna drugs
Raw drug dimensions (cm)
Sl.No
Scientific name
Length Thickness
Shape Colour Odour Taste Methyl cinnamate
(%)
1 Alpinia officinarum Hance 4.0-9.0 1.9-2.9 Irregularly branched and marked with fine annulations
Reddish brown exterior and pale red interior
Characteristically aromatic
Aromatic pungent
2.12
2 Alpinia calcarate Rose 5.7-8.6 1.2-2.2 Irregularly branched and marked with fine annulations
Reddish brown exterior and pale brown interior
Characteristically aromatic
Aromatic pungent
2.135
3 Alpinia galanga Sw. 7.0-7.5 4.5-6.0 Less branched large and thicker rhizome
Orange brown exterior and pale buff interior
Feeble odour than A.officinarum
Less pungent
1.90
4 Rheum emodi Wall ex Meissn 1.5-3.3 1.3-3.1 Irregularly knoty and some what flat.
Dark brown exterior and brownish red interior
Indistinct Indistinct 0.00
5 Vanda tessellata Loud and Loud
5.0-6.0 1.3-2.4 Cylindrical with distinct nodes and internodes
Whitish to brownish in colour
Slightly fragrant Bitter 0.50
Table 61. Recovery of methyl cinnamate from rasna based formulations.
Sl.No. Formulation Recovery (%) A. 1.
Kwath powder Rasnerandadi kwath powder i. Alpinia officinarum ii. Alpinia calcarata
98.11 98.82
2. Ashtavargam kwath powder i. Alpinia officinarum ii. Alpinia calcarata
89.62 99.29
3. Rasnasapthakam kwath powder
i. Alpinia officinarum ii. Alpinia calcarata
98.58 103.04
B. 1.
Kwath
Rasnerandadi kwath i. Alpinia officinarum ii. Alpinia calcarata
100.00 100.00
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