stp technology
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Prof.Arunabha Majumder
m r tus e ow
SchoolofWaterResourcesEngineering
Jadavpur University
ExDirectorProfessor
AllIndiaInstituteofHygiene&PublicHealth
Govt.of
India
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Indian Scenario In India cities and towns generate 38000KL waste water daily.
many of the treatment facilities are not functioning properly. The organic pollutant (measured as BOD/COD/SS) removal
performances of conventional technologies employed in a
majority of STPS under GAP/NRAP have been extensively
studied and re orted.
But microbial pollutants(measured as MPN of Total and faecal
coliforms ) removal performances are not getting monitored
proper y.
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STPsCapacity
:11788
mld
STPsnum erwise:38%ASP,28%WSP,20%
UASB,14%
others
STPscapacitywise:60%ASP,26%UASB,6%
WSP,8%others
CPCBand
SPCBs
are
the
regulatory
agencies
forwater ualit monitorin
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MinistryofEnvironment&Forest
ecommen at ons
Ministr ofEnvironment Parameter Notto Dischargeand
Forest
,Govt
of
India
constitutedacommitteein
exceed into/on
BOD(mg/l) 30 Waterbody
coliformstandardsfor
treatedsewage
discharged
BOD(mg/l) 100 Landfor
irrigation
TSS m l 50 Water bodintotheriversandlakes.
TSS(mg/l) 200 Landfor
irri ation
Faecal
Coliform(MP
1000
desirable
Waterbody
orfor
N/100ml) 10000max
permissible
agriculture
andaquaculture
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MinistryofUrbanDevelopment
ecommen at on
MinistryofUrbanDevelopment Parameter Value Remarks
andPovertyalleviation
constitutedin
the
year
2004
a
committeetodeterminethe Faecal 500 Desirablenormsforcoliformlevelinthe
treatedwastewaterspecificto
thestretch
of
the
river
Yamuna
in
Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
Faecal 2500 Maximum.
TheCommitteemadethe
followingrecommendations
Coliform
(MPN/100ml)
Permissible
theadjacenttable:BOD 3
mg
or
ess
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Standardfordischargeoftreatedsewageintothestretchof
ver
amuna
n
e
Parameter Notto Remarks NoteTertiaryTreatmentafterexceed
BOD 10mg/l Immediate
conventionaltreatmentprocesses
likeASP
or
TF
is
required
to
achievetherecommendedgoa standardsforBODandFC.
TertiaryTreatmentoptions
includechemicals
aided
Coliform
MPN/100ml
adjacent
note
,
orwithoutpostgranularmedia
filtrationandorchlorination.
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OverviewofWastewaterTreatmentProcesses
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SewageTreatmentProcessSelection
.
PowerRequirement
:Minimize
LandRequirement:Minimize
O&MCost:LowerRunningCost
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Waste Stabilization Pond S stems
PerformanceoftheUnit
anre a ypro uce g qua ty
effluentwith
low
BOD,SS,Faecalcoliform andhighD.O.levels.
BODreductionoftheorderof90%orso.
Suspendedsolidsreductionissomewhatlowduetopossibleoverflow
of
algae.
Coliformreductioncanbeupto6units.
TotalNitrogenremoval between7090%.
TotalPhosphorus
removal
between
3045%.
Detentiontime:6to8days
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Duckweed Pond S stem
Retentionperiod721days
Shallowdepth
of
water
from
1.252.0mts.
andSSremovalupto 30mg/lis
achievable Highmineralandnutrient
removalrateduetouptakeof
duckweeds.
Capitalcost
of
the
same
order
ofWSPwithadditionalcostof
floatin cellmaterial.
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Facultative Aerated LAGOON FAL
Noprimaryorsecondary
sludgerecirculation.
Anaerobicbottomlayerand
aerobictoplayer.
Simultaneousdegradation
layerandorganicsinthetop
layer.
BODremoval
70
90%
Suspendedsolidsremoval
Coliform
removal
60
99%
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Tricklin filter
Proven100yearoldtechnology
Lessmonitoringrequiredthan
ASP Ruggedsystemwithsimpleand
silento eration.
Consistenteffluentquality
Standalonetreatmentprocess
forsewage
ifoperated
at
low
.
TobeusedincombinationwithASPforefficientpeformance.
