storage and nt file system info333 – lecture 6 2010 mariusz nowostawski noria foukia
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Storage and NT File System
INFO333 – Lecture 6
2010
Mariusz Nowostawski
Noria Foukia
Content
• Storage Types
• Adding Storage
• Managing Storage
• NT File System
• Distributed File System
• Disk: physical device• Partition: area of the disk functions as physically separate
unit of storage• Volume: area of partition used for storing data• Storage types used by WS2008
– Basic storage (divides a hard disk into partitions)– Dynamic storage (divides a hard disk into volumes only)
• Basic disk supports the following types of partitions– Primary partition – a physical unit of storage created on a basic
disk– Extended partitions – created from free space that has not yet
been partitioned– all versions of Windows and MS-DOS
(Skill 1) Storage Types (1)
• Dynamic disks support following types of volumes – Simple volume – consists of disk space from a single hard disk,
an entire disk, or multiple regions on the same disk that are linked together: one disk and one partition
– Spanned volume – consists of disk space from multiple disks as single volume
– Striped volume (RAID-0 - Redundant Array of Independent Disks) – combines areas of free disk space from two or more hard disks as single volume: data is written across all drives in the striped set at the same rate
– Mirrored volume (RAID-1) – identical copy of volume is created using the free disk space on two physical hard disks: for fault tolerance
– RAID-5 volume – is a fault-tolerant, striped, dynamic volume that combines free disk space from 3 to 32 physical hard disks: parity allows the system to continue running in the event of a single disk failure
• WIN2000, WINXP, and WS2003/2008
Storage Types (2)(Skill 1)
Dynamic Volumes(Skill 1)
Storage Types (3)
Basic vs. Dynamic• Default: all disks are basic
– hard disk on WS2008 basic storage– compatibility with older Windows OSs - limited
capabilities• Basic easily converted to dynamic
– Upgrade basic disk, existing partitions are converted into simple volumes: no loss
• Dynamic disk to basic causes all data to be lost!– More flexible and powerful with more than one disk
• A basic disk to dynamic disk– Existing partitions converted to volumes– Free space left can be used to create
additional volumes
• Simple volume – Can be part of disk’s partition or an entire disk – Can be created only on a single dynamic disk
(Skill 5) Storage Types (4)
Storage Types (5)
• Creating a spanned volume – Unallocated space on multiple disks into a
logical volume– Organize disk space on up to maximum 32
disks
• Combine the space used multiple volumes, on multiple disks, into one spanned volume by a single drive letter
(Skill 6)
• Creating a striped volume– Can combine disk space from maximum 32
disks to create a striped volume– Data divided in blocks of 64 KB on each
segment of the volume
Storage Types (6)(Skill 6)
• Mirrored volumes– Fault tolerance: two drives are duplicates of each
other
– 50% available disk space is consumed by fault tolerance
• Drive with sufficient space to hold the mirrored data
– De-Fragmentation• Rearrange files and unused space: move segments of each
file/folder to 1 location single, contiguous space hard drive
Storage Types (7)(Skill 6)
Recovery with Mirroring
Adding Storage (1)
• Physically install of disk(s)
• Basic disk create partitions
• Dynamic disk create volumes
• Format volumes
• Assign drive letters to created volumes
Disk Management Console
Partition Wizard
Volume Wizard – Creating Volume
Volume Wizard – Formatting Volume
Volume Wizard – Mapping Drive
Adding Storage (2)
• Simple volume from creation– free space on a single disk
• Simple volume extension– free space on same disk if it is not system /
boot volume
• Using New Volume Wizard in Disk Management Console (DMC)
Extending Volume Wizard
Managing Storage (1)
• Checking Disk: chckdisk
• De-fragment disk: Disk De-fragmenter
• Configuring disk quotas– Volume-by-volume– Exceptionally per-user: include every file owned
by a user– Alert users near quota limit– Restrict users from exceeding quota limit– Admin can log events related to quota events
De-fragmenting Disk
Managing Storage (2)
• Configuring disk quotas– Export quota entries quota settings apply to
another volume formatted with NTFS
– Does not export current quota usage
• Monitoring via Quota Entries (QE) dialog box
• QE accessed by volume’s properties in WE (Windows Explorer) or DMC
Checking Disk
QE in Volume’s Properties
• WS2003/2008: FAT, FAT32, and NTFS• NT (New Technology) FS is a recoverable file
system: Volumes with no data loss if server crashes
• Permissions to control user access to files and folders via ACLs
• NTFS file names up to 256 characters in length• NTFS is required for AD• NTFS minimizes the number of disk accesses to
find a file
NT File System (1)(Skill 2)
Compression• Storage on a hard disk: NTFS volumes, only specific files
and folders or the entire volume• If you add a new file or folder to compressed folder,
compressed automatically• No compression for encrypted file
Encryption• Ensure (what?) by using an encryption key• No encryption for a compressed file
NT File System (2)(Skill 3)
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