Low atho enremoval
Bacteria,20
90%
Viruses 5090%
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ActivatedSludgeProcess
Provenandtestedmethodology
allovertheworldforthelast78
decades.
Severalmodificationsavailable
forspecificrequirements.
Uninterruptedpowersupply
requiredfor
aeration
and
sludge
recirculation.
Reactorsludgelevelstobe
carefullymonitoredandsludgeis
tobe
withdrawn
from
the
system.
8090%removalofbacteria.
9099%removalofviruses.
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BIOFORTechnology(BiologicalFiltrationand
xygenate
eactor
Enhancedprimarytreatmentwitha itiono c emica san
coagulants. Highrateprimarytubesettlers
spaceeconomy.
SuspendedsolidsandBODremoval
of
the
order
of
90%
and
70%respectivelyintheprimaryclarifier.
Lowturbiditywithsuspended
so sun er
mg
an
tota
systemefficiencyof98%.
Pathogenremovalof2onthelog.
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HighRateActivatedSludgeBIOFORF
ec no ogy Compactlayoutasaresultof
hi hrate rocesses.
Higher
aeration
efficiency
throughdiffusedandtaperedaerations stem.
Spacesavingasprimarysedimentationisdispensed.
dischargestandards.
Absenceofaerosolandodor.
Selfsufficientinenergyrequirementduetogasengine
.
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Fluidized Aerated Bed FAB
Twostagebiologicaloxidation.
Treatmentschemewithout
primarysedimentationandsludgedigestion.
Reactorsuptodepth5mensures
lowlandrequirement.
Hi hBOD
removal
with
effluent
concentrationlessthan10mg/l
HighSuspendedsolidsremoval
witheffluentconcentrationless
than20
mg/l
Faecalcoliformsremovalofthe
orderof23onlo scale.
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SubmergedAerationFixedFilmTechnology
ec no ogy
Essentiallyatricklingfilterwithen ance oxygensupp yt roug
submergedaeration.
Unconventionalplasticmedia
surfacearea.
HighBODremovalwith98%efficienc
with
effluent
BOD
concentrationlessthan10mg/l.
HighSuspendedsolidsremovalwitheffluentconcentrationof20
mg . Faecal coliforms removalofthe
orderof23onlogscaleatSAFF2.
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C clic Activated Slud e Process CASP
Essentially activated sludge processoperate n atc es t roug auto
control. Aeration and settling in one tank
.
Uninterrupted power supply is amust as the whole process is autocontrolled.
HighBODremovalwitheffluentconcentrationlessthan10mg/l
HighSuspendedsolidsremoval
w t
e uent
concentrat on
ess
than20mg/l
Faecal coliforms removaloftheorder of 23 on lo scale.
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UpflowAnaerobicSludgeBlanketProcess
Processnotvulnerabletopower
cuts.
Recoveryof
gas
with
high
calorific
value.
Lowsludgeproduction.
Noprimarytreatment,suspended
solidsin
the
waste
water
acts
as
carriermateria ormicro ia
attachment.
Recoveryofgaswithhighcalorific
.
Lowsludgeproduction.
PosttreatmentofUASBis
nvar a yrequ re .
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LandAreaRequirementforDifferent STPs
Sl. STP Land Advantage Disadvantages Applicabilityo. rocess rea,
hectare
/MLD
1 Waste
Stabilisati
0.80to
1.5
i) The inherent simplicity of construction offers low
cost technology option
i)Largelandrequirement
ii)Highcostoflining
i) Suitableunderwarm
Indianclimatic
System
(WSPS)
.
iii) Low skill requirement for operation of the plant.
Iv) Fish yield from aquaculture ponds around 4
7MT/ha/year
andmosquitobreedingiv
Riskof
groundwater
contaminationinporous
andfracturedstrata
ii) Forareaswitheasy
availabilityof
land
iii) Inareaswithsocial
preferencefor
iv) Inareaswithlow,
unreliableorexpensive
powersupply.
2 Duckwee 1.5to
i) Less sensitive to low temperature, high nutrient i)
Low
pathogen
removal
i) Low
strength
domestic
System
(DPS)
. , ,
compared to other aquatic plants
ii) Simultaneous significant nutrient removal
iii) Yield of highly protein containing vegetative
material (3545%) as animal feed
penetration
ii)Duckweeddieoffincold
weatherconditions
primarysedimentation
with influentBOD
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Contd..
Sl.No.
STPProcess LandArea,
Advantage Disadvantages Applicabilityhectare
/MLD
3 Facultative
Aerated
Lagoon(FAL)
0.27to
0.4
i)Simpleoperationoftheplantrequiringlower
skilledmanpower ii)
Minimumcivil,electricalandmechanical
i)Possibilityof
groundwater
contaminationinporous
i)Standalonesystemfor
sewagetreatment
ii)Asanupgradation option
installation
iii)Lowerenergycostscomparedtoother
aerobicprocesses iv)
LowerO&Mcost
andfracturedstrata
ii)Highcostoflining
foroverloadWSPs
4 Trickling 0.25to i)Simpleoperationoftheplantrequiringlower i)Blockageofportsin i)IncombinationwithASPfor
Filter(TF) 0.50 skilledmanpower ii)
Ruggedsystem,lesspronetohydraulicand
organicoverloading
iii)Reducedrequirementforprocessmonitoring
iv)Sludgewithbettersettlingcharacteristics
distributionarm.
ii)Blockageofbiofilter
duetoexcessbiomass
growthorfloatingmatter
iii)Riskofodour and
goodandconsistent
performance
filterfly
5 Activated
Sludge
Process(ASP)
0.15to
0.25
i)Performanceisnotsignificantlyaffecteddue
tonormalvariationsinwastewater
characteristicsandseasonalchanges
i)Performanceis
adverselyaffecteddueto
interruptioninpower
supplyevenforashort
Themostwidelyusedoption
fortreatmentofdomestic
wastewaterformediumto
largetownswherelandis
period
ii)Foamingproblemmay
occuriii)Requires
elaboratesludge
digestion/drying/disposal
scarce
arrangement
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Contd..
Sl.
No.
STP Process Land
Area,
Advantage Disadvantages Applicability
hectare
/MLD
6 BIOFOR
Technology
(Biological
0.08 i) Higher aeration efficiency through co - current
diffused aeration system
ii) Able to withstand fluctuations in flow rate and
i) Continuous and
high chemical dosing
in primary
Filtration and
Oxygenated
Reactor)
organic loads
iii) Compliance with stricter discharge standards
iv) Effluent suitable for UV disinfection without
filtration
v) Absence of aerosol and odour nuisance in the
clarification
ii) Undigested sludge
from primary
clarification requiring
post treatment
working area
vi) Absence of corrosive gases in the area
7 High Rate
Activated
Sludge Biofor
0.10 i) Higher aeration efficiency through diffused and
tapered aeration system
ii) Compliance with stricter discharge standards
None, except high
high cost
- F
Technology
iii) Stable digester performance and consistent gas
production
8 Fluidized
Aerated Bed
(FAB)
0.06 i) Deep reactors enabling small space requirements
ii) Elimination of the need for sludge recirculation and
monitoring of MLSS in the reactor
i) Reliance on
patented filter
media
The FAB technology
based system is
particularly
iii) Capacity to handle shock loads
iv) Low & stabilised sludge production eliminating the
need for sludge digestion
ii) Reliance on
flocculants,
polyelectrolyte
and chemical
disinfectant
applicable for:
i) small to medium
flows in congested
locations
ii) Sensitive locations
opt ona )
iii) Requires skilled
manpower
) ecentra se
approach
iv) Reliving existing
overloaded STPs
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Contd..Sl.
No.
STPProcess LandArea,hectare/MLD
Advantage Disadvantages Applicability9 Submerged 0.05 i) Deepreactors i) Cloggingofreactorduetoabsenceof TheSAFFtechnologybased
Film(SAFF)
Technology
space
requirements
ii) Abilityto
effectivelytreat
dilutedomestic
ii) Relianceonproprietaryfiltermedia
iii) Highrelianceonexternalenergyinput
iv) Requiresskilledmanpower
for: i)Small
tomediumflowsincongested
locations ii)Sensitive
locations iii)
Decentralizedapproach
wastewaters
iii) Low&stabilized
sludgeproduction
eliminatingthe
needforsludge
iv)Relivingexistingoverloaded
tricklingfilters
digestion
10 Cyclic
Activated
Sludge
0.120.15 i)Canbedesignedto
remove
N
and
P
along
withcarbonremoval
i) Noprovisionforsludgemanagement
ii) No
provision
of
primary
treatment
iii) Highrelianceonexternalenergyinput
TheCyclicActivatedSludge
Process
(CASP)
may
be
applicable
for:
Process
(CASP)
iv) Requiresskilledmanpower i)smalltomediumflowsin
congestedlocations
ii)Sensitivelocations
iii)decentralised approach
iv)relivingexistingoverloaded
tricklingfilters
11 Upflow
Anaerobic
Sludge
Blanket
0.2
0.3
i)Sludge
handling
is
minimized
ii)Powersupply
interruptionshave
i)In
general
can
not
meet
the
desired
effluent
dischargestandardunlessproperposttreatment
isadopted,whichinturnmaymakethetreatment
schemeenergyintensiveormayrequirelargeland
Thesuitability
of
this
technology
maybedoubtfulasastandalone
secondarytreatmentoption
Process
performance
iii)Canabsorbhydraulic
andorganic
shock
loading
ii)Effluentisanoxicandinvariablyexerts
substantialinitial/instantaneousoxygendemand
whichmay
have
adverse
impact
on
receiving
inlandwaterbodiesorwhenusedforirrigation
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CapitalandO&MCostforDifferentSTPsSl.
No.
STPProcess EnergyRe uirement
CapitalCost,Rs. Million/MLD O&MCost,million/year/MLD1 WasteStabilisation PondSystem
(WSPS)
Negligible. Rs.2.55.0 Million/MLD Rs.0.090.15million/
year/MLD
Rs.0.250.41/m3
2 DuckweedPondSystem(DPS) Negligible. Rs.2.55.0 Million/MLD Rs.0.25million/MLD/year.
Rs.0.68/m3
3 FacultativeAerated
Lagoon
(FAL) 18
KWh/ML
Rs.
2.2
to
3.0
Million/MLD
0.15
to
0.2
million/
MLD/yr.
Rs.0.41to0.55/m3
4 TricklingFilter(TF) 180KWh/ML Rs.4to5 Million/MLD Rs.0.5million/MLD/year.
Rs.1.40/m3
5 ActivatedSludgeProcess(ASP) 180225
KWh/ML
Rs.5to6 Million/MLD Rs.0.5to0.7
million/MLD/Year
Rs.
1.40
to
1.92/m3
6 BIOFOR Technolo Biolo ical 220335 Rs. 10 to 12 Million MLD RS 1.2 million mld Year
FiltrationandOxygenatedReactor)
kWh/ML Rs.3.30/m3
7 HighRateActivatedSludgeBiofor F
Technology
180kWh/ML Rs.7.5 Million/MLD Rs.0.80million/MLD/Year
Rs.2.20/m3
8 FluidizedAeratedBed(FAB) 99to170 Rs6to8 Million/MLD Rs.0.9to1.0million/MLD/
year
Rs.2.47
to
2.74/m3
9 SubmergedAerationFixedFilm(SAFF)
Technology
390kWh/ML Rs.9 Million/MLD Rs.1.4million/MLD/year
Rs.3.84/m3
10 CyclicActivatedSludgeProcess(CASP) 150200 Rs.11 Million/MLD Rs.1.4million/MLD/year
kWh/ML
11 UpflowAnaerobicSludgeBlanket
(UASB)Process
1015KWh/ML Rs.3.0to4.0 Million/MLD Rs.0.12to0.17
million/MLD/YearRs.0.33to0.47m3
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Land(ha/MLD)areafordifferentSTPs2.5
22Land
Area
(ha/MLD)
1WSPS
2DPS
1.51.5
ha/
MLD)
3FAL
4TF
5ASP
6BIOFOR Technology
7
HRASBF8FAB
0.40.5
0.8
0.5
1
Landarea( 9SAFF
10CASP
11USAB
0.250.1 0.06 0.05
0.15
0.3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sl.No.
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CapitalCostfordifferentSTPs
14
12
11
10
12
MLD) CapitalCost(Rs.
Million/MLD)
6
7.58
9
6
8
t(M
illionRs.
5 5
3
5
44
CapitalCos
0
2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
. .
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O&MCost forDifferentSTPs
1.4 1.41.4
1.6
O&MCost
(Rs.Million/Year/MLD)
1.2
11
1.2
)
0.7
0.80.8
n/
Year/MLD
0.5
0.4
.
Cost(Rs.Milli
0.15
.0.2
0.17
0
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
O&M
Sl.No.
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